ASPHALT TYPES AND USES Asphats most commonly used In Rexibic pavement construction can be divided ato thece types 1, asphait ecmens 2. Rule axphats, and 5 Cutnack asp, Asphalt Cements ‘As diecused eater, asphalt cement ls ataed bythe dilation process om evade petoleum using diferent rebning techniques. ‘Acamblene eraperatites asphalt cement isa blac, set, semisolid finda highly viscous mater cs xt and erable cement wih ‘xeelent adhesive and wterprooing characteris Ie so highly ‘sacnt tothe actlon of mow sce alkalies and sal "The largest ‘Sheu asphalt comene is ine production of Hoe Mix Asphalt (EMA), ‘which i primarlly ed in the constnctoa of exible pavements ‘eoughour the word. The asphalt cemene can readily be iqueded by applying heat for sising with wineral aggregates co produce HMA. Being very sucky, cadheres to the aggregate parcles and binds them to form HMA. ARer cooling wo bien temper; HMA {ns very strong paving material which can susan heay rac fos such as thote expedienced on incite highways and Deavy duty trelds OF the 2-3 mullion miles of paved roads i the United Sates, 2:2 milion miles, of 96 percent ove surfaced with aptale tome ope Inthe iternure, MA has numerous synonyes hasbeen refered to masphale concrete, asphalie concrete, asphalt cement concrete ‘phate mix(eure), apple paving mix(sre), bicuminows concrete, tbtunioous mix(ear), Biwminous paving mixture), ete Ia us textbook an stem has been made t0 se te term HMA 26 auch ss posible ever standard grades of sepa cement, aed on condineney, ace aaiable commercial. Two metho, penetration ad vscosy, die used co clazlfyasphae cements into thier grates. The pen ‘tution grading of ssphalt cement is specifies tn AST DAS ad priority concolied by the penetstion to. fe stand pew Sesion graded axpbalt cements, 40-59, 6-70, 93-100. 120-150, {End 200-300, are ‘ued for paving geese napnie. The peactation {eat sod the peneation grading system willbe daeword! ta deta ner in this chapter, 1¢ wil suice to mention ere tha che pone: trsion tet involves mearurement of penetration of standart acedle into a sample of asphalt cement wader sandard temperature, toe, toad, Obviously che higher the penewaon, the softer the asphalt fement Therefore, 40-50 lathe Iaedest grade, and 200-300 Is the foftese grade "The second method of csslving asphalt cements is by wscoscy grading, a speciied in STW 3381. Ths grading is based on either he vusosiy of the origisal asphalt cement on the viscosity of {he aot cement afer aging! the wong thia Bhim oven (RTFO) eau Both viscosities are measured ae 10°F and reported in poles, ‘The viscosity ade ered cm oval asphaltcemene include AC~25, AG-5, AC“HO, AC-20, 0-30, and. AC™40. The numerical values Inese viscosity a {40°F in indreds of poses. The vscosy grades based om the asphalt cesive (AR) fom the RTFO test include ‘At=1000, AR=2000, Al-4000, AR-B000, nd AR-16000. The mu tnevical valve indicate viscovty at 40°F im poles. The visas toss and the viscosity grading syetems will be discussed in det Tater in his elapter Emulsified Asphalts mals sephale (alo ssmply called emulsion) Isa minture of sup cement wate, and ermaatying agent. Seeause the asphalt ‘emedt will not diwave ia wate, asphalt cement and waste exist Sa sepueute phases a8 showa in Figure 2-8. Ho asphale coment and ASPHALT CEMENT i FoRW oF Bearer SPIERES“aater comining the emalityiog agent (Soup Is one aspley ae ped under pressure tough 2 coed mil peice creel) EES (iasthan 8-40 sro) gluten cedroplemofasiit cement ‘Toleh are sapended in wer {Figure 2-9), The ewmuling apeat Trapara i saci euarge to ine urfae ofthe drapes which cases hem ta repel coe soother. 3d dius the globule du sot rales, Emulaged eptale are aaa eeorived 36 gut pals because “nthe aphate cemsenma, hey a eguid at bse! tempers [Emulscns are nage 10 reduce the mpalt acon for fower a> ‘peti tennperares "fase consspermonlyonedypes rutin melt ate peri in ASI 0997 ba NST DESDT- 1, shone —elecro-negnnel chaggedsephale droplets ad 2 Gomic—eloctso-pastvely euaged spbaltdeopies We che emulsthing agent He sonic the aephat dropecs bear 2 rcgotveeBarge. I the caullying gem is avon, tne crops ‘Beara posture chap. Mowe mineral aggreaics beat » posite or x acguve of atved cage wns tbe suse ce sileeous segregate. such as snd on, ‘Guenu sndilceous pled are negatrely charge and thevetore se eacraly companbie mah the poskiety Charged onto emabiged {iphsis Ou he other hand, same agarpsis such a mene bear 2 Mpoetive surace charge ond se theefre penerl'y compa ‘thee nepal charged snoasccmalsted pias. TH Rapes Tecnuse opponie charger trac eae sd ‘hen an sti Sopa I ned wit a eRe. "He fe] Ge ease figere 2-9. Mamofactare of Emlelbed Aephule lor “becats” Because the sophalt droplet race with the surtce of the agsepate and csteace,aqoccting out the waver Beomcen thew ‘The evaporation of ener she peimary mod moc Ena castes the anion emulsfed asphalt to "beak" or “set” and produce a ‘contiwout Alm of sphalt om the agaregnte oF pavement Calorie “tealstdedasphals Break prnarly by eecizo chemical proceses. Both anicele and eatonie emule apiules are fuer prade seconiing #9 these “hecing” rte The seionds emlied aiphals include pid sting (AS) medion Seong (OS). and SOW ceving (G3) soresieg In ASTM D977. Whe ston rae is controlled DF the tpe abd amouor of he emushiving spent The aionse sudea ares REA HFRE-2, ROAD, Sel, HOS 2, M2. MEM, ST ‘Sun The B cesignton seas 2 fader base appl cement Is ‘used inthe expulsion. The HF Sesigmacion refers to 2 igh Boat resideewhich sso ciation af cheeses gelling ef the emmuton “The catlonic emulsiies asptalis which are Specified in ASTM 12397 also Inchode eapié-senieg (ERS), medium-secing (CH. sndatamoewting (CS) pes The caionc prndes are CAST, HSE, ‘Selec and uses of cmulsSed spins are gen in STM D3638 ‘Generally. abey ate sed os fllors 1, Repid-Setig Grades: Surface ueaumemts ad penetration ma Saas 2 Medea Seing Grates: Open -groded cold sapat-aparerle fnheres, and 3. Stew-Sening Ganden: Tack cost fog sal, denee-grated cold ssphat-aggrezte misaret 200 sory ‘eaie ‘Cutback Asphalts Gatbeck asphals ate Figuid ssphals whe ate manuticued by ‘adding (outing buck) pewoteam solvers (also walled cone sek ‘Sr iluen) taasptalecemenis. They are mae wo reece the 2pale ‘iscosy for lower application tempetateres. Application co marecate fe pavement cnotesthemivent (9 eng iy eapewstion, Mot ag {he stptt cement residue oa the marlace. Dud nthe viele ee ‘of evapontion, cutback sipiuls are Gisded tata Oaee Wes | Rapid-Osring (RC) produced br ading a Ligh diene of ‘igh wolasy (geneay assoc oe expla to spl ce-2. Nedinm-Caring (MC)—peoduced by ating 2 mecium diluent Gf ote yoliy (genet kerosene) to sepa ce tent Tes are generally sed for prime cot soekpie pach Ing mtstee ad road-miaing operatins 3 Slom=Caning (S6}-—produced by rading sof fove volar (ener esei or other gas ois) 10 asphalt cement. They {fe also called road olle They are generally wed for peeae (oat stockpile patching mints, and ss dust pallies CCatbsckessphte are commercially avslae i dierent grades 35 shown in Figie 210, Theihtnnest nd most Hud rede denigrated by he suis number 30, which i avallale it MC ype only. Other sic numbers, 70,250, 800, and 8000, denoting inereaingy higher “ieostes, se avathnle In al pes, These sul numbers represent Ihe vaiimun Kiama vseonty fa consis a0 140°F forthe parscular yade. specications for SC, MC, and RC wype emback ‘pte ae given tn ASTM 2026, ASTW 12027, and ASTM 2028, respectively rots asphats are increasingly being used in ew of enc spats fr ve tallow tease Environmental regulations. sions ae elauvelypollion fice Unite cutback aptoits theceare relavely smal acts ‘ol yulatiles wo evaporate ito the atmonphere other than wer 2. toe of igh eneapy proces When cutback aspbaler cure he ‘vents which are high energy. high pee produces ae w:sted five he semonphere 3 Safe mlions ae safe t9 ane. There tle danger of Bee ss compact othe evaback apts, some of whe have ety ver application temperawre. Fusions ean be applied at relmivey low temperate compared to cubs sp, ht a= toll igure 2-10. Composition of Cutbacke Asphalt uper 2—pht Retin Dy Pr a ‘ving fel Coss. Fiuisons ean naa be applied etectivety ue 2 amp pavement, wheress dey vonditons are required for Soutack Spal ASPHALT CEMENT PHYSICAL TESTS Physienl esting of asphale cements can Be categorized fllows 2 aging wes. 3. Pay tees 4. Suet ty an Omer tse Consistency Tests Coosistency dererbes the degree of fvidhy of asphalt cement a any particule temperstore, since agphal coment is 4 thecmopastie Inaterial #8 conaatency vars withthe temperature, Taerclre neces) to measure the constency of dierent saphlt cents athe same temperatare and shen ond conditions cmptsens fe to be made. The following consistancy tess see pertrmed a "phate cements: Absolute Viscosty at 140°. Vseosy can simply be dined 6 resistance Gow of Hic. Vaconty grading of asp centers ie used’ om viscosyy measurement a¢ 1a0"F This temperature wis Sclecred because it approximates the moximue HOTA pavement sur ‘ce tempera daring simmer in the United Sates ‘capillary tbe viscometer wed Ya perform the vtcoly tes ac 40, Two viscometer, the Cannon-Manning vactom vicometer (figuce 2-11) andthe Aspe Istae vacuum viscometer (Pg 2-12), ae commonly weed ASTA D271 tet method dererloes te test peoeedueer The vacometer is ousted ins shermostaelly ‘conrolled,conssintrempernture water ce eit bath which is aie tained at 40°F. The viscomerer cube ts daeged with apna cement Aheoug he lege side util the level of phn cement reeches the filling Line. After the Slled viscometer ‘ae le kept Inthe hath foe 1 prescibed period of tie to obtain ee eulibrlum cemperatire (of 140°F, 4 paral excuum ‘# applied to the smal side of the Wscometer tae 2 enue the asp cencnt 0 Bow. Application of» io Ms Apt Ml Mire ig an Comte Higare 2-11, Canaon-Manslng Vacuum Viscometer pana raw inecesary Because the asphalt cement 00 5c {tow se th fempertire. Aum conta! device and » wey [pomp te needed part of che testing equipment, ater the arpa ‘omene sents to othe ine (in secon) rege or Ico | benvecn eo ming ards is measured. The fnesuced te Cn seconds) Is mulplied by the casation facto fr the viscometee {be wo aba the vale fr waco im poles wih Is the andar “ini formessisingwtensiey Manofactures eat hee wiscometce| bes withstand ol a fumah the caibnon fete wi etch ‘he ‘When texting maces sch as aphale cement of a8 wakowa ‘ioconiys the Shear ses he same as tha when albrating We Vlgare 2-12, The Asphalt Insite Vacmuen Viscometer Che 2A Rig ad Pepin 2 scometer tube. The onl dlierence Is the measured rate of shea ‘which is inverely propericnlt the ae reyuire to psy 3 gad rough ee tobe The Tolling relaonship an be used to dete sine the wscoity where ¥, = viseosty of aandurd mater 1% te for saad cell co pass ehrough de tube; 7, % ime for woksown material (© piss thcough the same Mo Gheton for for cube, ASTM 2170 ie used wo mewsuce she Kincoatlc vlsosly at 205 uring 2 Zc Crotokem 3 ometce (Figure 2-13). Athi temperate the appa coeen L ‘lgace 2-18, Zehfachs Cross-Arm Viscometer» yt gh Ma, Mite Dg ant Goscon soln ae fow nought he cps tbe der gevtational ress fone and eres no ace to apply any paral actu, Tie {Crpecture was selested heen approximates the rixing nd {Syuowa temperacies tod be contruction of HMA pavements Noga cement ped ic de age opening af the scometer swt resets the fing ns. Te wtcometer# then placed ina Cie oi bath medium to ob-an the egal temperate & Site wiewum i applied tothe smal opening ota sigh presse is pplied wo she ange opening to Indoce the dow ofthe espe Sertianee te siphon scion is above be ing ine. Then the SERRASia frees cause the sap crnen eo flow downward In he renal section of the eapilry tube. A stopwatch Is wed co ature te time ln seeooss) required forthe apa cemacat to tow Deeween the two ting marks. The kinemae vsconey to ‘cnntotes ebtained by mulplying ths me by the elibeation fhetr supplied wath ne tscacer tbe, The uni of cence cdi nemavie viasniy 275%" because gravaconal forces [Abate cosy (ouch a obiained av LAO" eo be ealeuated ‘rom uinemate acon By muliplyng By the desl o sept “Ewart 2-1 nah cememt het 2 Kinemae csi of 800 cece es specite emi is 1.03 Wee Hs vate Vsconty wpe 1 woke = 190 cenetates ote viscosity fm poises ~ kinematic viteosty im stokes x seeps Revs B20 Penetration, The penton tse a empha cst wsed 1 gcse the cominency of spat cement. Usually penetaion Imesured 77 mich seg approsimtes average Service temper re sf ete HMA pavement A tle tempectare eo simple set ‘ethod is curently stile so measure the eanstsency of espa ‘Siment in mya vicistsaddough waco te prefered form Srimersitement Te sianuard penetatton tet ts an in Fae BUTE conince a apt ecment Se rouge othe seared rst aapersure (ually 779) ina thermosneally conto water th Te see paced wet a needle of pesebed dimensions. Paeheeate onde wie 100g mein ands towed to penetra {he supnale cement sample for seconds The depo pexeuion ‘epee +o fil an, peer s [e<] earaaief ASPHALT, ‘CEMENT ‘BEFORE ‘AFTER 5 SECONDS 4. Penetration Test Figuce 2 ‘smeared In uit 0.2mm (dou) ani ceporedspenension tints Fur esampl, ithe needle pencrstes 8 mi, the penetration ‘ aphatecemee 80. “Ine penetration tes san in accom with ASESE DS. The test cans be ean tse temperatures such 2s 32.9.2, and 115° fwerer the mele fod or penewauion time or Doth are then le A ow toperaures, sch 39.2%, the apa een {Sh and ene pena of he eae sis 27S Soar tthe epee 1200 gel in 60 secon feveuion cme have been aed to obi pretation value. Softening Point, Softening por is measucd by sng 20 ball 8) method io aesardance wih AST D361 ean spy he dined SS the temperare at which an aplate cement exnnot suppert the eum art scent and sta dowing. Us poepose (0 determine The temperature at which a pswe change occurs im dhe axpbal ‘ncaa wei teen Pine mp eet igh sco oon apa Shown Go Byure 215, he est combs of ealng 2 eas eng Sites wi phat cement and suspending Ie na beaker lied with Since oe eplee pce Aste! ball of specified dinensons ad Weigh Is placeu ta the center af de ple. The bath is heme 2 Shhwottea rate of ¢/min When she asphalt cement sfers ‘he bal ad asphalt cement sink wha the otto ofthe ker The cmpertancis seconde athe tan wie the softened asphalt ernest prcseribed dine ae touches the Bouton pat» ox a ep Mh, Me eg and Comin Ds igure 2-15, Softening Point Test, “rc tet is conducted with duplicse specimens 1 the diference [bonwcenthe wo emperstres exceeds 2 tnetest mus Be repeated, Aging Tests Asphalt cement undergo suhsantl short-term agg harden) win ey ave ive wit hot mineral aggrepscs a2 MA mixing Toclty. Theis fong-term aging coniaves caring the he of IMA fsements which ave subjected to exvuonmental and exer fers Uscmed ace in she shaper No standard! tx method is eurenity ‘raiuble © approximate the longterm aging of asphalt cements, However. te lowing tweets gencrsly wed to spproximate the show sera hasdcning conditions which ocewe tn fovinal HMA ‘hia Filan Oven Test, The hia ses oven (10) 1s conducted by pling 50 gsape of spat cement ina clidsien Hat-boery drat ince inate mtr and 3/8 neh deep). The apa ‘Shnoc layer othe pan about 178 tach deep. The pon cnt the vaptalt cement sample i tettered fa self tha vealed ‘ven maouined a 523°F (Figure 2-16), The abl oes 9 5 10 (Crevolnione pte miners, The sample Is kept in oven for 5 foves, and then trnafered to stable conaiaer for messing peneteaton or viscosity ofthe aged apa cement He tes! method [dveebed im AST D154. "The aged asphalt cement I ally ‘feuited go meet specie minim percentage retinedpeneention {oni vic or gn we of te tes ae ‘hope napa Ring Cho nd Pope » =| oe “ahaa Fe igure 2-16. Thin Film Oven est Rolling Thin Fite Oven Test. A varaden of de this sim oven scat tan wae by agence Inthe western ited Sates, ahough i fa te sams pre. gure 2-17 shows the eoling thin im Ove {CETVO) ed in ASTM DIHTZ. A specie amount of asphalt cement poured Inco « boule, which is placed ins rack ip the Oven fralnsned at 425%, The ck etter a pesebed ee 01nd Ba q igure 2-17, Rolling Thin Films Ovea Test* ot Ms Ap aa, Ae Dig Contin rockon ans, The souting hole continuously expones Sesh 8: hal The ovibe ofthe sample Bate psses in fone ofan et Utsing ea soon, The vapors accumulaed i the sample bole {Se peg by he Roxted He Rom the fet Te Kino achieves aboot the sume degree of taedesag (ang) sp the TID but ln Tess ene only 79 minutes). Also, eat accom ‘modate a linger nimber of samples than the TFO. Some westera Sterne the icosiy of he aged ede (A) ofthe appaltcement ftom hi eso rade thee poring ephat ements Parity Tests Refined api cimenh consi of almost prs bituen whlch, bydetindon, lr entirety solu In cisbon iste. nly very ile nouns af tps ae gency present In eee sphate ce Iuen Te determine the purty of asphalt cement 2 slut res {USHA Dunes) conducted. An sepia cemear sample tow ‘regi issslved in ichoroerylene (eter than etbon eine (thie tamale and presents afer hard), ancien ered Through + late Aber ped The insoluble materia seated nthe ad wahed,diedand weighed. The insoluble materia estits tbe impury lathe asphalt cement sample. Specfenion for paving phat ements generally equire 2 manimim of 9. pesca 0 Uy fe erehlraceylene Ue fs alo destabie that the pha Eemen fre of sostve because It can cue the spa cement {oom vest Rented sbove 212° Safety Tests spat cement ested to high enough epee, Ke gles ss eng vapor Nash Gg) Inte presence of 3 park or open tne tats ps adits the orperane to whic sapbalccement tay be afely ested withowe the danger of instante Hash the presence ofan open fame. This temperature ts below Wut ‘he Gre pant, which fete temperate where a miei comb Although the dash poine of paving asphalt cements is well above ‘he tepermres norntywed in Hit profucion, ts necessy {evmearre and contol for safer considers "phe Cleveland Open Cup method (ASTM B92) i geueally weed fon dsenining the Mash pont of paving apa cements (Pigaee 1a. A bes cup paraly dled wich aspait cameat Is heed a per Agha ng Ut ad Peper » 4 Tnemamters Fe (a Figure 2-18. Cleveland Open Cop # s.presclbed ste Asal me I pated vee the sartiee of the up pevodiily. te enperture 3 which sufllent Yepors are ‘Maed to produce an nstntancowe Mash eeepared a the Mash pote Other Tests Docillty Test, Many apha ping technolagsts consider due teas a inpontane popes Of sepa cement 1 sgnlcince Spl e dicusted lator ln hue chapter ‘The duct” test nin ‘Keowance wah ASTACDI13, meanest ustane th cones {hsea standard baigquete ef aphal cement wil suet before break Ing igure 2-t9)e Tne cue accion of the briquette a Ws salle thincaion tone aguas semuimeter ‘The rest ample Is Brought co imperatce ina wnee Hath wbich (6 mainined ae the sana (enperaiue of 77°F The gna enee of the sumple are sept at the rte of 5 camiaute waeil rupee. The water must be atthe ‘Soe specie enisy th spa o prevent Meat o° Sinking of ine suetched sump, sl 4 seed to inevense the specie Gav. nd leoo! is added 9 decrease the specie grify ofthe watt, ome engince believe a naling he dace tse st omer tem Devs such af 0 and 39.2 her than 77% The pling eae« oN pl Ml, Mote Dg and Cotton igure 2219. Ducilley Test is wsualy ered co 1 eniinute when the est Is r09 4 39.2°F (allow fc move stetohing pice to Bre specif Graviey. Specie gravy fs defied atthe ratio of the smu ofthe mca ate ives temperate to the mae of 20 eee ‘Tme ef nes a the sume tempertire Speige pewiry of te Tphaltcement changes when te sspitr cemeneexpanison Neato “ecto, specie prvi determinations ie tse In ma ea peraurestlume corrections or detecaiaig the Weight pee ua lume of wphl cement heated to ie application tempera "The pyennmeter method ir red to determine the Specie vty ct aaphal semcans (ASTALD7D). Sine the specie Rr) wares “Tah the temperature. est eo are expresed fn tens of speec Iraviy (sh) se gen tmperstice for both the spl cement Eu enter vee the tee Tor example, Sp. Ge. 02 30 60") Go'F mae thatthe gphalt cement specige gry is 102 when tha the ssphnscesnent and the water ace ae SOW. Spectge pai) 2 So'/crt ie normally eed foe making money compeneons be temmctons conceeningaehate cemen Spot Tet. The purpose ofthe spot test to determine whether an saphac cement has been damaged daring procesing de (0 oretheating, esting in exvehing. In cruking che molecules are URrmaly faker spac. According t0 some engines, the fsplait ‘cement this produced is inferior and ie more scape o alle ng or apn, since cricklng sr not Uke 9 occur ia she cue fining prostico he spot a iv ually Hota fequement Ia he oer 2- Ati Rig, Ua Papin ® ‘specications, Ao, cracked asphalt cemosts tend 40 five poOe ‘ules aed igh age hardening rcs, “his test, developed by Client a chemist, ix crude form of piper cheomatograpny in hat ivaives a visa evaluation of &| pot of saline cement dasolved fn 4 mada solvent (auch ‘ipatia). 4 deop of the aaplat/olventmistute i placed ow 2 Special ther paper and the ests observed isl” UF the spot flamed fs untermly brown sin, she tex fe epoca ss negate dnd te asphalt cement aezepubie. However i shin the spe, here ea darkcr area the comer the tes fepamed a8 Posting 4nd will dsquaiy the sphale The signibcince ofthe spot tie fallin dope. The spc ise canoe be applied eo am aap ha cement ‘which far been exited cecovered) fo HMA ASPHALT CEMENT GRADING SYSTEM istorieal Background Tnstead and Welborn eve given 4 ery grod accoune ofthe isty ofthe development of sept specieatins in Reerence 6 "rom 1878 to 1900 most of de suphal cement deed i the consmiction of shee asphalt, peactation macadan, nssed ‘scam (to ened saps concrete) wis obtained uate ankle [ke The murber Asphalt Paving Company wae the primary supple ‘of Troldad fophale and idee of sphle paversens since the begining of 1878, Recudez Lake asphalt found i Vee came Ime use during the 18690e and was ¢ major sauce by 1901. Like the Teidad Take asphalt, te Mermacdes aya had ¢o be He, nd water and extraneous inorganic and orinie mater a 19 be fesnaved. Doth Lake sph were fond to hve semusable wn fom. The fest specication for aphale cement the United Sates was Inset om the appearance of the erade Tesklad phale and gia! nso determine amounts a ituincn (eoluble in cabo “sade sod inotubte orale ad Innepee slate, Such spec lication were devised merely ident he source of sephal cement the exclusion of other soureematral ste UMA tcasty grew fod pevrolcum ssphalts ce Inco use lathe Cait State sont 1900, became evident the element of aocetny i materia squiement, especiity the coneitoney, naa be semaoved. The ‘sve nse were solo Sem -solkd maori, and i wae ee2 he Ms Agha Mae Mire Dg ed Coon Coty 98 ong mse ees he comin se ‘ermine the consistency of the paving binders abained from ‘iterem source. i 1888, ILC, Bowen invented the Bowen Penevation Machine, ‘spa cement. Previa o Bowen's invention, the method of testing he proper deres of tenn of she ssp cement wes by chewing ‘method, emde 86 may now appear, served a8 a fale enect ‘An asphal man generally prided Mims om the fae tat Dy ewig be eould achieve approximately she tie reaus asthe obtained Dy oie machine 6) iaiter several modifentions ofthe Eni Penetration schine, by 1910 whe penetometer became the principal mens of mexsicng sd conlling comisteney of semi-solid apple st 77°. The brea of Public Rords (now the Feder lighway Agmiaiseaton) since 1901, and the Ameena Soctery foe Towing 20d Material (aM, siace 1905, dave been istrumenel i miki the pene teadon estastandard fr conbollingthecossisency a patngalt Ta 1918, the Bare of Public Rend intredaced the penctetion frading stem by developing various penetnion pride suited to “igeren linac condos and applications. The Amecian Aso iaton of Ste Highway Omics (AASHO) published te swsied Speciation for penetration grated asphalt cements in 1931 “he nest major change In aspnalt cement grading specications seas nied tthe eay 19605 by the PATA, AST, AASHTO, dusty, and a'aumber of sine hiwiy depuemen har wanted the pale cements to be graded by viscosity at CAO" Te peat ‘hjectves were: 2) 40 replace the cnpnea penetration tet with item rien varoaby tom, and (G9 semeseare thr crvanrary C1407 (anhee than 77°), which approximates che a=phale pave tment masimum surace temperiire ona bok ser ay inmost fie United States. Yaious uncoity graces tee develope si ‘he citerem climatic conivons snd sppicsion ‘urlng te early 19608 when the scot pring sem wae ling developed, the Cllfonia Deparuent of Highways was es sloping peli! syed residue (AN) vecoay ging wh the oopestion ofthe Pcige Gout User Producce Group. At Wisco _raling was basa on the viscosity of the aged este Lesa From the rolling eh Mn oven (HERO) tes ater tha the vesity ofthe orgialsaphat coment sz recommended by the FHWA, Tae Chaps 2a eng, Ua Pet Califoroia Deparment of Highways tad expertenced be se problems (ender mix) wit some apbalc cements whose origi! ‘eoity did not increase daring whe pla mixing pase a8 ac, Estat of ether aspnalt cements. Therefore, they want to wende {he asphalt nthe RFEO 50 tha al asphalisaker sing gure 2-20 shows the prding sens used ta ube US, during 1985 (2), Sever sates were using more than one grea sem ‘A ecaied dcusion of the Unee grading syste fll Pencteation Grading System ‘able 2-2 ves the sequlcemens for penton grad sph coments found ig ASTM D946, bee poncteaion pads tec specie 40-50, 60-70, 85-100, 120-150, and 200-300. sa menwioned fave one penetson unit equals one sent of miner (0.1 fay. the lanes the pencirion, the “ade” the aepal- The “sltest™ pace 1s 200-300, which is sed un cold climate ares ‘seh Cada, To graces, 60-70 nd #5100, ae mos omen tied foe paving inthe US. Other requirement sch we dc a ‘PY and rtsincd peneuation afer thin inven (TFO) se ie iguce 2-20. Grading Hethods for Aaphale Cements Gaed dar tng 1985 (aft Feevel eth D” tM Aap Ma, Me Deg nt Contato able 22. ABTA Requcements for Peneteatlon Graded Asphalt Cements | BER sin ar ‘he penetration grading system fas the following advantages: 1. Grading bs based on the contsency ofthe asphale cement st TT, such is close 10 the average pavement service topo sure. Testing at 97°F may provide» bettct coreeation with low temperature properues tan ke viscsty tes which I sneasuted a0 40 2, Testing time is reladvely shor. 5 Penetestion testing is adaptable 10 eld conins. 1 can be med by the HBA contactor 19 tect cuntination the np cemene (usualy rom othe: petvlenadiltes OF ‘phat cutacks In the tampon wits) 44 Eipmem costs ae relatvely Tow 5. Precision links forthe penetration test ste wel established. 6. Temperature susceptibility (ctange in aphalr cement consi ney with coresponding change i erspersurs) of te apa ‘cement can be decermined by measuring peacvation st en ‘pertures ther than 77°F. Temperate suocepubily i le fussed In deal Later. However the peetation grading sytem has the fllowing dis sdvantiger (per 2A Reig, Ub eee s 1. Reaction ts an emplccal tex and does ot meane the conasieney of agpalt cement iy luedinenal Unite such wiscory. 2, Shear rate Us igh durog dhe est 3. Shear tei warlabe bees depends on ae consiency the asp coment. 4, Similitade t 777 cam be deceptive w performance at higher dnd lower service tomperauires (Higre 2-21) 5 No vlcorsy avaliable co caaish mixing and compaction Viscosity Grading System "his system, Wich ie Dates om the ssesnity of original (as vp pled) ssp ecient, Is most widely used fa the Unied seas, ‘able 23 yen he requiretems for asplalsceaentvacosiy graded at 140° a found Hn ASTIN D338. ASTACTeNlee | and? pevain the following seas graded aphal cemens: AC=2 5. AC~, AC, {AC=20, ACo3D, and AUwHU. AST Table 3 peresins «9 the AR (aed side) vice ading ete, whic scnaed lates, AASHTO 18 = pod amy ‘sercepany Figure 2-21, Temperstare Susceptibility f Penetration Graded ‘Asphalt Cements“ et Apher asin ad Gsrtin Specicatton 1226 on viscosity graded aspatt coments is sinilar {0 ASTM ISBT wleh minor dldereeces “The pote isthe standard unit of mesaorenent for vison. The lower the number of pots, the let viscous the asphalt comet ‘AC=2.8 asphalt cement seh 2 vscoriy of 250 pots at 140°7) He “soer" than AC-40 (asphalt cement wi a Vieosty of 4000 poles, she same temperare). AC=20 grade ls most commonly eed for ‘ping inthe Uae Sates AC~34 gates feeetly ree te Speciicatons and is used By some southeastern cnt, Over tnt Fequiements suchas penetntion a 77, vscsisy at 274 vscorty ar 140° and docllty at 77°F ofthe redve fen thin fim owes teat (FOR, and ash point ae als piven inthe opectbentons, The Debetraon at 77°F controls the conveency ofthe sypalt emen eae the average seeice tempectue. and the viscnity at 275 ‘oniols is consinency near the mixiag and Compacting tempers "cen. Together these specited requirements lon como! the et Deritre suscepti of the asphalt cement as shown In figure 2522: The primary dilerence between ASIM Tables 1 and 2 (whoa ‘ible 2-3) that theasphlt coments ible 2 ae les tempereine suscepcible beensse the specified ntaimam ponciraion vues Figure 2-22. Temperature Saicepetilty of Vacoskty Graded ‘Asphalt Cements hp hapa Reg a, Pie » “Table 2-5, aSTut Nequiremenis for Viscosity Graded Aepial (Cements (0 5383-35) 77°F and dhe minimum vscoiy values at 275°F ace bigher than ‘hore tn Table | The vacesty grading stem Its the following advanages 1. Macs is fndamentt one. er tha an emo {ivan dhetefre br indcpendent of the text tem tnd the sample sie 2. Wir mlabie 9 a wide ange of envzoamens (patemeat enpentres 7710 2. Wirbued on vacoly 40°F wich nee the snc pevemene sure tempertre peters experienced i he Sitca ic. This tempcreure a rel for pavement er formance dri ho smn 4, There hs reauced overlap ih omer grading systems (Figure 2S).~ ono Aap Mais Ste Msn ed Cnet 5. A.wide range of rst astoments is avaible 6, Tes standards ase avallable with exeblsed precision tims, 7. Werperatue suscepubllity ofthe asphalt cemom can be de termined since the consistency i meauted the tmp The dsavanages af the visosty graded sytem ate Usted below: 1. Grading a 140°F i deceptive to performance a average oF low scree tempecautcs (igure 2-22) 2. Wisnotadcquate wo saegtet apse low temperature cracking kdough with Table 2-3 the specitestiont in table 2 are [pesior thove in Table 1 3, The test system is Sighly more expensive than the pene 4. Testing te Us longer, ‘igure 2-23. Comparison of Penetration Grades aad Viscosty Grades of Asphalt Germent (Breed on RIKOT Re ue for Axt-Grodes aad Penetration Gredes; TFOF Residue for AC-Geades) her hata tg i, Pre » 5. TROT residue vscoly can wary comdoray within the sine rie. Tor exunple, AC-20 asa cements om evo dierent Sourec ea have THOT rede viscose of 3,300 ane 10,000 poles. These sepals are ky 0 behave ditercly ding, Dd fir contrcton AR Viscosity Grading System ‘The At viscosity grding system, whic Is based op the viscosity cof the aged reste (a) ftom the Ylling thin tn Sen (TPO) feat aed by some wate inthe western Unied Sess Table 3 (Gower table) wha Table 2-3 ures che tequltements for he fotlowing Gre AB grades X-1000, AN~2000, AR-S000, ARO tnd AR=16000, AR-1000 represents wiseesy of 1000 polses3¢ MO" of the aged residue. speettcalons also equlre minimen penetation 377 sed mininin visonty a6 275°, agen foe she ‘ged residue Peneetion ofthe rine aphole cement (although ot species) Is detenwiaed to ehtek the speclied mininnim te ‘cement for percentage of tesined penetration ster RTVO ft. ‘ould be noted that 9 coasistengy values Hany tempertice ae Specie fr orignal asphalt cement “the AR viscsty grading system bas che follwing sdvenapse In dion to those listed previously forthe vixen pring sper 1. te epreent asp properties ser the HINA is manufactured 2, Reasonable uniform Dehavier of asphale cement Is expected from diferent sores but win the skin AR grade Ging tpdowa and compaction, The fllosng ace the dssdeantages ofthe AR grading sytem 5 He manna omy 2. 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