DANH GIA ANH HUONG MOT SO YEU TO BEN BIEN DANG CEO. G UAT) CMU EM LIyE Nguyén Thanh Son’, Dé Héng Ngan’, Pham Viét Anh’, Lé Ngoc Viét* Tém tat: Ung xircila dat nén du6i hé dao su rét phire tap va bién dang cita hé dao thutsng phy thudc vao nhiéu yéu t6 nhu: kich thre hé dao, do cing tuéng, cae dac trung co’hoc eda dat. Trong bai bao nay, tac gid -stedung phan mém Plaxis 2D dé nghién citu anh hutng ctia cdc yéu t6 dau vao t6i bién dang hé dao ung voi dia chét khu vyrc Ha N6i. Mot sé két qué dat durgc: gi6i han ving bién theo chiéu sau va theo chiéu réng hd ao anh hung it dén chuyén vj ngang va ni lyre trong turéng; momen udn tong vay khéng phy thudc vo h@ 86 poisson va médun dan héi dé/gia tai (E,"); vigc gidém cao trinh myrc nutése ngém bén ngoai hé dao c6 thé giém 27% dén 45% chuyén vingang va 12% dén 24% mémen udn ctia tong va vigc dé lal 40% dén 60% trong long phan détphai do didé chéng gitrtam hé dao c6 thé gidm chuyén vingang tir 10% dén 20%, Tir kh6a: H6 dao su; bién dang hé dao sdu; m6 hinh Hardening soil ‘Summary: Behaviors of soils around deep excavations are complicated and the deformation of excavation depends on many factors, such as dimensions of excavation, wall stiffness, and mechanical properties of soil. In this paper, Plaxis 2D software is applied to study influences of the factors to deformation of deep ‘excavation in Hanoi. Some results achieved: "geometric boundary conditions have limited impact on horizontal displacement and bending moment of diaphragm wall; “bending moment in the diaphragm wallis independent from Poisson's ratio and un/reloading elasticity modulus; "reduction of groundwater level outside the excavation may induce a decline 27% to 45% of horizontal displacement and 12% to 24% wall bending moment and 4)remaining 40% to 60% of temporary earth retaining mass at the bottom of ‘excavation can reduce approximately 15% to 21% of horizontal displacement. Key words: Deep Excavation; Deformation of excavation; Hardening soil model. Nan ngay 15/4/2014, chinh stra ngay 25/5/2014, chp nhén dang 31/12/2014 1.Datvan de Vigc sit dung cdc phn mém chuyén dung nhu Plaxis, Flac, Geostudio hé tre cho vigc tinh toan hd dao sau dang tré- nén phd bién. Ung xt cia dat nén dug mé phéng thong qua cdc mé hinh nén Mohr- Coulomb, Hardening Soil, Soft Soil, Soft Soil Creep [4),[8],{10]. Tuy nhién, dé Iva chon dugc cdc thong sé au vao phu hyp véi teng xtr cla dat, céich m6 hinh héa phan ti, trinh ty’ thi cOng sao cho phi hyp véi didsu ki@n thyc t6 la thach thirc khong nhé cho ngwvéi sir dung. Thy té cho thay kho c6 mot nguyén tc nhat dinh v8 vigc lam thé nao 48 xac dinh kich thuréc gidi han vung bién, sé lrgng va loai phan tir trong cdc m6 hinh, 6. Tuy nhién, 6 day 86 o6 mot sy khac biét I6n khi phan tich cling mot van dé bang mot phan mém nhung m6 phéng v6i cdc tham sé dau vao khacnhau. Dé lam 16 van dé, trong bai bao nay phan mém Plaxis 2D voi tng xtr nén dat theo m6 hinh Hardening soil sé due sir dung d& phan tich va danh gid anh hung cila cdc yéu t6 nhu: ba rong hé dao m6 phéng, kich thu6c gi6i han bién ctia m6 hinh, mot s6 tham s6 nén dat, ha myc nue ngam... dén bién dang hé dao diéu kién dia cht khu vyc Ha Noi. 2, Téng quan mét sé két qua nghién civu vé bién dang hé dao sau Hién trong née, cac nghién ctu bao cdo danh gia anh hudng cia cac yéu t6 t6i bién dang ita hd "ThS, Khoa Xay dung Céu dung, Truréng Bai hoc Xéy dymg. E-mail: thanhson.geo@gmail.com “Th, Khoa Xay dyng Céu duong. Truong Bai hoc Xay dung °TS, Trréng LCPC Paris, SO 22 A 7022) TAP cHI KHOA Hoc cone None KAY DUNGPennant Ce ee Men TN ct fa a ao su trong qua trinh thi cng cén chua nhiéu. Phan lon chinghién cru céc yéu té mang tinh don 6, da trén mt s6 két qua quan trac thyc té dé tir do phan tich danh gid lai (phuong phap back-analysis) [1]. Ben canh a6, trén thé giéi mot sé cac nghién ciru cia (3), [6], [7] va [11] 44 chi ra rang Tuy nhién, bién dang phan tong dudi day ho dao 86 khong bj anh huéng qua nhieu b6i do cing ctia két cu chéng a6 phia trén. Cting cn néi thém rang, vigc gia lye truéc trong thanh chéng hoacneo la can thiétdé gidm dich chuyén ctia dat, dic bigtkhi thi cong trong dat sét mém. Bidu nay sé gidp cho két cdu chéng dé lam viéc an toan hon khi mdi thi cong, nhung cchiing c6 thé dn dén hign tugng chénh léch bién dang cita tung gitta phan tung bén trén va dudi day hé dao. . Chiéu sau hé dao va dac trung cia dat: cae nghién ci va két qua phan tich ngurgc tir cdc s6 ligu do thye té cho thay chiéu sau hé dao cing nh dac trung co’ hoc clia dat la cc yéu t6 chinh anh huéng lon dén bién dang va ndilyc cla tudng. . Trang thai ing suét ban déu: c6 nhibu quan diém trai ngugc nhau v8 anh hudng cia ting suat ban du t6i tinh toan hé dao. Theo [5], chuydn dich ngang cia dinh tong sé tang tuyén tinh theo sy tang cia 4p Ive tinh K,. Hon na, tac dong cia K, a anh hudng r6 rét dén momen uén cia tuong, lye trong thanh chéng va ap lye dat. Nhing gia tr nay tang Ién rt nhiéu khi ma K, tang tir 0,3 dén 1,0. Ngu@c lai [9] cho rng K, itnh huéng dén ting xt hé dao. d. Bé rong hé dao va céc m6 hinh 2D & 3D: h6 dao cang rong thi 46 l6n vung anh huéng va bién dang ca nén la cang lon. Cac nghién civu cho thy khu vy bién géc trong m6 phéng 3D cé tc dung han cché va lam gidm dang ké bién dang hé dao so v6i bién dang tinh todin trong m6 hinh bién dang phng 2D. Trong bai bao nay, mét lan nia dé lam sang t6 dug anh hudng cla mots6 yéut6 dau vao toi bién dang va ngi lye cia turong vay trong qua trinh m6 phéng tinh toan hé dao sau nhém tac gia sé tién hanh phan tich mot hé dao thu té didu ki6n dia chat Ha NOi. Két qua nhan duge 6 y nghialy thuyét va thyc tién cao, gidp cho ky su’thiét ké c6 due cai nhin tryc quan trong viée la chon dugc cac tham sé dau vao cla mo hinh va han ché t6i da nhteng sai s6 trong qua trinh m6 phéng tinh toan bang phan mém, 3. Nghién ctru hé dao su v6i dia chdtthanh phé Ha NOi 3.1 M6 hinh bai toan 1 nghién cu anh hudng cia mot s6 cdc yéu 16 167 bién dang cita hé dao, téc gia thyc hign phan tich mot hé dao sau 6,5m trong nén dat sét déo mém twang Ung véi gid dinh dia cht khu ve Nam Trung Yen, Ha Noi. Két cu chan git hé dao si dung cir thép JFESP-3 sau 12m c6 dc trungA= 191x10"m'/m, | = 16800 x10" m‘im (EA = 4,011x10" kNim; El = 3,528 x10" kNm*/m). Cao trinh myc nude ngam (MNN) - 2,0m. Céctham s6 dau vao cho lop dat sét dugc trinh bay trong Bang 1 dudi day, trong d6:.,.. dung trong 1g trén myc nuécngam; dung trong riéng du6i myc nue ngdm; g' ge ma sattrong; luc dinh; E.,"" modun dan hdi trong thi nghiém 3 tryc thoat nude; E.,," médun dan héi trong thi nghiém nén 1 truc Ocdometer 6 100 kPa; E,"'médun dan héi dé/gia tai cua dat; v,, h@ s6 Poisson; m sé lly thiva trong quan h@ ang sudtva bién dang: Bang 1. Thong sé nén dat sét cho m6 hinh tai bén (Hardening sol) i of reer) Yunsat Yeat Q is el m | ve hop tkNim’} | tke’) | tao} | ted |] tev’) | tei} | tem’ | | Dat set 16 v7 [253 | 132 | 3253 | 208 | tov | o7 | 02 A SO 22 TAP CHI KHOA Hoc CONG None KAYDUNG S022, }79fa KET QUA NGHIEN CUU VA UNG DUNG 3.2 Nghién cru anh hung ctia bé réng hé dao va gidi han kich thuéc bién m6 phéng 18 danh gia anh hung kich thude hé dao trong mé hinh dén tng xi ola nén dat va twong chan thyc hin khao sathé dao voi ba rong lan lot 1B = 10m, B=20m vaB = 40m. Tuong tang voiméi é rong, khoding cach giéi han bién theo phuong gang sau tudng (a.B) va gidi han bién theo ! (Ching H350x350x12x1 phuong dizng ké tir day hé dao (f.B) cing sé duoc khdo st v6i cc gia tri hdc nhau cla « va B. Kat qua tinh toan anh hung cia bé rong hé dao t6i chuyén vingang, d6 lun bé mat va d6 tri day hé dao, dugc thé hign trén Hinh 24; 5+7 va 8+9 dui day. 4 EA= 3,565x10°kNim 120m 1 su wong Im Db eB tng “2 lov-20 50 40 20-20-10 0 1 Irmi-60-50 40 20-20 10 0.10 a) b) °) Hinh 2. Chuyén vi ngang tuéng ctr ing voi bé réng hé do lan let: ‘2) B=10m ;b) B=20m ;c) B=40m va f=1 4 see 4 a a a 3 3 3 ze nr z4 3. Bs Ba a7 aa aa Em Ba Em ° * * it 1 1 o a “2 lo 500-020 0 1 vn 0-40 3020-0 0 1 otst = a0 a 0 2) a) b) 9 Hinh 3. Chuyén vi ngang trong cir ing véi bé rong hd dao Ian luot: a) B=10m ; b) B=20m ; c) B=40m va f=2 sO 22 Zz) O22) TAP cui KHOA Hoc coNG None KAYDUNGPennant Ue earn om Te fa a 2 2 z+ z4 E i] Fe i aa aa e Bs Bs 7 2 2 “0 10 1 1 “2 42 ton 70-8050-40 020-10 0 1 trio 20-40 -0-20-10 0 inmi-0 20-40 0920-10 0 a) b) ce) Hinh 4. Chuyén vj ngang tuéng civ ing voi bé réng hé do lan lwot: a) B=10m ; b) B=20m ; c) B=40m va p=3 vam B= be Beam bi) lo Bomb il ES ES. Ee 2 a ext] | fen end = os wua mama en] | o wm» m @ ro mim] |e ww wm m wo mo wo win a) Khodng cach phia sau b) Khodng cach phia sau ¢) Khoang cach phia sau ‘wong chan tuong chan {wong chan Hinh 5. 26 iin bé mat phia sau hé do ting vei bé réng hd dao ln luo: a) B=10m ; b) B=20m ;c) B=40m va B=1 EE 2am? EE se a 4) Khoding céch phia sau 'b) Khoaing cach phia sau ¢) Khoding cach phia sau tuong chan twong chan tuong chan Hinh 6. 86 lin bé mat phia sau hé dao tng véi bé rng hé dé lan luc: 2) B=10m ;b) Be: Be2 | Ke. stoma Ee pe 3 |Bseo " \8 0 revere yy Tc) Mo ee ee ww mh om we eo te 1) 10 1m) a) Khoding cach phia sau ——_b) Khoding cach phia sau 6) Khoéing céch phia sau tuong chan twong chan wong chan Hinh 7. B6 tin bé mat phia sau hé do ting véi bé rong hd dao ln luo: a) B=10m ;b) B=20m ; c) B=40m va p=3 SO 22 TAP CHI KHOA Hoc CONG None KAYDUNG =S°22_ EEfa PSA ae Mom Le iy wa a or) 8 Ey wi ay Waa ed eee ee) a) Khoang cach tir bién b) Khoaing cach tir bién ¢) Khosing cach tir bién dén tuong dui day hd dao ——_dén tung durbi day hd dao dén tuong dui day hé dao Hinh 8. Bién dang tdi tai déy hé do tng véi bé rng hé dao lan uot a) B=10m ; b) B=20m ; c) B=40m va p=1 a8 3 a ae ze : in 2 Bo Se ay ae # hoes. m $ 4 3 2 4 Gl oe o # 6 4 2 9 im zo 48 40 6 | a) Khodng cach tir bién b) Khoang cach tir bién c) Khoang cach tir bién én tuong du6i déy hd do én tuémg duoi déy hé do én tuémg duoi déy hé dao Hint 9. Bién dang tri tai day hé dao Ung v6i bé rong hé dao lan uot a) B=10m ; b) B=20m ;c) B=40m va i=2 Kétqua thé hign trén Hinh 2, 3 va 4 cho théy rang chuyén vi ngang hé dao luén c6 xu huéng tang len khi bd rong hé dao ting. Bén canh dé, nhin vao dé thi Hinh 2,3,4a; Hinh 2,3,4b va Hinh 2,3,4c c6 thé thay kich thud gidi han bién m6 phdng trong chuong trinh khong anh hudng nhiéu dén chuyén dich ngang cla tuéng cir (sai khac dudi 5%). Didu nay a twong déitrdng hop véinghién cu cia [12]; Khi gidi han bién kich thus hinh hoc sau hé dao nhé hon 1 lan bé rong hé dao trong mé hinh thi bién dang lin bé mat sau hé dao sé la l6n nhat (Hinh 5, 6 & 7), voi sy thay di tir 28+38%. Didu nay dng nghia rang 48 m6 phéng day du 2nh huéng cia viéc thi cong hé dao t6i bién dang céc cong trinh lan cn thi gigi han bién kich thuée m6 phéng khéng nén nhé hon 1 ln b rong hé dao. © day gia tr tac gid khuyén nghi la 1ndim trong khong tir2 dén 3 lan bé rong hé dao m6 phéng (v6i chénh Ich két qua tinh Ia du6i 12%); Bién dang day trditai day hd dao tang cing voi sy gia tang cia bé rong hé dao, gia tr trung binh thay 446i khoanng 25% khi chidu bé rong hé dao tang gp doi. Tuy nhién, anh huéng cia sy thay di gia tr (b& rong gidi han bién sau lung hé dao) 161 bién dang day trditai day hé dao gan nhu la khéng dang ké (Hinh 8 & 9). Trong khi d6 Hinh 8b,c va 9b,c cho thdy Anh hudng ciia sy thay déi gia tri (bé rng giéi han bién dudi day hé dao) 161 bién dang tréi tai day hé dao la rd rét (bién dang tréi tang 25%), diéu nay duro gidi thich la do nh hu6ng clia médun dé tai du6i dayhé dao. 3.3 Nghién ciru anh huréng tham s6 trong m6 hinh 84 nghién cau anh hudng cia cdc tham s6 dau vao nhu hé s6 Poisson, médun dan hdi dé/gia tai (E,.") trong m6 hinh t6ibién dang ciia h6 dao ta gid thidt hé dao duoc mé phéng cb kich thuéc thyc trén mat baing la 50mx46,5m (ttrong ting véi B = 20m va o:(s= 2:2). Hinh 10 va 11 lan lwot thé hign két qua tinh ton sy anh hudng cia hé s6 Poisson, mOdun dan hdi do/gia tai (E,.") 161 bién dang va noi lye cla tuong cir trong giai doan thi cong cu6i cing, sO 22 Z O22) TAP cui KHOA Hoc coNG None KAYDUNGae Tee ep Tes fa we c0 0-0 30.2010 0 102) 6 #46 0 6 a a) Chuyén vingang b) Mémen uén ) Khoang cach) Khoding céich t6i twéng hia sau tuéng Hinh 10, Anh hudng cia he sé v,.dén: @) chuyén vi ngang eda tung, 6) momen ubn, c) lin bé mat, d) ddy tbl tel day hd méng fmm Daerah] Div tie yb a) Chuyén vi ngang b) Mémen uén @) Khoang cach) Khong cach t6i twong hia sau tuong Hinh 11. Anh huréng ciia médun dan héi d6/oia tai (E,") dé 2) chuyBn vingang ciia tuéng; b) mémen ubn; c) ln bé mat; ) dy tb ai day hé méng Khdo sat gid tr v, lan lugt bang 0,05; 0,2 va v,,= 0,4, két qua Hinh 10a, 10b cho thay chuyén dich fagang Ion nhat va mémen uén lén nhat ciia tueng khong o6 sy thay di dang ké, chénh lech dudi 6%: Trong khi d6, 46 lun bé mat sau hé dao va day trdi tai day h6 cé sur chénh Iéch I6n va gid tri v6i su thay dbitir 6%+23% cho dé In bé mat (Hinh 10c) va khoaing 20%+38% cho bién dang trdi du6i day hé dao (Hinh 10d). Nauyén nhan 6 day dug gidi thich la khi-v thay d6i ¢6 nghia la tyI@ gidra cdc thanh phan bién dang do nén thé tich cting thay di va nhu vay a9 lun dat phia sau hé dao sé tang. Ngugc lai tai day hé dao bién dang doc {ruc giém manh déng nghia v6i viée bién dang trdi dudi day h6 dao cing sé giém Ung xi cua nén dat dudi tac dung cila tai trong la kha phwe tap va thyc chét modun bién dang cla At khong phai la mothang s6. Ngoai phu huge to cptarong dang xéind cn pu thude vao19 trinh ting suat, Thong théng tro Sy chénh léch gia tri dao Ong rat lon ti 12% +135% tai chan tuéng clr (Hinh 11a) khima E,,"thay di tir 1xE,," d&n 6xE,.". Khi dd lon médun do tai/gia tai E,’“ tang dan, bién dang tri sé gidm dang ké tir 20%+230% (Hinh 11d). 3.3. Nghién cizu anh huréng ciia mye nurée ngam ‘Bé khdo sat nh hudng myc nuéc ngam (MNN) toi bién dang va noi lye cia tong chan hé dao, tac gid nghién cu thay déi MNN phia ngoai hé dao tir cbt -2,0m (tinh tir mat dét) gidm dan dén khi MNN 6 cbt -6,5m (sat day hé dao). Trong tt c8 céc gial doan thi cong luén gid thiét rang myc nuéc ngam bén trong hd ao sé durgc ha bang véi cbt day hé dao thi cng trong giai doan thi céng 6. Két qua tinh ton duge thd hién nhu Hinh 12. sO 22 TAP cHi KHOA Hoc CONG None KAVDUNG -S022_ a Exfa KET QUA NGHIEN CUU VA UNG DUNG Dias wre) Boeas ura a) ») o @ Hinh 12. Anh huréng myc nese ngam aén: 2) chuyén vi ngang ctia tung; b) mémen uén: c) Kin bé mat: d) day ti due dy hd mong Anh huréing cao trinh myc nuéc ngam dén néi lye va bién dang hé dao la rét lon. KAt qua Hinh 12a cho thdy chuyén vi ngang tuéng gidm nhanh tir 27+45,3% khi myc nuéc ngam phia ngoai hé dao gid thiét ha déu 1m so véi ban dau. Tuong ty nhw vay, momen uén sé gidim 12+24% va lun b& mat 1. 20% (Hinh 12b&c). Nau lal, bién dang trdi dwéi day hé dao lai tng trung binh 8% (Hinh 12¢). 3.4 Nghién citu dnh huréng phan khéi dét chéng gil tam dur6i day hé mong Thyc té thi cOng hé dao sau, trong nhiéu truéng hop dé dam bao sy én dinh cia hé théng tuong chan va hé chéng d@ hé dao ngudi ta phai thi cong dao dat tir Io truéc va dé lai mot phan dat chéng git tam ‘satturong chan, Bé nghién cru anh huéng ctia phan khdi dat chéng git tam nay, mé hinh mé phéng trinh ty giai doan thi céng cudi cing thychién qua nam bude nhé dug mé ta nhu trén Hinh 13. Bién dang tai cac vi {riA, B duoc str dung dé danh gid higu qua cla kh6i dAt gitrtam tai day h6 dao. Ta ky hieu: Bién dang cudi mdi buée dao thir i Bién dang khi khéng 06 khéi dat gitr tam Két qua thé hign trén Hinh 14 cho thay higu qua ré rét cia khdi dat chéng gid tam dui day hé mong trong viéc han ché chuyén vi ngang (diém B) cua tung chan. Chuyén vj nay c6 thé gidm tir 10%+20% khi ma phan thé tich kh6i dat git tam chiém khozing 40+60% so vi thé tich kh6i dat nu dao di toan bo; Naor. lai, d6 lan bé mat sau lung hé dao (diémA) gan nhur khong adi khi trong lvgng khéi lurging dat gid tam giam. © (%) x 100 110 o 2% 4 6 8 100 Phin tm kd izgng kh gid tam trong gia oan dao ti 15] Hin 13. Mo hinh nghién ciu én huéng Hinh 14, Anh huéng cia khéi dat git ‘tia Kh dt git tam tai déy hé do tam dén bién dang hé ado 4. kétlugn Bai bao da phan tich duoc anh hudng cla mét sé yéu 6 dau vao dén noi lyc va bién dang hé dao théng qua phan tich baing mé hinh s6 cho mt dia chat cu thé khu vue Nam Trung Yén - Ha Ndi. Mot sé kat luan chinh dugeristra: Zz) 8022 545 cui xHoA Hoc cone Nous KAYDUNG 12-2014Pennant Ue earn om Te fa a - Chuyén vi ngang va mémen uén tuéng vay it phy thudc vao giéi han kich thuéc bién m6 phéng trong mé hinh, tuy nhién n6 cé xu huréng tang lén khikich thudcbd rong hé dao m6 hang tang: ~ Anh huang gidi han bign kich thuéc theo chidu sau ti bién dang lin ba mat va bién dang trdi tai ay hé dao la 16 rang hon so v6 anh hudng gidi han bién kich thuéc phan phia sau hé dao. Ngoai ra dé md phéng day du anh huéng cia qua trinh thi cong dao dat t6i bién dang lun sau lung hé dao thi gidi han bién kich thuéem6 phéng trong mé hinh nén lay bang 2 dén 3 dn bé rong hé dao m6 phéng; - Cc tham s6 nhu hé s6 Poisson v,, va médun nén lai E," trong m6 hinh itnh huéng dén momen tong vay. Tuy nhién cdc tham s6 nay anh huéng rt lén dén bién dang lan b& mat va bién dang trdi tai day hd dao; - Trong mot sé truong hop, viée thiét ké phan khdi dat chéng git tam dui day hé mong la higu qua trong vigchan ché chuyén vingang cia tong chan. Tailigutham khdo 4. Nguy&n Thanh Son, Nguyén Thanh Cong (2012), Phén tich phurong phép de béo médun dan hdi cua nn dat da trén két qua quan trac chuyén vingang hé dao khu vue Ha NGI, Bao cao téng két dé tai khoa hoc & cong nghé cdp truéng BHXD. 2. Burland JB, Simpson B, St John HD (1979), Movements around excavations in London clay, Design Parameters in Geotechnical Engineering, BGS, London, Vol. 1 3. Chang-Yu Ou, Deep Excavation, Theory and Practice, Department of Construction Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ISBN-13: 978-0415403306 (hbk), Pbulished by: Taylor & Francis/Balkema. 4. F.C. Townsend, J. Brian Anderson, Landy Rahelison (2001), Evaluation of FEM Engineering Parameters from Insitu Tests, University of Florida Department of Civil & Coastal Engineering, 5. Freiseder MG (1998), Ein Beitrag zur numerischen Berechnungen von tiefen Baugruben in weichen Béden, Gruppe Geotechnik Graz, Institute fir Bodenmechanik und Grundbau, Heft3. 6. Hans-Georg Kempfert (2006), Berhane Gebreselassie, Excavations and Foundations in Soft Soils, ISBN-13 978-3-540-32894-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York. 7. Law Kim Hing (2008), Performance of multi-propped deep excavation in kenny hill formation, Master of Engineering University Teknologi Malaysia 8. Monika De Vos & Valerie Whenham (2006), "Workpackage 3, Innovative design methods in geotechnical Engineering’, Background document to part 2, GeoTechNet - European Geotechnical Thematic Network. 9. Palmer JHL, Kenny TC (1972), Geotechnical Journal 9, pp 145-164. 10. Paulos Rahardjo (2010), Intemational Course on Computational Geotechnics, Civil Engineering Department itenas, 21-23 September 2010, Bandung, Indonesia. 11. Toru Masuda (1993), Behavior of Deep Excavation with Diaphragm Wall, Master of Science in civil and Environmental Engineering atthe MIT. 42. Vermeer, P. A., and Wehnert, M. (2005), “Examples of finite element applications-you never-stop learning’, FEM in geotechnical engineering - quality, testing, case studies, 101-119, Hamburg, 13. Zeng GX, Pan QY, Hu YF (1986), “Behaviour of excavation with sheet piling in soft clay’, The international conference of deep excavation, Beijing, pp3.1-3.6. ‘nalytical study of a braced excavation in week clay’, Canadian SO 22 TAP CHI KHOA Hoc CONG None KAYDUNG S022, Ez