0C2 Exercise Sheet 5 - Rational Functions

1. Use polynomial long division to divide the polynomial P (x) = x4 − 3x3 + 3x − 1 by

(i) D(x) = x − 2 (ii) D(x) = x + 1

P M
(In each case express your answer in the form D
=Q+ D
.)

2. Check (by multiplying out) that

x6 − 2x4 + x2 − 2 12x + 10
2
= x4 + x3 + x2 + 3x + 6 + 2 .
x −x−2 x −x−2

3. Factorise the following cubic polynomials

(i) 2x3 + x2 − 13x + 6 (ii) x3 − 2x2 − 5x + 6
(iii) 2x3 + x2 − 8x − 4 (iv)2x3 − x2 + 2x − 1

4. Express the following as partial fractions:

1 2x − 1 x2 − 11x − 6
(i) (ii) (iii)
(x + 2)(x + 3) (x − 1)(x + 5) (2x − 1)(x − 2)(x + 2)

5. Use your answer to question 4 to find each of the following indefinite integrals:
2x − 1 x2 − 11x − 6
Z Z Z
1
(i) dx (ii) dx (iii) dx
(x + 2)(x + 3) (x − 1)(x + 5) (2x − 1)(x − 2)(x + 2)

6. Reduce the following to proper fractions and then express as partial fractions:
x2 + x + 1 x3
(i) 2 (ii) 2
x + 3x + 2 x −x−6

7. Use your answer to question 6 to find each of the following indefinite integrals:
x2 + x + 1 x3
Z Z
(i) dx (ii) dx
x2 + 3x + 2 x2 − x − 6
8. Express the following as partial fractions:
x+3 2x − 3 x2 + x − 1
(i) 2
(ii) 2 (iii)
(x − 1) x + 8x + 16 x 3 − x2

9. Use your answer to question 8 to find each of the following indefinite integrals:
Z 2
2x − 3 x +x−1
Z Z
x+3
(i) 2
dx (ii) 2
dx (iii) dx
(x − 1) x + 8x + 16 x3 − x2

10. Express the following as partial fractions:

2 3x + 2 x
(i) 2 (ii) 2 (iii)
(x + 2)(x + 1) (x + x + 1)(x − 1) (x + 2)3

11. UseZyour answer to question 10 to

Z find each of the following indefinite
Z integrals:
2 3x + 2 x
(i) dx (ii) dx(iii) dx
(x2 + 2)(x + 1) (x2 + x + 1)(x − 1) (x + 2)3

12. Write down the partial fraction type of the following, but do not work
out the constants.
1
(x2 + 2x + 3)2 (x2 + 2x − 3)2

13. Use partial fractions to solve the following integrals:

4x3
Z Z
dx
(i) , (ii) dx ,
(x + 3)(2x + 3) x2 − 1
Z Z
4x + 3 x+1
(iii) dx , (iv) dx .
(2x − 1)2 x3 + x