New Development and Relief Organization (NDRO)

Theory and Design of Protection Wall & Irrigation

Structure

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 Table of Content
Section 1…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3-3
Principle of Irrigation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………3-8
Section 2…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8-8
Flow Measurement……………………………………………………….……………………………………………,…………8-8
Section 3…………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………..9-9
Conveyance Structures……………………………………………………………………………………….………………….9-14
Lined Canal………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15-16
Section 4……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….17-17
Flood Control Structure…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………17-20
References………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….21-21

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SECTION 1

PRINCIPLE OF IRRIGATION
Irrigation is natural or artificial application of water to replenish soil moistures for the growth of
plant. The natural application is through rain or snow. The artificial application is through the
involvement of engineering works such as intake, canal, water divider, supper Passage,
siphon, Aqueducts etc. There are numerous methods of irrigation vs surface Irrigation and
high efficiency (sprinkler, trickle) irrigation.

The irrigation system should replenish the root zone reservoir efficiently and uniformly so that
crop stress avoided, and resources like energy, water, nutrient, and labor conserved. Also,
using the irrigation system to cool the atmosphere around sensitive fruit and vegetable crops
or to heat the atmosphere to prevent their damage by frost is highly recommended. An
irrigation system must always be capable of leaching salts accumulating in the root zone.
Additionally, using it to soften the soil for better cultivation or even to fertilize the field and
spread insecticides is a viable option.

The planning and design of irrigation project involves more than technical aspects. It is not
merely planning and design of irrigation infrastructures. They mainly include project objectives,
agricultural considerations, management and institutional arrangement, social arrangement,
financial arrangement, and engineering aspects. These elements are essential to be clearly
understood by the planners and designers to increase the area of arable land, increase of
production per unit area, improve water use efficiency and irrigation use efficiency.

According to the origin of the irrigation water resources, Government of Afghanistan has
divided irrigation water into two major classes, they are:

Surface water, 84.6%

Ground water (Springs, Karezes and wells) 15.4%

It is worth mentioning that in some areas of Afghanistan limited irrigation has been conducted
by collecting rainwater.

IRRIGATION PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of most irrigation projects is to increase agricultural production. Thus the
existing and potential cropping pattern, yields and inputs are probably the most important
considerations when planning and designing an irrigation system. The information relating to
the existing agricultural practices is to be collected and reviewed before finalizing the system
planning. This information can be collected through interview of farmers, review of provincial
or district level data, and interaction with various stakeholders.
In addition, the prediction of future cropping pattern, intensities, inputs, and yield is relatively
uncertain. It should be determined based on what the farmers want rather than
recommendation based on other potentials.
The general objectives of irrigation might include:

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 ✓ Increase in crop production within the project area
✓ Crop diversification
✓ Improving social welfare of community
✓ Creation of employment opportunities
✓ Reduction in import of food
✓ Reduction in operation and maintenance cost

Similarly, the specific objectives might include:

✓ To ensure equitable and timely water supply to farmers

✓ Improve The reliability of water supply
✓ To increase cultivation intensity
✓ To ensure that the farmers can operate and maintain the system

The specific objective of a project is one of the important elements for planning and designing
the irrigation projects. For example, if a project is operated by community or is to be managed
by farmers group upon the completion of construction, it is important to ensure that the
technology provided can be managed by them, and should not impose an unsustainable cost
burden on them for operation and maintenance.

MANAGEMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT:

A strong, cohesive and responsive farmers’ group is inevitable for the success of irrigation
system. In existing Farmers’ Managed Irrigation Systems, the farmers groups either formally
or informally exist having varied managerial and institutional capabilities to undertake the
management responsibilities. In Afghanistan, Mirabs have been involved in management of
irrigation systems for centuries. This has been the popular institution being accepted across
the country for irrigation management. The level of managerial and institutional capability of
farmers/Mirabs varies from project to project and will primarily depend on:

✓ The history of the schemes

✓ Technical and social complexities of project
✓ The number of years the institutions have been active

The improvement to the canal network of irrigation schemes must take into consideration of
the existing level of managerial skill and institutional strength of the farmers/Mirabs. So that
Operation and Maintenance system will be carried out effectively. This also applies to new
schemes. Farmers’ Managerial skills and institutional strength can be improved through
training and other means. If farmer’s managerial and institutional capabilities is inadequate
and cannot be trained within the available time, distribution system and control structures
needs to be minimized and simplified. The operation of the system should be automatic as
much as possible with minimal gate adjustment and measurement.

SOCIAL ARRAGMENTS:
The existing social arrangements such as prior water rights, ethnic groups and village
boundaries will influence the planning and design of irrigation schemes (either rehabilitation or
new). These issues should be respected while planning and designing the irrigation system. In
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consideration of these social issues, hydraulic efficiency of water distribution may be sacrificed
by constructing longer irrigation canal, large size of canal, etc. to avoid the future conflicts
among the water users.
The social custom of farmers can influence the planning and design of system. Some
examples:

✓ Farmers prefer to have irrigation schedule whereby they irrigate at same time each
week, this has implications for the design of distribution system.
✓ Farmers dislike irrigating at night
✓ Farmers would like to have flexibility in irrigation schedule

Such types of issues needs to be considered during scheme planning and design although
there are cost implications in incorporating the arrangement indicated. The incorporation of
such issues may significantly enhance the success of irrigation schemes during system
operation and maintenance stages.

FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS:
Financial considerations have several implications for the planning and design of irrigation
schemes.
✓ The planner/designer must have a clear understanding of the financing and what is
required. If budget is limited so that only CDCs’ objectives can be met.
✓ The choice of technology must be restricted by financial limitation
The lower capital cost can also result higher O&M cost.
ENGINEERING SOLUTION:
The engineering interventions in projects will largely depend on its size and complexity. Small
projects to be managed by CDCs need to be at fairly simple engineering level so that routine
O&M can be managed by farmers. In hill areas, the small canals on such sub-projects cause
little hillside disturbance, and do not normally require sophisticated slope protection work.
Canal lengths are short, and only few structures are required.
The points to be considered in engineering aspects in order to provide the required amount of
water from the selected source to command area with technically sound conveyance and
distribution system of planning include:

✓ Water Sources- which determines quality and quantity of water available for irrigation
✓ Topography- which determines the layout of irrigation system and method of water
allocation and distribution
✓ Arrangements and dimensions of infrastructures- they have to meet hydraulic,
functional and stability requirements, and standards, and
✓ Overall safety- which should satisfy operational as well as environmental needs.

HYDRAULICS PRINCIPLES:
Hydraulic is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the mechanical properties
of liquids or fluids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is the liquid version of pneumatics. Fluid
mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the

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engineering uses of fluid properties. In fluid power, hydraulics are used for the generation,
control, and transmission of power by the use of pressurized liquids. Hydraulic topics range
through some part of science and most of engineering modules, and cover concepts such as
pipe flow, dam design, fluidics and fluid control
circuitry, pumps, turbines, hydropower, computational fluid dynamics, flow measurement, river
channel behavior and erosion.
Free surface hydraulics is the branch of hydraulics dealing with free surface flow, such as
occurring in rivers, canals, lakes, estuaries and seas. Its sub-field flow studies the flow in
open channels.
BASIC DEFINITIONS:
DISCHARGE: is the amount rate of flow at a section in specific time.
VELOCITY: at a point defines rate of motion of fluid
PRESSURE: is atmospheric at the water surface and the pressure is equal to the depth of
water at any section
FLOW: Flow is the movement of liquid along with the conduit.
PRESSURE HEAD: Pressure head is the ratio of pressure and the specific weight of water
ELEVATION HEAD: Elevation head or the datum head is the height of the section under
consideration above a datum
VELOCITY HEAD: Velocity head (=v2/2g) is due to the average velocity of flow in that vertical
section
✓ The flow of water in an open channel is mainly due to head gradient and gravity

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW:

Open Channels are mainly used to transport water for irrigation, industry and domestic water
supply
TYPES OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW:
Depending on the Froude number (Fr) the flow in an open channel is classified as Sub critical
flow, Super Critical flow, and Critical flow, where Froude number can be defined as

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CRITICAL FLOW: Flow is critical when the specific energy is minimum, also whenever the
flow changes from sub critical to super critical or vice versa the flow has to go through critical
condition
SUB CRITICAL FLOW:the depth of flow will be higher whereas the velocity will be lower.

SUPER CRITICAL FLOW:the depth of flow will be lower but the velocity will be higher.

STEADY FLOW:Flow is said to be steady when discharge does not change along the course
of the channel flow.
UNSTEADY FLOW: Flow is said to be unsteady when the discharge changes with time.
UNIFORM FLOW: Flow is said to be uniform when both the depth and discharge is same at
any two sections of the channel
GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW: Flow is said to be gradually varied whenever the depth
changes gradually along the channel.
RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW: Whenever the flow depth changes rapidly along the channel the
flow is termed rapidly varied flow.
SPAITLY VARIED FLOW: Whenever the depth of flow changes gradually due to change in
discharge the flow is termed spatially varied flow.

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TYPES OF POSSIBLE FLOW:

SECTION 2

FLOW MEASURMENT
Flow measurement structures are required in irrigation canals in order to facilitate the
distribution of water throughout the system and to keep account for seepage losses, etc.
However, in the smaller channels the flow measurement structures or devices are closely
associated with local water management practices of an irrigation command.
Several individuals have carried out investigation on flow measurement structures and have
developed discharge rating relationship for them
PURPOSE OF FLOW MEASURMENT
• Efficient water distribution
• Efficient water use at farm level
• Project evaluation
• Equitable distribution of limited supply
• Provides basis for water charge

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SECTION 3

COVEYANCE STRUCTURES

IRRIGATION CANAL
Irrigation canal is a waterway, often man-made or enhanced, built for the purpose of carrying
water from a source such as a lake, river, or stream to the crop land for or landscaping.
TYPES OF CANAL
Irrigation canals can be classified in several types as in below:
BASED ON NATURE OF SOURCE OF SUPPLY:
• Perennial/permanent canal:
These are the canals which get continuous supplies by permanent source of supply like
a river or reservoir; these irrigate the field throughout the year with equitable rate of
flow.
• Seasonal:
These are the canals which irrigate the field for only one part of the year. They irrigate
usually during summer season or at the beginning and the end of winter season, these
canals take-off water from the rivers which do not assured supply throughout the year.
BASED ON DISCHARGE CAPACITY AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE IN GIVEN
NETWORK:
• Main canal:
Main Canal takes off directly from the upstream side of weir head works or dam.
Usually no direct cultivation is proposed. Most of the main canals are aligned as
contour canals to derive benefit.

• Secondary canal:
These types of canal take water from main canal by head regulator or outlet structure
and distribute the water to the tertiary canals.

• Tertiary canal:
Tertiary canals take water from secondary canal and distributed to the forms.
BASED ON SHAPE:
• Rectangular
• Trapezoidal
• Semicircular
• Triangular
• Parabolic
Commonly Irrigation canals can be constructed in several shapes (rectangular, trapezoidal,
semicircle, triangular and parabolic)
BASED ON NATURE OF BOUNSDARY:
• Erodible canal
• Non erodible canal

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CANAL DESIGN
Many procedures have been developed over the years for the hydraulic design of open
channel sections. The complexity of these procedures is varying according to flow conditions
as well as the level of assumption implied while developing the given equation.
The Chezy equation is one of the procedures that were developed by a French engineer in
1768 (Henderson 1966). The development of this equation was based on the dimensional
analysis of the friction equation under the assumption that the condition of flow is uniform. A
more practical procedure was presented in 1889 by the Irish engineer Robert Manning (Chow,
1959). The Manning equation has proved to be very reliable in practice.
The Manning equation invokes the determination of flow velocity based on the slope of
channel bed, surface roughness of the channel, cross-sectional area of flow, and wetted
perimeter of flow. Using this equation, the solution procedures are direct for determination of
flow velocity, slope of channel bed, and surface roughness. However the solution for any
unknown related to the cross-sectional area of flow and wetted perimeter involves the
implementation of an implicit recursive solution procedure which cannot be achieved
analytically.
Common issues of lined and un-lined canals
There are some basic issues common to both the types are in the following paragraphs:

• Shape of the cross section of the canal:

From the Manning and Chezy equation, it is obvious that the conveyance of a channel
increases as the hydraulic radius increases or as the wetted perimeter decreases. Thus,
there is among all channel cross sections of a specified geometric shape and area an
optimum set of dimensions for that shape from the viewpoint of hydraulics. Among all
possible channel cross sections, the hydraulically efficient section is a semicircle since, for
a given area, it has the minimum wetted perimeter. The proportions of the hydraulically
efficient section of a specified geometric shape can be easily derived. The geometric
elements of these sections are summarized in Table. It should be noted that, the
hydraulically efficient section is not necessarily the most economic section.

• Side slopes:
The side slopes of a channel depend primarily on the engineering properties of the
material through which the channel is excavated. From a practical viewpoint, the side
slopes should be suitable for preliminary purposes.
Table 4.1: Suitable side slopes for channels built in various types of materials (chow, 1959)

Material Side slope

Rock Nearly vertical

Muck and peat soils 0.25 : 1

Stiff clay or earth with concrete lining 0.5 : 1 to 1 : 1

Earth with stone lining or each for large 1 : 1

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 channels

Firm clay or earth for small ditches 1.5 : 1

Loose, sandy earth 2:1

Sandy loam or porous clay 3:1

• Longitudinal slope:
The longitudinal slope of the channel is influenced by topography, the head required to carry
the design flow, and the purpose of the channel.

• Permissible Velocities: Minimum and Maximum

It may be noted that canals carrying water with higher velocities may scour the bed and the
sides of the channel leading to the collapse of the canal. On the other hand the weeds and
plants grow in the channel when the nutrients are available in the water.
Therefore, the minimum permissible velocity should not allow the growth of vegetation such as
weed, hycinth as well you should not be permitting the settlement of suspended material (non
silting velocity). The designer should look into these aspects before finalizing the minimum
permissible velocity.
"Minimum permissible velocity" refers to the smallest velocity which will prevent both
sedimentation and vegetative growth in general. An average velocity of
(0.60 to 0.90 m/s) will prevent sedimentation when the silt load of the flow is low.
A velocity of 0.75 m /s is usually sufficient to prevent the growth of vegetation which
significantly affects the conveyance of the channel. It should be noted that these values are
only general guidelines. Maximum permissible velocities entirely depend on the material that
is used and the bed slope of the channel.
Table 4.2

Maximum permissible velocities and n values for different materials

Material V (m / s) N

Fine sand 0.5 0.020

Vertical sandy loam 0.58 0.020

Silt loam 0.67 0.020

Firm loam 0.83 0.020

Stiff clay 1.25 0.025

Fine gravel 0.83 0.020

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Coarse gravel 1.33 0.025

Gravel 1.2

Disintegrated Rock 1.5

Hard rock 4

Brick masonry with cement pointing 2.5

Brick masonry with cement plaster 4

Concrete 6

Still 10

• Resistance to the flow

In a given channel the rate of flow is inversely proportional to the surface roughness.
The recommended values for different types of lining are given below:

Table 4.3: Manning roughness for the design of several types of linings is as follows

Surface Characteristics Value of n

Concrete with surface as indicated below

(a) Trowel finish 0.012 - 0.014

(b) Flat finish 0.013 - 0.015

(c) Float finish some gravel on bottom 0.015 - 0.017

(d) Gunite, good section 0.016 - 0.017

Concrete bottom float finished sides as indicated below

(a) Dressed stone in mortar 0.015 - 0.017

(b) Random stone in mortar 0.017 - 0.020

(c) Cement rubble masonry plastered 0.016 - 0.020

Brick lining 0.014 - 0.017

Asphalt lining

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(a) Smooth 0.013

(b) Rough 0.016

Concrete lined excavated rock with

(a) Good section 0.017 - 0.020

(b) Irregular section 0.022 - 0.027

• Free board:
The term freeboard refers to the vertical distance between either the top of the channel or the
top of the channel is carrying the design flow at normal depth. The purpose of freeboard is to
prevent the overtopping of either the lining or the top of the channel fluctuations in the water
surface caused by:
✓ wind - driven waves
✓ tidal action
✓ hydraulic jumps
✓ super elevation of the water surface as the flow goes round curves at high velocities
✓ the interception of storm runoff by the channel,
✓ the occurrence of greater than design depths of flow caused by canal sedimentation or
an increased coefficient of friction
✓ Temporary miss-operation of the canal system
Actually adopted free board for different ranges of discharge in India are below:

Q (𝑚3 /s) <0.15 0.15-0.75 0.75-1.50 1.50-9.00 >9.00

Free board(m) 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75 0.90

The free board recommended by USBR for channels are given below

Qm3/s Free board FB Min

<0.75 0.45
0.75-1.5 0.60
1.5-85.0 0.75
>85 0.90

Freeboard as per Indian Standards (IS 4745 - 1968), (IS 7112 - 1973)

DischargeQ(m3/s) Freeboard(m)
Unlined Lined
<1 0.50 0.60
0.0
>1 0.75 0.75
0.0
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 Basic Canal Design Formulas

Type of Canal Area Wetted Perimeter Hydraulic Radius Top Width Hydraulic Depth

A P R T D

𝑏𝐷 𝐵 + 2𝐷 𝐵𝑑 b D
𝑏 + 2𝐷

(𝑏 + 𝑧𝐷)𝐷
𝑏 (𝑏 + 2𝐷(1 1 𝐵 (𝑏 + 𝑧𝑑)𝐷
+ 𝑧𝐷)𝐷 1 𝑏 + 2𝐷(1 + 𝑧 2 )2 + 2𝑧𝐷
+ 𝑧 2 )2 𝑏 + 2𝑧𝐷

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LINED CANAL
The need for lining channels in alluvium has long been identified to conserve every bit
of water for more and more utilization. Lining of an irrigation channel is restored to
achieve all or some of the following objectives keeping in view the overall economy of
the project.
TYPES OF LINING
The lining commonly adopted for irrigation channels can be classified into three groups:
1. Rigid-impermeable Lining:
• Rubble Masonry
• Cast-in-place Concrete
• Grouted Rip-rap or Grouted
• Pre-cast Concrete

2. Flexible and Permeable Permanent Linings:

• Rip-rap or Stone Blocks
• Gabions
• Interlocking Pre-cast Concrete
• Interlocking Synthetic Units
• Vegetation and Grasses

3. Flexible Temporary Linings:

• Bare Soil
• Straw with Netting
• Hemp or Jute Mats
• Synthetic Matting
ADVANTAGE OF RIGID IMPERMEABLE LINING
The major advantages of rigid impermeable linings are as follows:
• Reduction of seepage losses resulting in a saving of water which can be utilized
for additional irrigation.
• Prevention of water logging by reducing seepage to water-table.
• Reduction in area of cross-section (and thereby saving in land) due to increase in
permissible velocity by reduction in the value of rigidity and availing of steeper
slope, where available. Minimize excavation costs
• Improvement of discharging capacity of existing channels.
• Improvement of operational efficiency.
• Prevention of weed growth.
• Reduction of maintenance cost.
• Long economic life
• Insure Cross section stability from scour, low flow conditions etc.
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Problems that can be solved using canal lining:

Seepage (S)
Erosion (E)
Weak canal banks (B)
Recommended uses of the different lining types are given below:

Type Use
Masonry S, E, B
Dry stone pinching E, B
Stone slabs S, E
Plastic or membrane lining S
Clay puddling S
Design of Canal Lining
Lined channels are built for five primary reasons:

• To permit the transmission of water at high velocities through areas of deep or

difficult excavation in a cost - effective fashion.
• To permit the transmission of water at high velocity at a reduced construction
cost.
• To decrease canal seepage, thus conserving water and reducing the water
logging of lands adjacent to the canal.
• To reduce the annual cost of operation and maintenance.
• To ensure the stability of the channel section.

The design of lined channels from the view point of hydraulic engineering is a rather
elementary process which generally consists of proportioning an assumed channel
cross section. Details of some typical cross section of lined channels used on irrigation
projects in the India are given elsewhere. A recommended procedure for proportioning a
lined section is summarized in table given below. In this table, it is assumed that the
design flow Q d, the longitudinal slope of the channel S0, the type of channel cross
section e.g., trapezoidal, and the lining material have all been selected prior to the
initiation of the channel design process

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SECTION 4

FLOOD CONTROL STRUCTURE

TYPE OF FLOOD CONTROL STRUCTURE

PROTECTION WALL
A protection wall is masonry or concrete structure, which resists earth on one of its face.
Stability conditions and distribution of normal stress intensities of the protection walls
protecting earth are similar to those as for masonry dams, storing water. The only
difference being the magnitude of the earth pressure instead of water pressure on the
upstream face.

Fig (5.1)
Type of protection wall parameters

Type Dry stone masonry Cement masonry Gabion

Low High

Top width 0.6-1.0m 0.5-1.0m 1m 1-2m

Base width 0.6-1.0m 0.5-0.65H 0.6-0.75H 0.55-0.65H

Range of height 1-6m 1-10m 1-6m 6-10m

Table (5.1)
Common causes of Protection wall failure
a) Uneven settlement of masonry walls during rainy season.
b) Poor bonding and wrong bedding of stones in masonry walls.
c) Roots of big tress pushing the wall from behind.
d) Unstable boulder not cleared from the foundation.
e) Designed cross-section not fully constructed.
f) Poor backfilling resulting in high seepage water pressure.

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 g) Blocked weep holes in cement masonry walls, and
h) Lack of toe protection for walls.

The failure is due to

1. Inadequate design and supervision
2. Poor construction

Design of protection wall (4 steps)

1. Determination of soil parameters
• Soil type.
• Unit weight.
• Angle of repose (φ).
• Slope of fill (β)
2. Proportioning of wall top and bottom width, height, material of wall unit weight.
3. Calculation of pressure and forces:
• Soil pressure
• Weight of wall
• Frictional resistance etc.
4. Check for stability:
• Against sliding.
• Against overturning.
• Against bearing capacity.
DESIGN PROCEDURE
Consider a trapezoidal protection wall of top width a bottom width b and height h. let
earth be retained on one side of the wall in flush with its top level. The horizontal
1−sin 𝜃
intensity of pressure at the top surface is zero and at the bottom is 𝑝𝑧 = 𝑤ℎ 1+sin 𝜃

The horizontal thrust due to the earth pressure p is given by the area of the earth
pressure diagram X average intensity of pressure
𝑤ℎ2 1−sin 𝜃
𝑝= × 1+sin 𝜃 ………....1
2

ℎ
This earth pressure will act a height of 3 from the bottom of the wall.

The result of earth pressure (p) and weight of the wall (w) will be given by the relation:

𝑅 = √𝑝2 + 𝑤 2 ……………….2

let x be the horizontal distance between the center of gravity of the wall and the point
through which the resultant R cuts the base from similar LMM and LJK, we see that
JK/𝐿𝐽 = 𝑁𝑀/𝐿𝑁

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 𝑥 𝑝 𝑝 ℎ
ℎ⁄ = 𝑤 Or 𝑋 = 𝑤 × 3 …….3
3

Let d be the distance between the toes of eth wall and the point where the resultant R
cuts the base.
𝑝 ℎ 𝑝 ℎ
𝐷 = 𝐴𝐽 + 𝐽𝐾 = 𝐴𝐽 + (𝑤 + 3) = 𝐴𝐽 + (𝑤 + 3) …………4
𝑏
And the eccentricity of the resultant 𝑒 = 𝐷 − 2

The stress across the base at B, will be maximum, whereas the stress across the base
at a will be minimum, such that

𝑝_𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑤/𝑏 (1 + 6𝑒/𝑏)And 𝑝_𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤/𝑏 (1 − 6𝑒/𝑏) ………...5

EXAMPLE
Find the Maximum and Minimum stress at the base of wall;
Height of wall =8, Top width =2m, Bottom width= 4m
1800𝑘𝑔 2200𝑘𝑔
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛Ѱ = 300 , 𝑊𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = , 𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑦 =
𝑚3 𝑚3

H/3
W R
E
X
b/2 e
b
FminFmax
Fig (5.2)
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ws=1800Kg/m3, ww = 2200Kg/m3
H=8m, b = 4m, a =2m
Ψ = 30o
Fmax= ?Fmin =?
earth pressure on one meter of wall:

H 2 1 − Sin30
P = ws 
2 1 + Sin30
8 2 1 − 0.5
P = 1800  = 19200Kg
2 1 + 0.5

Weight of one meter wall:

a+b 2+4
W w = ww  h  1 = 2200  8  1 = 52800Kg
2 2

The gravity of wall on X direction:

− a 2 + ab + b 2 2 2 + 2  4 + 4 2
X = = = 1.56m
3(a + b) 3(2 + 4)

Eccentricity:
Take the moment at point E

H b
WX 1 = P  X − + X1 = + e
3 2
PH 19200 8 b 4
X1 = = = 0.96 e = X − + X 1 − = 1.56 + 0.96 − = 0.52m
3W 3  52800 2 2

Maximum and Minimum stresses at the base:

W 6e
Fmax,min = (1  )
b b
52800 6  0.52
Fmax = (1 + ) = 23496Kg 2
4 4 M
52800 6  0.52
Fmin = (1 − ) = 2904 Kg 2
4. 4 M

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REFERENCES
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✓ Habib Habibullah, Water Related Problems in Afghanistan, Int. J. Educ. Stud. 01
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