“If” Conditional / “If” Clause / Conditional Clause

(Propoziţia condiţionalǎ subordonatǎ introdusǎ prin “If” = dacǎ)

Type MAIN CLAUSE “IF” CLAUSE

I Lb.rom.: Voi cumpǎra maşina dacǎ voi avea bani
o sǎ am
posibil am
real
viitor viitor sau prezent
Lb.engl.: I’ll buy the car if I have money
Future
Present
II Lb.rom.: Aş cumpǎra maşina dacǎ aş avea bani

ireal în condiţional prezent condiţional prezent

prezent
Lb.engl.: I’d buy the car if I had money

Present Conditional Past Simple

III Lb.rom.: Aş fi cumpǎrat maşina dacǎ aş fi avut bani

ireal în condiţional trecut condiţional trecut

trecut
Lb.engl.: I’d have bought the car if I had had money

Past Conditional Past Perfect

 Simple Past vs. Present Perfect
Simple Past: The action happened in the
past then in 1982 …ago yesterday last…
I read this book last year.
Am citit cartea aceasta anul trecut.
Did you meet John yesterday?
L-ai întâlnit pe John ieri?
Did you do your homework last night?
Ţi-ai fǎcut temele seara trecutǎ?
Did you eat lunch yesterday?
Ai luat prânzul ieri?
He left early yesterday.
El a plecat devreme ieri.
I knew John by sight.
Îl cunoşteam pe John din vedere.
We were together when the war started.
Eram împreunǎ când a început rǎzboiul.
Did he arrive on time?
A sosit la timp? (atunci)
What did you do there?
Ce ai fǎcut acolo? (atunci)
Present Perfect: the action started at an
undefinite time in the past but is linked to the
present period: just, already, yet, since…, for…
I have just read this book.
Tocmai am citit cartea aceasta.
Have you met John today?
L-ai întâlnit pe John azi?
Have you done your homework?
Ţi-ai terminat temele?
Have you had (eaten) lunch yet?
Încǎ nu ai luat prânzul?
He has already left.
El deja a plecat.
I have known John for 10 years.
Îl cunosc pe John de 10 ani.
We have been together since 1982.
Noi suntem împreunǎ din 1982.
Has she arrived?
A sosit? (acum)
What have you done?
Ce ai fǎcut? (acum)
 THE ENGLISH TENSES

No. TENSE EXAMPLE FORMULA

Aff. I go to school every day. S + V (-e, -es, III sg.)
Do you like English?
Present Tense Int. Do/Does + S + V
1 Does she speak German?
Simple
I don’t speak German. S + don’t + V
Neg.
He doesn’t speak English. doesn’t
Aff. I’m reading a book, now. S + am/are/is + Ving
Present Tense
2 Int. Are you watching TV, now? Am/are/is + S + Ving
Continuos
Neg. They are not working. (now) S+am/are/is+not+Ving
Aff.
I arrived late yesterday. S + V ed
Reg.
Past Tense Aff.
3 He wrote a novel last year. S + V2
Simple Irreg.
Int. Did you go to work yesterday? Did + S + V
Neg. I didn’t go to school yesterday. S + didn’t + V
I was sleeping when he arrived.
Aff. S + was/were + Ving
We were eating at 5 p.m. yesterday.
Past Tense Was he working at that time?
4 Int. Was/were + S + Ving
Continuos Were you reading when they came?
I wasn’t sleeping at that time. S + wasn’t + Ving
Neg.
We weren’t reading when they came. weren’t
I have just finished my work.
Aff. S + have/has + V3(Ved)
He has gone out.
Present
Have you finished your homework?
5 Perfect Tense Int. Have/has + S +V3(Ved)
Has he arrived?
Simple
They haven’t come yet. S + haven’t + V3(Ved)
Neg.
He hasn’t been here lately. hasn’t
We have been working since morning. S + have + been + Ving
Aff.
She has been sleeping for 5 hours. has
Present
Have you been waiting long? Have + S + been + Ving
6 Perfect Tense Int.
Has she been working long? Has
Continuos
I haven’t been waiting long. S+haven’t+been+Ving
Neg.
He hasn’t been working long. hasn’t
I shall go there tomorrow?
Aff. S + shall/will + V
They will arrive next Sunday.
Int. Will he be back soon? Shall/will + S + V
Future Tense
7 We shall not be back soon.
Simple
He will not arrive tomorrow. S + shan’t + V
Neg.
Shall + not = shan’t won’t
Will + not = won’t
Aff. I’ll be studying at 5 p.m. tomorrow. S + will be + V ing
Will you be studying at this time
Future Tense Int. Will + S + be + Ving
8 tomorrow?
Continuos
We won’t be sleeping at this time
Neg. S + won’t be + Ving
tomorrow.
9 Past Perfect I had finished my work before they
Aff. S + had + V3/Ving
Tense – arrived.
Simple Int. Had you met him before that day? Had + S + V3/Ving
Neg. He hadn’t arrived when we got there. S + hadn’t + V3/Ving
No. TENSE EXAMPLE FORMULA
Aff. I had been working for two hours
S + had been + Ving
Past Perfect when they arrived.
10 Tense Had you been working for a long
Int. Had + S + been + Ving
Continuos time?
Neg. They hadn’t been sleeping for 2 days. S + hadn’t been + Ving
*11 Future Perfect We’ll have finished our work by the
Aff. S + will + have + V3
Simple time you arrive.
*12 Future Perfect I will have been working for two hours S + will + have been +
Aff.
Continuos when you wake up tomorrow morning. Ving
* Aceste timpuri sunt mai puţin folosite în limbajul de zi cu zi.
13 Future-in-the I said I would leave tomorrow.
Past Am zis cǎ voi pleca mâine. S + would + V
(timp de Aff. (would ia locul lui will
legǎturǎ folosit – v.7)
în concordanţǎ)
 MODAL VERBS (MV)

Characteristics:

 do not receive –s, -es at the IIIrd. person, Present Tense Simple;
 do not need “ do/does” support at the Interrogative/Negative forms;
 do not have “-ing” form;
 are replaced by their equivalents at certain tenses;
 are followed by another verb at the short Infinitive.

The Present form of the Modal Verbs

Exemples: I can speak English. S + MV + V

May I help you? MV + S + V
You must not smoke here. S + MVnot + V

Tag-questions with Modal Verbs: you can swim, can’t you?

S + MV, MVnot + S
She should’t go, should she?
S + MVnot + V, MV + S

* Mind the lack of “do” support in the

questions proper.

The Perfect form of the Modal Verbs:

Exemples: He could have beeen ill. S + MV + have V3/Ved

Can he have done that? MV + S + have V3/Ved
She shouldn’t have said so. S + MVnot + have V3/Ved
 MEANINGS OF MODAL VERBS

CAN = a putea, a fi în stare sǎ, a fi capabil - I can swim.

a avea voie, a-i fi permis (în limbaj popular) - Can I smoke here?

To be able to (folosit la viitor şi trecut) - I was able to ride a bike.

- He’ll be able to be back soon.

C O U L D = a putea (la trecut) - I could swim when I was a child.

a permite (în stil politicos) - Could I use your pencil?

MAY = a putea, a avea voie sǎ, a permite - May I open the window?
a fi posibil - She may arrive any minute now.
(E posibil ca ea sǎ soseascǎ în orice
minut de acum în colo)

be allowed to Folosite pentru trecut şi viitor

be permitted to

MIGHT = a putea, a permite (în context foarte politicos) - Might I use your phone?
(Aş putea oare folosi telefonul dvs.?)
a fi posibil (cu grad înalt de nesiguranţǎ) - She might come.
(Ar fi posibil sǎ vinǎ – dar nu ştiu sigur)

MUST = a trebui, a fi necesar, a fi obligatoriu - You must wear the uniform.

a fi probabil (foarte aproape de adevǎr) - He must be ill.
(Probabil cǎ este bolnav.)

have to = a trebui (folosit la trecut şi viitor) - We had to go there = a trebuit sǎ mergem acolo
- You’ll have to be back soon = Va trebui sǎ te
întorci repede

M U S T N O T = a fi interzis sǎ - You must not go in = Nu ai voie (e interzis) sǎ intri

CAN NOT = a fi imposibil - She can’t do this! = Imposbil ca ea sǎ facǎ asta!

COULD NOT - They can’t have done that! = Imposibil ca ei sǎ fi
fǎcut asta!

SHOULD = ar trebui sǎ, s-ar cuveni sǎ - You should call your parents more often.
OUGHT TO - Children ought to obey their parents.

NEED = a trebui, a fi nevoie sǎ - I need this book = Am nevoie de cartea asta

- You needn’t hurry = Nu-i nevoie sǎ te
grǎbeşti

DARE TO = a îndrǎzni - How dare you? = Cum îndrǎzneşti?

a provoca - He dared me say it = M-a provocat sǎ spun asta

SHALL = exprimǎ sugestia - Shall we go out? = Sǎ ieşim?

exprimǎ ameninţarea - You shall do it! = Ba ai sǎ faci asta!
exprimǎ formularistica oficialǎ - The applicants shall fill in the form =
Solicitanţii trebuie sǎ completeze
formularul
WILL = exprimǎ voinţa - Will you help me? = Vrei sǎ mǎ ajuţi?

will not = refuzul - I won’t do that! = Nu vreau sǎ fac asta!

will = probabil - That will be the post man = Probabil cǎ este poştaşul

will = frecvenţa unei acţiuni în prezent - They will go there every day = Se duc acolo zilnic

WOULD = formule politicoase - Would you help me? = Aţi vrea sǎ mǎ ajutaţi?

would = frecvenţa unei acţiuni în trecut (este echivalent cu used to = obişnuia sǎ)
- They would visit us every day last year = Obişnuiau sǎ ne viziteze zilnic anul trecut