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• A tsunami is a series of
waves created when water
is moved very quickly.
Underwater earthquakes
are the most common
causes of tsunamis, but
underwater volcanic activity
can also trigger a
displacement in the water,
and create a mega-wave.
• First tsunami was recorded in 1480 B.C. in eastern
Mediterranean, when the Minoan civilization was waped
out.
• A large tsunami accompanied by the earthquake of
Lisbon in 1755.
• North and South American records have dated such
events back to 1788 for Alaska and 1562 for Chile. Records
of Hawaiian tsunami go back to 1821.
• Tsunami hits the Mona Passage off Puerto Rico in 1918,
grand banks of Canada in 1929.
Hawaiian tsunami on 1 April 1946 destroyed the city of
Hilo, killing 159 people. Other recent tsunami that have
hit Hawaii are those of 1952,1957,1960,1964 and 1975 .
Total 65 destructive tsunamis struck Japan between 684
A.D to 1960.
On 16 August 1976, a large earthquake in the Moro Gulf
in the Philippines generated a destructive local tsunami
which killed over 8,000 persons.
Last one was Christmas tsunami in 2004.
Tsunami "Wave Train"
Many people have the mistaken belief that
tsunamis are single waves. They are not.
Instead tsunamis are "wave trains" consisting
of multiple waves. The chart below is a tidal
gauge record from Onagawa, Japan beginning
at the time of the 1960 Chile earthquake. Time
is plotted along the horizontal axis and water
level is plotted on the vertical axis. Note the
normal rise and fall of the ocean surface,
caused by tides, during the early part of this
record. Then recorded are a few waves a little
larger than normal followed by several much
larger waves. In many tsunami events the
shoreline is pounded by repeated large waves.
Volcanic eruptions
Icefalls
Heavy rainfall
Seismic activities
Submarine landslides
Cosmic impacts
• Volcanic eruptions and icefalls create
disturbance in water and generate
tsunami.
• Heavy rainfall cause overflow of
water and generate tsunamis.
.Tsunami can be generated when the see
floor abruptly deforms and vertically
displaces the overlying water.
.Tectonic earthquakes are a particular
kind of earthquake that are associated
with the earth’s crustal deformation,
when these earthquakes occur
beneath the see, the water above the
deformed area is displayed from its
equilibrium position.
.Waves are formed as the displaced
water mass, which acts under the
influence of gravity, attempts to regain
its equilibrium
• Ocean waves are normally divided into 3
groups, characterized by depth:
• • Deep water
• • Intermediate water
• • Shallow water
• Even though a tsunami is generated in
deep water (around 4000 m below mean
sea level), tsunami waves are considered
shallow-water waves. As the tsunami
wave approaches the shallow waters of
shore, its time period remains the same,
but its wavelength decreases rapidly,
thus causing the water to pile up to form
tremendous crests, in an effect known as
"shoaling".
Subduction Zones are Potential Tsunami Locations
Often no advance
warning of an
approaching Tsunami
An earthquake felt near a
body of water may be
considered an indication
that a tsunami will shortly
follow.
WARNINGS AND PREVENTION
On
December 26, 2004
The Islamic Relief
Responded to the emergency
in hours.
Building enough homes to
accommodate five families a
week.
Highly successful because of
the close and constant
involvement of the affected
communities.
Still working for the
betterment of the victims.
RELIEF WORKS IN INDIA