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TUNDRA: Environmental Concerns Deforestation
•Large scale extraction industries ( oil, gas, and minerals as uranium) Deforestation – the permanent destruction of indigenous forests and woodlands Causes include.
•Pollution – chemical waste, mining, hydroelectric development • Conversion of forests to agricultural land to feed people
•Expansion of agriculture/livestock, vehicular traffic, and tourism increase degradation • Development of cash crops and cattle raising esp. In tropical countries
•Global warming – 1/3 of soil bound carbon is found in this area. Commercial logging that is not regulated
•Melting of permafrost releases large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere increasing Poor soils in humid tropics do not support agriculture for long so more clearing becomes necessary\
•“Greenhouse Effect” as organic matter decays and released carbon dioxide.
•Erosion is emerging due to permafrost thaw and overgrazing
•Poaching – hunting and fishing out of season, on protected land, or to endangered species
Pollution
•Harmful materials entering the environment Nitric Acid (HNO3) NOx+H2O
•Point source pollution – from a clearly identifiable source Sulfuric Acid(HzSO4)
•Nonpoint pollution comes from many different sources. Ozone hole
•Four main categories – industrial, residential, commercial, and environmental
Conservation Biology
•Ecology is the study of the distribution and abundance of organisms, the interactions among organisms, and the interactions
between organisms and the physical environment.
•Conservation Biology is the scientific study of nature and of
Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the
erosion of biotic interactions.
Invasive Species control methods
•Prevention
•Eradicating potential invaders soon after invasion
•Physical (manual & mechanical)
•Cultural – Ecosystem Management
•Biological – natural enemies
•Chemical - pesticide
•Integrated Pest Management –
Uses a combination of methods –
OFTEN MOST EFFECTIVE
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS FOR THE DECIDUOUS
FOREST
•Many of the world's great tracts of temperate deciduous forest
have experienced significant alteration through logging, conversion
to agricultural land and urban development.
•Species introduced to temperate deciduous forests by humans may
become invasive and threaten native ecological systems
•Human industry within and adjacent to temperate deciduous forests may pollute air and water resources
Habitat Fragmentation & Destruction
Habitat destruction and fragmentation is a process that describes the emergences of discontinuities (fragmentation) or the
loss (destruction) of the environment inhabited by an organism.
It results in - Loss of resident species, Loss of food sources, Loss of ecosystem functions provided by the habitat
Taiga: Environmental Concerns - Pollution Clear cutting, Illegal logging, Poaching, Forest fires – unnatural fires, Mining,
Drilling for oil and natural gas disrupt the forest, Global warming
Strategies for a Sustainable World - advancing technologies to reduce waste, increasing recycling and reuse, creating even safer treatment and disposal options, developing
sources of renewable energy, sharing the benefits of our learning and innovation
Major Environmental Issues Affecting Terrestrial Biome - Pollution of Air, Water and Land, Hazardous Chemicals and Wastes, Land, Degradation, Loss of Biodiversity, Ozone
Depletion, Climate Change, Environmental Factors, Loss of natural and cultural resources, Habitat loss, Overexploitation, Exotic species and introductions, Overpopulation
Non Renewable vs. Renewable Energy Sources: Nonrenewable energy sources – fossil fuels as coal, oil and
natural gas as well as nuclear fuels; limited supply will run out and have negative environmental impacts
Renewable energy sources – sun, wind, waves, heat, hydropower and biomass that can be used again and again
and is cleanest energy sources.
Organisms leave a population by birth and emigration
The unit of evolution is population
MIgration is also sometimes called gene flow
When no members of a species can be found in a local area, this is called extirpation
Overtimes all months become grey-stabilizing
Overtime all moths become white-Directional
over time the grey moths disappear-Disruptive
Divide each trophic level by 10
Three benefits for land reclamation area - Provides a habitat, more oxygen is produced, provides a reservoir of
resources for future use
3 disadvantages - Expensive, e, it takes a long time to do, it takes space away from other activities
The Shannon diversity index (H) is another index that is commonly used to characterize species diversity in a
community. Like Simpson's index,Shannon's index accounts for both abundance and evenness of the species present.
Rmax x N (k-N)/k The population growth rate
Allele frequency, or gene frequency, is the relative frequency of an allele (variant of a gene) at a particular locus in
a population, expressed as a fraction or percentage. Specifically, it is the fraction of all chromosomes in the population
that carry that allele.
richness is the number of different
species represented in an ecological community
Building corridor an increase biodiversity lost due to habitat fragmentation
Give one example of an essential service provided by diverse ecosystems - Water
s (number of species) = 7
N (total number of individuals) = 91
Σ (sum) of pi 2 (n/N)2 = 0.179
Σ (sum) of pi ln pi = -1.736
H = -(-0.267 + -0.338 + -0.160 + -0.345 + -0.084 + -0.314 + -0.229) = 1.736
D = 1/(0.017 + 0.053 + 0.003 + 0.060 + 0.00004 + 0.035 + 0.010) = 5.59
3 types of conservation biology - Biological diversity , Ecological integrity, Ecological health
7. In the PAT model a. p stands for population b. per capita consumption is included. c. the impact of pollution can be assessed. d. technology is included.
Areas of high interest to conservation biologists are termed Hot spots.
s
H = ∑ - (Pi * ln Pi) Trophic is feeding Rmax x N (k-N)/k
i=1
H = the Shannon diversity index