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Sun
Earth
Earth
Sun
This figure shows the planets and the Sun all drawn to
scale. The four terrestrial planets (left) are much smaller
than the four gas-giant planets. All are dwarfed by the
Sun.
© 2011, W. W. Norton Box 1.1a
The Doppler Effect works with light waves too. When light
is moving toward an observer it is compressed (blue-
shifted). When moving away, it is expanded (red-shifted).
© 2011, W. W. Norton Fig. 1.5c
This observer sees light waves This observer sees light waves
compressed – blue-shifted. “spread out” – red-shifted.
No Doppler shift
He concluded
that the Universe
is expanding,
like raisin bread.
© 2011, W. W. Norton Fig. 1.6b
Denser parts of nebulae grew mass via gravity. Mass compacted and the material
began to rotate in a flattened disk. The central ball started to glow: a protostar.
© 2011, W. W. Norton Chapter 1 Opener
Eventually, supernova!
© 2011, W. W. Norton Fig. 1.8
We ARE stardust!
© 2011, W. W. Norton Geology at a Glance
Photo Credits
• Ronald L. Parker, slides 3, 25.
W. W. Norton & Company
Independent and Employee-Owned
Michael Knoper
Lecturer,
Department of Geology, UJ