Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2. Select “Pakistan” and press “Display all stations within selected country”
3. Select all stations and click “Export Selected Stations” as shown
4. Select known location and click “Export .PEN and .CLI files” as shown
5. A popup will appear that will confirm the process
Now to analyze this data we’ll import the files into CROPWAT 8.0
PROCEDURE FOR CROPWAT
1. Open CROPWAT and follow the steps as shown in the figure below (i, ii, iii, iv, v) to import the data
of any selected station
2. Previous step will import the data as shown and we can click “Chart” to better analyze the data in
term of Bar Charts and Graphs
3. We can analyze data here and can see the trend of different parameters over the year
4. For better understanding and comparative as according to the spatio-temporal analysis we can
export the table from software to Microsoft excel and can make graph as shown
5. Similarly repeat step 4 and make table and graph for every stations as proceeded below
NOTE: It should be noted that there are 25 stations and out of 25, 3 stations are missing the data so
they are not included in the following lists. These stations includes:
1. QUETA
2. LAHORE-CITY
3. DERA-ISMAIL-KHAN
ASTORE
Chart Title
100
80
60
40
20
-20
Chart Title
250
200
150
100
50
Chart Title
120
100
80
60
40
20
Chart Title
250
200
150
100
50
Chart Title
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Chart Title
120
100
80
60
40
20
-20
Chart Title
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Chart Title
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
Chart Title
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
Chart Title
250
200
150
100
50
-50
800
Chart Title
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Chart Title
600
500
400
300
200
100
Chart Title
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Chart Title
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
Chart Title
600
500
400
300
200
100
Chart Title
250
200
150
100
50
Chart Title
250
200
150
100
50
-50
Chart Title
250
200
150
100
50
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
100
80
60
40
20
-20
120
100
80
60
40
20
-20
Min Temp Max Temp Humidity Wind Sun
Rad ETo
COMPARISON OF PARAMETERS IN BETWEEN 3
DIFFERENT STATIONS DURING A YEAR
HUMIDITY
HUMIDITY
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
WIND
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
ETo
12
10
SUN
14
12
10
MIN TEMP
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
MAX TEMP
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
RADIATION
30
25
20
15
10
222
200
184
150
100
50 57 56 57 62
33.3
26.5
16.7 18.6 17.1 17.6 15.2 20.1
0 4.6 7.6 6.1 9.3 5.03 2.69 5.38
DESCRIPTION OF EACH STATION WITH
COMPARISON
MULTAN
MIN & MAX AVG TEMPERAURES
Multan is a hot city located in Punjab. Its Min Average Temp is more or approximately
equal to Multan but still it is more than most of the cities in Pakistan including S Kardu. It has
second highest Max Average temperature among the 3 cities chosen for comparison.
HUMIDITY
Being less yearly precipitation in Multan high solar radiations but because of high
winds Zhob has less humidity than Sarghoda. It is surely more than S Kardu since it lies in
northern areas.
WIND
Not Being near to sea it has moderate wind currents than Sarghoda and S Kardu.
SUN
Sun hours are less or approximately equal to that in Sarghoda but are more than
SKardu since it is near equator and sun angle is not so more in degrees from equator.
RAD
As sun hours are less than that of Sarghoda hence radiations are more than that of
Sarghoda but not far less. Surely it has high sun radiations than S Kardu because of same
reason.
ETo
Since in Multan there is less water logging (Low water tables and less aquifers), radiation,
air temperature, air humidity than that is Multan, hence more energy requirement for
evaporation and transpiration and more gradient occurs and that is why it has more ETo
than Sarghoda. Since SKardu is in polar region and its ETo is stable hence Zhob has more
based on factors discussed above.
SARGODHA
MIN & MAX AVG TEMPERAURES
Sarghoda is a hot city located in Punjab. Its Min Average Temp is more or
approximately equal to Zhob but still it is more than most of the cities in Pakistan including
SKardu. It has second highest Max Average temperature among the 3 cities chosen for
comparison.
HUMIDITY
Being less yearly precipitation in Zhob and high solar radiations but because of low
winds Sarghoda has more humidity than Zhob. This is also because warmer air requires
more moisture to become saturated than colder air. It is surely more than S Kardu since it
lies in northern areas.
WIND
Being far from sea it has low wind currents than Zhob but more than S Kardu.
SUN
Sun hours are more or approximately equal to that in Zhob but are more than S Kardu
since it is near equator and sun angle is not so more in degrees from equator.
RAD
As sun hours are more than that of Zhob hence radiations are more than that of Zhob
but not far less. Surely it has high sun radiations than SKardu.
ETo
Since in Sarghoda there is high water tables and more aquifers, radiation, air
temperature, air humidity than that is Zhob, hence less energy requirement for evaporation
and transpiration and less gradient occurs and that is why it has less ETo than Zhob. Since
SKardu is in polar region and its ETo is stable hence Sarghoda has more based on factors
discussed above.
SKARDU
MIN & MAX AVG TEMPERAURES
SKardu is a cold city located in Gilgit-Baltistan. Its Min Average Temp is far less than
Zhob and Sarghoda. It has the lowest Max Average temperature among the 3 cities chosen
for comparison.
HUMIDITY
Its humidity is less than that of Zhob and Sarghoda. This is because colder air does not
require as much moisture to become saturated as warmer air.
WIND
Being far from sea and being a hilly region, it has low wind currents than Zhob and
Sarghoda
SUN
Sun hours less than that in Zhob and Sarghoda since it is far from equator and sun
angle is more in degrees from equator.
RAD
As sun hours are less than that of Zhob and Sarghoda hence radiations less than that of
Nawabshah and Multan.
ETo
Since in SKardu there is less water tables and less aquifers, radiation, air temperature,
air humidity (because of being a hilly region) than that is Zhob and Sarghoda, hence less
energy requirement for evaporation and transpiration and less gradient occurs and that is
why it has less ETo than Zhob and Sarghoda. Since Gupis is in polar region and hence its ETo
is stable.
RELATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Average Eto
6
4
AVERAGE ETo
0
SARGODHA SKARDU Multan
CITIES
It may be noted that Sarghoda has highest average annual temp (43°C) so it
has highest evapotranspiration. Skardu(-1.1°C) has least avg temperature so it has
least evapotranspiration .Multan has avg annual temp(44°C) in between them so it
has evapotranspiration n between them. It is clearly visible that as the average
temperature of the cities increases its vapor pressure (Evapotranspiration)
increases and vice versa.