CE-463

IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
(3.0 CHrs = 2.0 Th+1.0 Lab)
Name: Muhammad Ukasha
Office: CE Wing
Office Hrs: Monday & Tuesday (1415-1500 Hrs.)
Email: mukasha.mce@mce.nust.edu.pk
What is irrigation?
 Process of artificially supplying water to soil
for raising crops
What is irrigation Engineering?
 Irrigation engineering is the analysis and
design of systems that optimally supply
the right amount of water to the soil at the
right time to meet the needs of the plant
system
Subsurface drainage engineering is the analysis
and design of systems that remove water or
salts from the soil in order to maintain as close
to an optimal plant growth environment as
possible
Three (03) steps:
 Characterization of local conditions
o Crop-water requirements
o Hydrology
o Soil
 Hydraulic design of potential
alternatives
 Economic and environmental analysis
Complex mixture of following
domains:
 Physical
 Climate, soil and physical infrastructure
 Human
 Irrigation agency, farmers and other
stakeholders
 Bio-economic
 Crops, livestock's and markets
Building on the above and other
work, a useful categorization of
domains in relation to irrigated
agriculture is:
 technical;
 institutional;
 economic;
 social; and
 environmental
Technical covers the physical
infrastructure related to I&D
systems, the canals, drains, roads,
field layouts, etc., and includes
analysis of the physical environment
to facilitate the design, construction
and implementation of the I&D
system.
Institutional covers the political,
legal and organizational frameworks
influencing irrigated agriculture,
Social covers the interaction of
people within the irrigation schemes
and the ways that they live and work
together.
Economic covers the financial and
economic aspects of irrigated
agriculture, the cost and value of
inputs, resources and outputs.
Environmental covers the physical
environment impacted by the
scheme and the health issues related
to I&D systems.
Six relatively distinct phases can be
identified:
 planning;
 design;
 construction;
 operation;
 maintenance & asset management;
 rehabilitation.
Planning
Planning is the process of identification of
the potential for irrigation and selection
of the best approach for its development.
Planning will look at the feasibility of the
development in technical, economic,
physical, social, institutional and
environmental aspects. Questions to be
asked will include the following.
Planning
 Can it be done?
 How will it be done?
 What are the objectives for the development?
 What will it cost, who will pay and is it economic?
 What are the likely consequences and impacts of the
development?
 What will be the benefits, and how will they be
distributed among the various stakeholders?
 How will it be managed, operated and maintained?
 Will it be sustainable?
Planning
Though the planning stage is crucial to
the long-term success of the scheme, it is
often the case that insufficient time and
resources are spent on it. It is also the
stage at which the least is known about
the scheme, its people and the
environment in which it will have to
function. It is important at this stage to
be clear
Planning
Though the planning stage is crucial to
the long-term success of the scheme, it is
often the case that insufficient time and
resources are spent on it. It is also the
stage at which the least is known about
the scheme, its people and the
environment in which it will have to
function. It is important at this stage to
be clear
Design
Once the development has been planned
full designs will be prepared. These may
require further data collection. The
design stage may include the following:
 detailed topographic surveys;
 design of scheme layout, including
headworks, canals, drains, control and
measurement structures, flood control
measures, villages, water supply and
roads;
Design
 determination of the cropping pattern;
selection of irrigation method (surface,
sprinkler, drip);
 estimation of crop and irrigation water
requirements, leading to canal sizing
and hydraulic design of all structures;
 estimation of surface runoff leading to
drain sizing; costing;
Design
 preparation of tender documents
(specification, bills of quantities and
album of drawings);
 implementation work planning (with
realistic timeframe);
 specification of the scheme’s
organization, management, operation
and maintenance, and preparation of a
manual for such.
Design
The design work is often carried out by
consultants procured through a process of
competitive bidding, generally based on
quality and experience of previous work,
and cost.
Construction
Once finances have been secured, designs
completed and contracts tendered and
awarded, construction can commence.
Procurement of suitable contractors is
important. Construction may include the
following processes:
 establishing effective construction
supervision personnel and procedures;
 establishing a construction camp;
 site clearance;
Construction
 setting out of the works;
 agreement with farmers on
construction timing and methods (to
avoid disruption to farming activities,
where possible);
 construction of infrastructure (canals,
drains, structures, roads, villages,
etc.);
 supervision and checking that the works
comply with the specification;
Construction
 measurement of work done;
 preparation of as-built drawings,
operation and maintenance (O&M)
manuals and training of O&M staff;
 certification for payment (monthly and
final);
 commissioning (the contractor is
responsible for rectifying defects
arising during the commissioning
period, usually 12 months);
Construction
 handing over of the completed scheme.
Different procedures will be followed
depending on whether the scheme is
constructed by a contractor or by the
developer with assistance from the
beneficiaries. Generally speaking,
large-scale irrigation schemes are
constructed by a contractor, small-scale
irrigation schemes through beneficiary
participation.
Operation
Operation of the system can be by the
beneficiaries, a government agency or a
private enterprise. Again size often
determines who operates the system;
small systems are easier for farmers to
run, government often runs the larger-
scale systems.
In the largescale systems the government may operate the
primary and secondary canals (the main system), while
farmers operate the system ‘below the outlet’ within the
tertiary unit. In a private development the management
company will manage the whole enterprise.
Operation
For operation, a set of procedures, rules
and regulations will be required if the I&D
system is to operate efficiently and
conflict is to be avoided. Procedures will
be required to plan and manage the
water distribution as the irrigation water
demand is constantly changing. Operation
activities will include:
 planning cropping patterns;
 determining crop and irrigation water
demands;
Operation
 estimating available irrigation supply;
 making adjustments to match supply
and demand;
 making water allocations;
 reporting and record-keeping;
 monitoring and evaluating
performance;
 liaising with water users;
 conflict resolution
Maintenance and Assets Mmgt.
Maintenance and asset management are
an integral part of scheme operation,
without which the system will deteriorate
and productivity decline. Despite the very
close relationship between performance
and the physical condition of the system,
it is often the case that inadequate funds
are allocated for maintenance.
Maintenance and Assets Mmgt.
Maintenance activities will include:
 identification and reporting of maintenance
needs;
 prioritizing, planning and budgeting for
maintenance;
 carrying out maintenance;
 monitoring and evaluation of work done;
 payment;
 liaising with farmers on maintenance;
 reporting on work carried out.
Maintenance and Assets Mmgt.
As the terms suggest, asset management
relates to the management over time of
the system’s assets. It looks at the short-,
medium- and long-term maintenance,
repair and replacement of the system’s
physical assets and the income stream
required to sustain the system at the
required service level.
Maintenance and Assets Mmgt.
Assets Mgmt. activities will include:
 identifying and quantifying a system’s assets (lengths of
canals/drains, numbers, types and sizes of structures, etc.);
 assessing the condition and performance of the assets and their
component parts;
 creating an asset database;
 discussing with water users and agreeing on target standards, levels
of service and costs;
 formulating an asset management plan with details of operational
and capital expenditure over time (typically 20–25 years, in 5-year
packages) and associated service fee charges;
 implementing, over time, the asset management plan;
 monitoring and evaluation of implementation
Rehabilitation
A further process, which has become all
too common, is the rehabilitation of I&D
systems, arising from the failure to
properly operate and maintain schemes.
A distinction needs to be drawn
between rehabilitation projects and
modernization projects or programmes.
 The focus of rehabilitation projects is
to repair the system, and in most
aspects will return the system to its
original designed state
Rehabilitation
 the focus of modernization projects is
primarily to upgrade components of the
system, such as providing automatic
control structures, automated flow
measurement, changes in field
irrigation methods or operating
procedures
 Pakistan is an agricultural country
 Arid Climate
 Pakistan is an agricultural country
 Arid Climate
 25% contribution in annual GDP
 Insufficientrainfall
 Non-uniform rainfall
 Seasonal crops
 Perennial crops e.g. sugarcane
 Cash crops
Engineering Aspects
 Storage, diversion or lifting of
water
 Conveyance of water to
agricultural fields
 Application of water to
agricultural fields
 Drainage & relieving water logging
 Development of water power
Agricultural Aspects
 Proper depth of water necessary in
single application for various crops
 Distribution of water uniformally &
periodically
 Capacities of different soils for
irrigation water, and flow of water in
the soil
 Reclamation of waste & alkaline lands
 Increase in food production
 Protection from famine
 Cultivation of cash crops
 Addition to the wealth of the
country
 Increase in prosperity of people
 Generation of hydro-electric
power
 Domestic & industrial water supply
 Inland navigation
 Improvements of communication
 Canal plantations
 Improvements in the ground water
storage
 Aid in civilization
 General development of the country
 Breeding places for mosquitoes
 Water logging
 Damp climate
Course Description
This course is designed to give the concepts of
canal irrigation system and its management.
Students are also given the concept of canal
design, regulation, operation, control and flow
measurement in an irrigation system.
Course Objectives
1. To understand the irrigation requirements
2. To design hydraulics components of the diversion
head works
3. To design earthen canals
4. To understand canal flow measurement, regulation,
operation and control
 COURSE OUTLINE
1. Water Resources of Pakistan
Planning & Development of Irrigation Projects
Domestic, Industrial, Agricultural & Other Water Usages
Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS)
Provincial Irrigation Setups
Groundwater Usage for Irrigation
Irrigation Efficiencies
Reservoir Sedimentation
Land-use in Pakistan
WAPDA’s Water Vision 2025
 COURSE OUTLINE
2. Water Requirements of Crops; Methods of Irrigation
 Definition of Irrigation
 Need, Importance & Scope of Irrigation
 Types/Methods/Modes of Irrigation
 Canal, Lift, Flooding, Sprinkler & Drip Irrigation
 Merits & Demerits of Irrigation
 Water Requirement of Crops
 Crop Period or Base Period
 Duty & Delta of Crops
 Irrigation Efficiencies
 Consumptive Use of Water or Evapotranspiration
 Net Irrigation Requirements
 COURSE OUTLINE
3. Canal Irrigation System & Design of Channel
Alluvial & Non-alluvial Canals
Distribution System of Canal Irrigation in Pakistan
Channel Losses
Design of Irrigation Channels
 Kennedy’s & Lacey’s Theories
 Comparison of Various Methods
Govt. Effort for Improvement of Irrigation System
 COURSE OUTLINE
4. Diversion Head Works
 Weir, Barrage & Head Works
 Layout of Diversion Head Works
 Components of Diversion Head Works & their Functions
 Design of Weirs Components on Permeable Foundations
using Established Theories
 Bligh’s Theory
 Creep Theory
 Lane Weighted Theory
 Khosla Theory
 COURSE OUTLINE
5. Canal Flow Measurement: Uncertainty and Error
 Canal Flow Measurement
 Monitoring of Flows-Telemetry System

 Precision & Accuracy

 Uncertainty
 Errors
 Types of Errors
 Spurious Errors
 Random Errors
 Systematic Errors
 COURSE OUTLINE
6. Cross Drainage Works and Canal Regulation Works
 Cross Drainage Works, Types & Functions
 Canal Head Regulator
 Cross Head Regulator
Measures Adopted to Control Silt Entry into Canals
 Silt Ejectors & Excluders
 Canal Drops/Falls
 Flumes
 Canal Outlets
 Maintenance of Irrigation Canals
 COURSE OUTLINE
7. Canal Operation and Control
o Scheduled/Routine/Emergency Operations
o Types of Operations
• Rotational
• Open Access
• Arranged Demand
o Water Service Distribution
o Types of Controls
• Upstream control
• Downstream control
 COURSE OUTLINE
8. Water Logging & Salinity: Canal Lining
 Causes & Effects of Water Logging
 Reclamation of Water Logged Soils
 Drains & Tube Wells
 Causes & Effects of Salinity & Alkalinity of Lands in
Pakistan
 Drainage Network in Irrigated Areas
 Types of Drainage System
Surface Drainage
Sub-surface Drainage
 Salinity Control & Reclamation Projects (SCARPs)
 COURSE OUTLINE
9. Water Management: Modern Concepts
o Multiple Use of Water
o Water/Land Productivity
o Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
o Virtual Water
o Water Footprint
o Water Scarcity
 PRACTICALS
Assessment Level of
No. CLO PLO Learning
Practical Methodolog Learning
No. No. Domain
y 1-6
1 Crop-water Requirement
Getting to know related 3
a
softwares Psychomoto
3 Reports, r/ Affective
5 3
Practicing and applying Quiz, Viva
b
CROPWAT model

2 Flume Design
Getting to know related 3
a
softwares
3 Reports, Psychomoto
5 3
Practicing and applying Quiz, Viva r/ Affective
b
WINFLUME model
1. Punmia B.C. , “Irrigation & Water Power Engineering”,
Standard Publishers, Delhi
2. Iqbal Ali, “Irrigation & Hydraulic Structures (Theory, Design &
Practice)”, Allied Book Company, Lahore
1. Santosh Kumar Garg, “Irrigation Engineering & Hydraulic Structures”,
Khanna Publishers, Dehli
2. R.K. Sharma & T.K. Sharma, “Irrigation Engineering”, S. Chand &
Company, New Delhi
3. Asawa G.L., “Irrigation Engineering”, New Age International Publishers
4. Basak N.N., “Irrigation Engineering”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
New Delhi
5. Dilip Kumar Majumdar, “Irrigation Water Management (Principles &
Practices)”, Prentice Hall of India, Ltd
6. Gupta B.L. & Amir Gupta, “Irrigation Engineering”, Satya Praheshan,
New Delhi
7. Michael A.M., “Irrigation Theory & Practical”, Vikas Publishing Pvt Ltd
8. MASSCOTE FAO 63
9. Many more
S. Taxonomy
CLO Domain PLO
No. Level
Describe (LL-1), and understand (LL-2) the
1 concepts, theories and techniques of irrigation Cognitive 2 1
and, drainage
Understand (LL-2) and apply (LL-3) the
irrigation canal design fundamentals,
2 computing crop-water yield, water Cognitive 3 2
requirements, and to study the various
components of water resources elements.
Practice (LL-3) with minimal guidance, latest Psychomotor
3 softwares for estimating crop-water & 3 5
requirement and design irrigation flumes. Affective
 Military College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Wing

Course Plan
CE 458 – Irrigation Engineering

ASSESMENT SYSTEM:
Theoretical/Instruction x 100%
Assignments 10%
Quizzes 10%
Midterm Exam 30%
End Semester Exam 50%
Practical Work 1 x 100%
Laboratory Work 70%
Viva 30%
Total 300%