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LN14 PDF
LN14 PDF
PV nRT
Chapter --- Kinetic Theory of Gases
P
Charles’
Law
VT
Gay-Lussac
Boyle’s Law
Law
P 1/V
PT
IDEAL
GAS
LAW
If the mass of the gas in the vessel The system is in the steady state,
thus
A is m, obtain the mass of the gas in T T 300 K;
0A A
the vessel B in terms of m.
T T 500 K
0B B
P0V0 P1V1
T0 T1
P0AV0A P0BV0B V1A V1B
P
T0A T0B T1A T1B
5.00 10 3.00 2.00 10 7.20 P 3.00 7.20
4 4
M
individual particle level
N mv
2
with temperature
F
R 3 d
N k
PV RT NA
NA 1.38 10 23 J K 1
1
PV NkT PV Nm v 2
• is defined as Therefore
vrms v 2 3kT 3RT
vrms OR vrms
• From the equation of state m M
in terms of Boltzmann
constant, k: Since
PV NkT 1
P v thus v
2 2 3P
• By equating the eqs. (14.4) 3
and (14.2), thus
1 therefore the equation of root mean
NkT Nm v
2
square velocity of the gas molecules
3 also can be written
3kT 3P
v
2
vrms
m
14.2: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Chapter --- Kinetic Theory of Gases
Eight gas molecules
chosen at random are Solution: N = 8
found to have speeds
(a) The mean speed of the molecules
of 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4 and
is given by
5 m s1. Determine N
(a) the mean speed of vi
the molecules, v i 1
(b) the mean square N
speed of the
v
1 1 2 2 2 3 4 5
molecules, 8
(c) the root mean v 2.5 m s 1
square speed of
the molecules.
v 2 i 1
vrms v 2
N
12
12
2 2
2 2
2 2
32
4 2
5 2 vrms 8
v 2
8 vrms 2.83 m s 1
v 2 8 m 2 s 2
P 90 10 Pa 3
molecules in the cylinder is
a. By using the equation of m N
state, thus n
M NA
PV nRT and n m m
M N NA
m M
PV RT
M 9.90 10 2
23
8.31280
m N 6.02 10
90 10 3 0.08 0.032
0.032
m 9.90 10 2
kg N 1.86 10 24 molecules
38.31280
vrms 467 m s 1
0.032
(Constant for oxygen at this temperature)
3kT
OR vrms , m mass for one molecule
m
• From equation
1 Nm
P v
2
3 V
thus 2 N 1
P m v 2
3 V 2
• This equation shows that
N
increases
V
P increases () When
1
m v increases
2
2
3 2
1 3 1
m v kT and
2
m v 2 K tr
2 2 2
1 1
mv x 2 kT
3 3 R
K tr kT T
2 2 Theorem of
1 1 equipartition
mv y 2 kT 2 NA
2 2 of energy
2
1 1
mv x 2 kT
2 2 K tr : average translational kinetic energy of a molecule
where T : absolute temperature R : molar gas constant
k : Boltzmann constant N A : Avogadro constant
14.3: MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY
Chapter --- Kinetic Theory of Gases
For N molecules of an ideal gas in the cubical container, the
total average (mean) translational kinetic energy, E is given by
E NK tr
3
E N kT
2
3 N number of molecules
E NkT R
2 k
NA
OR
3
E nRT n number of moles
2
14.3: MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY
Chapter --- Kinetic Theory of Gases
an atom or
molecule can
Polyatomic gas (e.g. H2O, CO2, NH3)
absorb or
release or store
the energy
• States: f
K kT
“the mean 2
(average) Mean (average) kinetic
OR energy per molecule
kinetic energy
of every f
K RT
degrees of 2
freedom of a Mean (average) kinetic
molecule is energy per mole
f: degrees of freedom
T: absolute temperature
14.3: MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY & INTERNAL ENERGY
Chapter --- Kinetic Theory of Gases
A vessel contains hydrogen gas
of 2.20 1018 molecules per Solution: N
unit volume and the mean 2.20 10 ;
18
of 50 C. Determine
T 323.15 K
(a) the average translational
a. The average translational
kinetic energy of a molecule
for hydrogen gas, kinetic energy of a molecule is
(b) the pressure of hydrogen 3
K tr kT
gas. 2
(Given the molar mass of hydrogen
gas = 2 g mol1, NA= 6.02 1023
mol1 and k = 1.38 1023 J K1)
3
2
K tr 1.38 10 23 323.15
K tr 6.69 10 21 J
1 N M
P m v 2 where m
3V NA
1 N M
P v 2
3 V N A
1
2.20 10
18 0.002
4.50 10 3
3 6.02 10 23
P 1.10 10 5 Pa
U U 2 U1
f f
nRT2 nRT1
2 2
f
nR T2 T1
2
3
2 8.31 750 375
2
U 9.35 103 J
THE END…
Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 15 :
Thermodynamics