TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

Disusun Oleh

NAMA :NIA ROSMAWATI

NIM : 17621067

PROGAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATAN FAKULTAS KESEHATAN

UNIVERSITAS KADIRI TAHUN 2020/2021

NAMA :NIA ROSMAWATI

NIM : 17621067

What is Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)?

Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a new type of coronavirus that can cause respiratory diseases
ranging from the common cold to more severe illnesses such as pneumonia and ultimately can
cause death especially in vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children, and people with
inadequate health conditions.

Pathophysiology

The corona virus is commonly found in many animal species, including bats, camels, cats and
cows.

1. COVID-19 is a betacoronavirus, like MERS and SARS, all of which come from bats.
2. The order of US patients is similar to the order that was originally posted in China,
indicating the possibility of a recent single emergence from an animal reservoir.
3. When person-to-person spread has occurred as is the case with MERS and SARS, it is
estimated that this occurs mainly through respiratory droplets that are produced when an
infected person sneezes, similar to how influenza and other respiratory pathogens spread.
4. Most corona viruses infect animals, but not humans; in the future, one or more of these
corona viruses have the potential to evolve and spread to humans, as happened in the
past.
5. Many patients have direct or indirect contact with the Wuhan Huanan Seafood Wholesale
Market which is believed to be the original site for the outbreak of COVID-19.
6. However, COVID-19 transmission from fish to humans is not possible.
7. COVID-19 and fish coronaviruses such as Beluga Whale CoV / SW1 belong to different
genera and appear to have different host ranges.
8. Because the Wuhan market seafood market also sells other animals, the natural host
COVID-19 is waiting to be identified.
9. Because of the possibility of animal-to-human transmission, CoV in livestock and other
animals including bats and wild animals sold in the market must be monitored.

Cause

Coronavirus is named for a virus that has a nail-like tap with a crown on its surface.

Nursing Management

Management of care for patients with COVID-19 infection includes:

 1. There are four main sub-groups of coronaviruses, known as alpha, beta, gamma, and
delta.
2. The human corona virus was first identified in the mid 1960s.
3. Seven coronaviruses that can infect humans are 229E (alpha coronavirus), NL63 (alpha
coronavirus, OC43 (beta coronavirus), and HKU1 (beta coronavirus)
4. Other human corona viruses are MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and COVID-19.

Statistics and Incidents

An outbreak of pneumonia with an unknown etiology in Wuhan City was originally

reported to WHO on December 31, 2019
1. Chinese health authorities have confirmed more than 40 infections with new
coronaviruses as the cause of the outbreak.
2. Reportedly, the majority of patients have epidemiological relationships with large
seafood and animal markets; The market is closed on January 1, 2020.
3. Globally, there were 132,758 confirmed cases and 4,955 deaths confirmed on
March 14, 2020
4. China has 80,991 confirmed cases and 3,180 deaths on March 13, 2020.
5. According to WHO, COVID-19 cases were confirmed in the following countries
on March 13, 2020: Italy-15,113, Iran-10,075, South Korea A-7,979, Spain -
2,965, France - 2,860, Germany - 2,369, United States - 1,264, Japan- 675,
Denmark- 674, Sweden- 620, Netherlands- 614, England- 594, Norway- 489,
Austria-361, Belgium-314, Qatar-262, Bahrain-195, Singapore-187, Australia-
140, Canada- 138, Malaysia-129, Czech Republic-116, Finland-109, Greece-98,
United Arab Emirates-85, Kuwait-80, Brazil-77, Israel-75, Thailand-75, India-74,
Iraq - 70, Ireland-70 , Egypt-67, Lebanon-66, Iceland-61, Slovenia-57,
Philippines-52, Vietnam-39, Indonesia-34, Russia-34, Saudi Arabia-21, Pakistan-
20, Mexico-12,
6. International transport cases identified on the Diamond Princess cruise ship
currently in Japanese waters have reached 634.

Clinical Manifestations

For confirmed COVID-19 infections, reported illnesses range from mildly ill people to
terminally ill and dying people; these symptoms can appear only in 2 days or as long as 14 after
exposure based on what has been previously seen as the MERS virus incubation period.

1. Fever
2. Dry cough
3. Hard to breathe
Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
 Hand hygiene. Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for 20 seconds; if
water and soap are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
 Keep hands away from your face. Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth with
unwashed hands.
 There is no close contact with the sick. Avoid close contact with sick people, and
stay home when you are sick.
 Proper cough and sneezing etiquette. Cover the cough or sneeze with a tissue,
then throw the tissue in the trash.
 Supportive care. People infected with COVID-19 must receive supportive care to
help relieve symptoms.
 Severe case. For severe cases, treatment must include treatments to support the
functioning of vital organs.

For Health Officers

Health workers are people who will work day and night to treat and help
coronavirus patients are among the populations most exposed to infection.

The protection of vulnerable members is one of the priorities for responses to the
COVID outbreak19.

Occupational health services in health facilities play an important role in helping,

supporting and ensuring that workplaces are safe and healthy and addressing
health problems when they arise.

WHO emphasizes the rights and responsibilities of health workers, including the
explicit criteria needed to maintain occupational safety and health.

The rights of health workers include employers and managers in health facilities:

1. Assumes overall responsibility for ensuring that all necessary preventive

and protective measures are taken to minimize occupational safety and
health risks.
2. Provide information, instructions and training on occupational safety and
health, including;
3. Refresher training on infection prevention and control (PPI)
4. Use, use, take off and dispose of personal protective equipment (PPE).
 5. Provide sufficient PPI and PPE supplies (masks, gloves, glasses, gowns,
hand sanitizers, soap and water, cleaning supplies) in sufficient quantities
for health care or other staff caring for suspected or confirmed COVID-19
patients, so workers not incur costs for occupational safety and health
requirements.
6. Familiarize personnel with technical updates about COVID-19 and
provide appropriate tools to assess, triage, test and treat patients and to
share infection prevention and control information with patients and the
community.
7. If necessary, provide appropriate security measures for personal safety.
8. Provide a comfortable environment without unnecessary pressure for
workers to report incidents, such as exposure to blood or bodily fluids
from the respiratory system or for cases of violence, and to adopt
measures for immediate follow-up, including support for victims.
9. Tell workers about self-assessment, reporting symptoms and staying home
when sick.
10. Maintain proper working hours with rest.
11. Consult with health workers about the occupational safety and health
aspects of their work and notify the labor inspectorate of cases of
occupational illness.
12. Allow workers to exercise the right to remove themselves from work
situations that they feel have reasonable justification for presenting serious
and immediate dangers to their lives or health. When a health worker
exercises this right, they must be protected from any undue consequences.
13. Respect the right to compensation, rehabilitation and curative services if
infected with COVID-19 after exposure to the workplace. This will be
considered occupational exposure and the resulting disease will be
considered as occupational disease.
14. Provide access to health resources and mental counseling.

Health workers must:

1. Follow the established occupational safety and health procedures, avoid exposing others
to health and safety risks and participate in occupational safety and health training
provided by the company.
2. Use the protocol provided to assess, triage, and treat patients.
3. Treat patients with respect, compassion and dignity.
4. Maintain patient confidentiality.
5. Quickly follow public health reporting procedures that have been established on
suspected and confirmed cases.
 6. Give or strengthen infection prevention and control (PPI) accurate and public health
information, including caring people who have no symptoms or risks.
7. Wear, use, remove and dispose of personal protective equipment properly.
8. Monitor for signs of illness and self-isolation or report disease to the manager, if that
happens.
9. Advise management if they experience signs of undue stress or mental health challenges
that require supportive intervention.
10. Report to their immediate supervisor any situation that they feel has reasonable
justification that could pose a serious danger to life or health.

Pharmacological Management
There is no specific antiviral treatment recommended for COVID-19 infection, and there
is no vaccine at this time to prevent it

Nursing Management
Management of care for patients with COVID-19 infection includes:

A. Nursing Assessment
Assessments of patients suspected of COVID-19 should include:

1. Travel History. Health care providers must obtain a detailed travel history for
patients evaluated with fever and acute respiratory disease.
2. Physical examination. Patients who experience fever, cough, and shortness of
breath and who have traveled to Wuhan, China recently must be placed under
isolation immediately.

B. Nursing Diagnosis
Based on assessment data, the main nursing diagnoses for patients with COVID-
19 are:
1. Infections associated with failure to avoid pathogens due to COVID-19
exposure.
2. Lack of knowledge related to ignorance with information about disease
transmission.
3. Hyperthermia is associated with an increase in metabolic rate.
4. Respiratory disturbances associated with shortness of breath.
5. Anxiety is related to the etiology of an unknown disease.

C. Planning and Treatment Objectives

The following are the main treatment planning goals for COVID-19:

1. Prevent the spread of infection.

2. Learn more about the disease and its management.
3. Increase body temperature adequately
4. Restore his breathing pattern back to normal.
5. Reduce anxiety.
D. Nursing Interventions

Listed below are nursing interventions for patients diagnosed with COVID-19:

1. Monitor vital signs. Monitor patient temperature; infection usually begins with high
temperatures; also monitor the breathing rate of the patient because shortness of breath is
another common symptom.
2. Monitor O2 saturation. Monitor the O2 saturation of the patient because respiratory
problems can cause hypoxia.
3. Maintain respiratory isolation. Store tissue next to the patient's bed; dispose of secretions
properly; instruct the patient to close his mouth when coughing or sneezing; use masks,
and advise those who enter the room to wear masks too; put breathing stickers on the
chart, linen, and so on.
4. Apply strict hand hygiene. Teach patients and people to wash their hands after coughing
to reduce or prevent transmission of the virus.
5. Manage hyperthermia. Use the right therapy for high temperatures to maintain
normothermia and reduce metabolic requirements.
6. Give penkes to patients and families. Provide information about disease transmission,
diagnostic testing, disease processes, complications, and protection from viruses.

E. Evaluation

Nursing goals are met as evidenced by:

1. Patients can prevent the spread of infection as evidenced by PHBS and adequate
respiratory isolation.
2. Patients can learn more about the disease and its management.
3. The patient is able to increase the level of body temperature adequately.
4. The patient is able to restore his breathing pattern back to normal.
5. The patient does not look worried.