DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIT-I (FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS)

PART-A
1. Define CAD.
Computer Aided Design involves any type of design activity which makes use of
computer to develop, analyze or modify an engineering design. Modern CAD systems are based on
interactive computer graphics.
2. Define data structure.
A data structure is defined as a scheme, logic or a sequence of steps developed to achieve
a certain graphics, non- graphics and a programming goal.
3. What is a database?
A database is defined as an organized collection of graphics and non graphics data stored
on secondary storage in the computer.
4. Define automated drafting.
Automated drafting involves the creation of hard copy engineering drawings directly
from the CAD data base. Graphic features of computer aided design can increase productivity in
drafting function.
5. Define model co ordinate system.
It is defined as the reference space of the model with respect to which all the model
geometric data is stored. Three types of co ordinate systems are needed in order to input, store
and display model geometry and graphics.
6. Write the functions of design work station.
The functions of design work station are:
i) It must interface with the central processing unit.
ii) It must generate a steady graphic image for the user.
iii) It must provide digital descriptions of the graphic image.
iv) It must translate computer commands into operating functions.
v) It must facilitate communication between the user and the system.
7. What is a geometric model? Mention its types.
A geometric model is a graphical representation of an object, using the mathematical
database in the computer. Solid model, surface model and wireframe model are the types of
geometric model.
8. Write the various design tasks performed by CAD system.
The design tasks performed by CAD system are geometric modeling, engineering
analysis, design review and evaluation and automated drafting.
9. What is the graphic configuration of a graphic system?
The graphic configuration of a graphic system is,
i) It interacts with the graphics terminal to create and alter images on the screen.
ii) Construct a model of something physical out of the images on the screen. The models
are sometimes called application models.
iii) Enter the model into computer memory and or secondary storage.
10.What are functions of a graphic package?
The functions of a graphic package are generation of graphic elements, transformations,
display control and windowing functions, segmenting functions and user input functions.

11.List the types of output devices used in conjunction with computer aided design system.
Pen plotters, hard copy units, Electrostatic plotters, Computer-output-to-microfilm
(COM) units are the output devices used in conjunction with computer aided design system.
12.What are the modules of ICG?
The interactive computer graphics software is divided into three modules as the graphics
package, application software and application database.
13. Write the display devices used in computer graphics application.
Raster scan monitor, LCD monitors and plasma panel display are the display devices
used in computer graphics application.
14.Write the display devices used in computer graphics application.
The display devices used in computer graphics application are Raster scan monitor, LCD
monitor and Plasma panel display.
15.List any two types of output devices used in conjunction with CAD system.
Graphic Displays
Hard copy Printers and
Plotters.
16.Define Recognition of need.
Recognition of need involves the realization by someone that a problem exists for which
some corrective action should be taken. This might be identification of some defect in current
Machine design by an engineer or the perception of a new product marketing opportunity by sales
person. Definition of the problem involves a thorough specification of the item to be designed. The
specification includes physical and functional characteristics, cost, quality and operating
performance.
17.Write the analysis step of design process
Synthesis and analysis are closely related and highly iterative in the design process. A
certain component or subsystem of the overall system is conceptualized by the designer,
subjected to analysis, improved through this analysis procedure and redesigned. The process is
repeated until the design has been optimized within the constraints imposed on the designer. The
components and subsystems are synthesized into the final overall system in a similar iterative
manner.
18.What is evaluation?
Evaluation is concerned with measuring the design against the specifications established
in the problem definition phase. This evaluation often requires the fabrication and testing of
prototype model to assess operating performance, quality, reliability and other criteria. The final
phase in the design process is the presentation of design. This includes documentation of the
design by means of drawings, material specifications, assembly lists and so on.
19.Write a note on engineering design?
Engineering design has traditionally been accomplished on drawing boards, with design
being documented in the form of a detailed engineering drawing. Mechanical design includes the
drawing of the complete product as well as its components and subassemblies.
20.Define Electrical design of CAD
 Electrical design is concerned with the presentation of circuit diagrams, specifications of
electronic components, and so on. In each engineering discipline, the approach has traditionally
been to synthesis a preliminary design manually and then to subject that design to some form of
analysis.

PART-B
1. Elaborate on the basic requirements that a CAD software has to satisfy.
2. Describe the various database models which are generally used.
3. Explain the working of Random scan graphic terminal
4. Explain the working of Digitizers and Image scanners
5. Explain the working of CPU
6. What are the reasons for implementing a computer aided design system.
7. With the help of a block diagram, explain the computer aided design process.
8. Explain how an image is generated and maintained in a direct beam refresh terminal.
9. What is a digitizer? Explain how it can be used for transferring paper drawing to CAD system.
10. Explain the various output primitives.
11. Explain the factors, which inhibit the use of a very high resolution and a large number of colours for
display in the case of raster scanning display devices?
12. Give the general configuration of a CAD computer system. In what ways CAD can help
manufacturing activity? Discuss.
13. Explain how CAD helps to synthesize a product design and do engineering analysis for getting
optimal design
14. Bring out clearly the difficulties a design engineer has to face at each of the design stages if they are
carried out manually.
15. What are the functions of an interactive graphic design workstation?
16. Elaborate on the basic requirements that a CAD software has to satisfy.
17. How do you specify a plotter for graphics application?
18. CAD helps in integrating CAM- Justify this statement.
19. Briefly describe the types of storage devices used in computers.
20. In design, what do you understand by synthesis and engineering analysis?

UNIT – II (GEOMETRIC MODELING)

PART-A
1. Define segmentation.
Segmentation or curve splitting is defined as replacing one existing curve by one or more
curve segments of the same curve type such that the shape of the composite curve is identical to
that of the original curve.
2. Define transformations.
Transformations are used to change the image on the display screen and to reposition
the item in database. Transformations are applied to the graphic elements in order to aid the user
in constructing an application model.
3. What is a frame buffer?
A viewing surface of a raster scan display is divided into an array of pixels. Every pixel in
the viewing screen must be associated with one bit of memory. In this graphics memory, one bit is
associated with each pixel on the display surface. This memory is called frame buffer.
4. What is a digitizer?
It is an input device used for inputting a serious of x-y coordinate pairs. In a CAD
digitalizes are used for two functions viz, inputting maps and drawings into the system and for
creating tablet menus.
5. Define scanner.
The input device used for inputting images directly is the scanner, which converts a page
into an array of dots depending on the resolution of the scanner. These dots are converted to
pixels that can be used as inputs.
6. What are the methods adopted to generate text in graphics?
In computer graphics two methods are adopted to generate text primitive. They are
vector generated text and raster generated.
7. Define scaling.
The image displayed can be reduced or enlarged using scaling. Scaling can be done either
in x or y direction or in both directions simultaneously. Scaling factors can be specified in x and y
directions to carry out scaling.
8. Write the properties of graphical work station.
The properties of graphical work station are:
i) It has one display surface with a fixed resolution.
ii) The display spaces are rectangular.
iii) No image is displayed outside the specified display space.
iv) It supports several line types, marker types , text fonts, character spacing etc.
v) It has one or more logical input devices.
vi) It stores and manipulates segments.
9. List the GKS work stations.
GKS defines six categories of workstations viz, Output workstation – which has display
surface for displaying images. Input workstation – with atleast one logical input device. Output /
Input workstation – with a display surface & at least one logical input device. Workstation
independent segment storage (WISS) GKS metafile input & output.
10.What is a GKS metafile?
A graphics metafile is defined as mechanism for the transfer and storage of graphics data,
which is both applicant independent and device independent.
11.Define wireframe model.
A wireframe model is the simplest geometric modeling type, where an object is described
by points, lines, circles, and curves in 3D representation.
12.Define surface model.
Surface model is similar to wireframe model where an object is described by surface
entities such as B- spline, Bezier patches, coons patches, ferguson, surfaces,etc.
13.Define solid model.
Solid model is a complete representation of a surface model where the object is
described by solid entities such as blocks, cylinder, cone, sphere, wedge etc. It can also be
compared with an actual or existing model.

14.Write the functions of GKS.

. Regeneration and transformation of images
. Image generated in user co-ordinate
 . Controlling the activities of work station
. Structuring the cell arrays and there by generating images
15.State the advantages of AUTOCAD
. Smooth arcs can be drawn to connect two lines.
. Objects can be filled with specified pattern or cross hatched.
. Aspect ratios can be varied at any time.
. Objects can be dragged to vary their locations and sizes.
16.Define pivot point.
The point about which the image is rotated is called pivot point. The process is repeated
until the design has been optimized within the constraints imposed on the designer
17.What are the types of model
. Wireframe model
. Surface model
. Solid model
18. Define wire frame modeling.
Wireframe models are the simplest of the three types of models. They are easy to create and
use. They provide sufficient information on solid object. They are normally used to create models of
simple objects. Wire frame models are generated by continuing line segments.
19.Define Surface Modeling
Surface entities are introduced to the wire frame model in the surface modeling. Surface
models define part geometry more precisely, compared to wire frame models. An object
generated through surface modeling can be displayed on a screen, in such a way that it look like a
solid object.
20.Define Rotation
The transformation is used to rotate objects or images about any point in the world space
either clockwise or anticlockwise direction. The point about which the image is rotated is called
pivot point. These steps are required to perform this operation. They are
. Translate the pivot point xp,yp to the origin
. Rotate the translated points by e” about the origin
. Translate the centre of rotation back to the pivot point
In the first step the points (x,y) get transformed to (x’,y’),and in the z second step
(x”,y”).In the third step to (x”’,y”’).all the line segments on the objects has to be transformed to get
the complete image rotated about the pivot point xp,y

PART-B
1. A scaling factor of 2 is applied in the Y direction while no scaling is applied in the X direction to the
line whose two end points are at coordinates (1, 3) and (3,6). The line is to be rotated subsequently
through 300, in the counter clockwise direction. Determine the necessary transformation matrix for
the operation and the new coordinates of the end points.
2. The vertices of a triangle are situated at points (15, 30), (25, 35) and (5, 45). Find the coordinates of
the vertices if the triangle is first rotated 100' counter clockwise direction about the origin and then
scaled to twice its size.
3. Explain the details of polygon clipping. Give its advantages compared to the line clipping.
4. What is the need for concatenation of transformations? Explain what care should be taken in such
cases.
5. Explain the method of back face removal. Give its advantages and limitations with reference to
hidden line removal.
6. Explain the concept of obtaining a reflection about an arbitrary line starting from the plain
reflection about an axis. How do you obtain the orthographic projections of 3D geometric data base?
7. What is meant by Interactive Computer Graphics? Explain its various elements.
8. Describe the various database models which are generally used.
9. What are the different Radius graphic display devices? Explain?
10. List out different problems associated with raster graphic display device.
11. Write down the different techniques for the hidden surface remover. Explain?
12. What is a projection? Explain different types of projections?
13. Write on the importance of studying geometric modeling in CAD
14. Explain the basic curve fitting techniques
15. What is transformation? How many types of transformations are there to change the geometry?
16. Explain Cohen-Sutherland algorithm for clipping of lines
17. What is display file? Explain the stricture of display file?
18. Describe with the help of neat sketches the major surface entities provided by CAD/CAM systems.
19. What are normalized device co-coordinators?
20. What are the types of surfaces that CAD/CAM systems use?

UNIT – III (CAD STANDARDS)

PART-A
1. Define Inference Mechanism.
It is impossible to compile the knowledge in a database. Hence certain components
directs to implement it in the knowledge base. It is a search technique. This can be done in 2 types
Forward chaining, Backward chaining.
2. Define Backward chaining:
Backward chaining is defined as the inference mechanism the data required fed in steps
in which it is required. It selects the goal and scans until the goal is reached.
3. What is an Inference Engine?
The inference engine is the implementation of one or more inference mechanisms,
carries out the search through the knowledge base either to prove hypotheses or to arrive at a
conclusion. Depending on the nature of problem to be solved and the nature of knowledge
contained in the knowledge base, a proper inference mechanism is I selected and the search is
carried out. When a prototype expert system is developed the knowledge engineer decides on the
inference strategy to be selected.
4. Define production rule.
Production rule are based on control knowledge or heuristic knowledge. The antecedent
has a course of action and it is satisfied only then the course of action of antecedent is satisfied.
That is RHS is equal to LHS only if the course of action of LHS is satisfied then only the course of
action of RHS is satisfied.
Example:
IF the environment is corrosive THEN avoid using steel columns. IF flow is open channel
AND fraude number is 1 THEN flow is critical.
5. What are the common ways of knowledge representation?
Knowledge can be represented in many ways. They are
 1.Quantitative Method
2.Qualitative Method
3.Compiled Method
6. What is meant by forward chaining?
In forward chaining, inference mechanism rules are scanned until a goal is achieved. It is
done if a rule matches with the goal or the process is repeated. No data is fed during the process.
The inference mechanism uses the data only from the working memory.
7. What is meant by Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence is the method of acquisition of human or other animal’s behavior in
solving complex problems. It is the study in which human act in such a way that he can do all the
activities.
8. Define decision tables.
It is a simple and effective method for controlling the knowledge-based techniques. It
consists of both heuristic and initative knowledge basis. The decision table consists of four parts.
Goal Rule I Rule II Rule III Rule IV
9. Write the stages of expert system.
The stages of expert system are identification, formulation, conceptualization,
implementation testing and validation.
10. Write about the search methods of artificial intelligence.
The search methods used in the area of Artificial Intelligence are broadly classified into
five types. They are,
1. Simple search
2. Evaluation based search
3. Games search
4. Constraint search
5. Controlled search
11.List the common ways of knowledge representation.
The most common ways of knowledge representation are, Production rules, decision
tables, frames, semantic networks, predicate logic, conventional programs.
12.What is RDBMS?
A relational database management system (RDBMS) consists of a set of programs which
can relate relations and manipulate the data stored in the relations. In a standalone mode, the
structured query language (SQL) is used to query the database to get required information. In
language interface mode, generally SQL queries are embedded in language.
13.What are the components of KBES?
There are two main components of any KSEB are the knowledge base and inference
engine. The inference engine acts on the knowledge stored in the knowledge base to carry out
reasoning. As the nature of database processing and knowledge processing is different, the
strategy adopted for embedding DBMS in programming language cannot be adopted here;
Databases are created either in standalone mode or through programs.
14.What is hill climbing techniques
Hill climbing is an example of an informed search method because it uses information
about the search space to search in a reasonably efficient manner. If you try to climb a mountain
in fog with an altimeter but no map, you might use the hill climbing generate and test approach.
15.Define Working Memory
 Working memory, which is also sometimes called context, is nothing but a workspace for
the problem, generated by the inference engine, from the information provided by the user. Many
hypotheses and facts are established during the reasoning process. These are stored in the
working memory. The information available in the working memory is used for continuing with
the inference process using the knowledge contained in the knowledge base. The explanation
facility also uses the information in the working memory, to answer the queries of the user.
16.Define Knowledge Acquisition Facility
A knowledge acquisition facility is an optional component of an expert system. This very
much depends on the expert system development tool used to implement the system. Any text
editor can be viewed as a knowledge acquisition facility, since it provides an environment for the
knowledge engineer or the expert to input the coded knowledge into the system. Many
development shells allow the development engineers to code the formal presentation of the
knowledge in a text file, following a specified syntax. Later, the knowledge in the text files are
converted into a form of data and stored in a data structures for carrying out reasoning process.
17.What is an explode?
A command to undo an association of objects. It can be used on blocks, multiline test,
polylines, and dimesnions. Exploded multiline test becomes single line test. Exploded polylines
become lines and arcs.
18.Define graphics window.
The appearance of your screen when CAD us running. It consists of the drawing area and
surrounding toolbars, menu bars, the command window, and the status bar. Also called the
graphical user interface.
19.Define grid.
Grid is defined as series of horizontal and vertical lines in a floor plan or section that
locate the main structural elements of a building, such as columns and walls. This type is also
called a column grid or a structural grid.
20.What is perspective view?
A pictorial view of a 3D object in which parallel lines that aren’t parallel to the plane of
the screen appear to converge as they move farther from the viewer, similar to the way objects
appear in the real world.

PART-B
1. Explain the following polyhedral object using B-rep elements and verify the Euler equation for the
same
(i) Simple Polyhedra.
(ii) Polyhedral object a face may have loops.
(iii) Objects with holes that do not go through the entire object.
(iv) Objects have holes that go through entire objects.
2. Sketch the following feature operations using CSG.
(i) Extruded
(ii) Revolved feature
(iii) Chamber
(iv) Loft feature
(v) Pocket
(vi) Shell
 (vii) Fillet
(viii) Draft
(ix) Rib and
(x) Dimple.
3. Explain briefly with sketches any six tests used for hidden line identification.
4. List the differences and the similarities between nonlinear sweeps and lofts.
5. Describe how the variable radius fillet works. When is such one used?
6. Fig. 1shows a pin and a block with their MCSs. The pin and the instances to be assembled into the
hole in the block. Use WCS and write the transformation matrices to merge the three instances of B
into A.

Fig. 1
7. Use the bottom-up approach to create the model of the universal joint shown in Fig. 2

Fig. 2
8. Describe the IGES Methodology
9. Describe the PDES Methodology
10.Compare various testing methods of IGES processors.
11.Create a parametric model of a block with a hole.
12.Export the model using IGES. Import the IGES file back into your CAD/CAM system.
13.Generate IGES and STEP files for the geometric models
14.Create and display a line and a circle sing equation solver.
15.How can you draw a 500 pixel wide square on a 1280 x 1024 screen whose aspect ratio is 4.3?
16.What are the differences between CRTs and flat screen CRTs?
17.What does a refresh rate of 100 Hz noninterlaced and 100 Hz interlaced mean?
18.Why does flicker happen in CRTs and not in flat panel displays?
19.What is underdefined, fully and over defined sketching? Explain with neat sketches.
20.What are the different types of geometric relations? Why would you use them in 3D geometric
modeling?

UNIT-IV
FUNDAMENTAL OF CNC AND PART PROGRAMING
 PART-A
1. What are the classifications of NC machines?
 Point to point NC system
 Straight cut NC system
 Contouring NC system
2. What is the role of computer for NC machine tool?
Computer numerical control is an NC system that utilizes stored program to perform basic numerical
control functions. mini or micro computer based controller unit is used.
3. Name the various elements of CNC machines?
 Tape reader
 Mini computer
 Servos and interface logic
 Motion feedback
4. What is the role of computer for NC machine tool?
Computer numerical control is an NC system that utilizes stored program to perform basic numerical
control functions. Mini or micro computer based controller unit is used.
5. What is point –to- point (PTP) system?
It is also called positioning system. The objectives of the machine tool control are to move the cutting
tool to a predefined location. The speed or path is not important in this system
6. Mention the main difference between CNC and DNC?
CNC system can do operations on only one machine at a time. But direct numerical control involves that
at a time a large central computer to direct the operations of a number of separate NC machines
7. List the commonly used co – ordinate system of CNC machine tools?
 Cantilever construction
 Bridge construction
 Column construction
 Gantry construction
8. What is the difference between incremental and absolute system?
In absolute programming, the distance at my point at any instant will be measured from the origin
(X=0, Y=0).
Whereas in incremental programming, the instant point will be noted as (X=0, Y=0). Further
measurement will be made from the particular point only.
9. Write down the types of statements in APT language.
 Geometric statements
 Motion statements
 Postprocessor statement
 Special control or Auxiliary statements
10. Define subroutine?
If the same machining operations, which was carried out already, is to be performed at many different
positions on the work piece, it can be executed by means of a program called as subroutines
11. Define numerical control machine
 Numerical control machine cane be defined as a form of programmable machine in which the process
are controlled by a program of numbers, letters, and symbols.
12. What is NC part programming?
 NC part programming is the step by procedure of by which the sequence of processing steps to be
performed on the NC machine is controlled by a program of numbers, letters, and symbols.
13. What is APT language?
 APT [automated programming language]is a computer program, it automatically calculates the tool
path, generates program and controls the machine by receiving general high level languages.
14. Mention any 4 post processor statement in APT.
 COOLNT END
 FEDRAT
 MACHIN
 RAPID
15. What is CNC?
CNC is system consists of a computer, controller and a NC machine tool. Computer is used to store and
edit the program. Controller controls the tool path based on the program.
16. What is meant by machining centre?
The machining centre is CNC system with automatic tool changing arrangement that is designed to
perform a verity of machining operations, with large number of cutting tools.
17. What is part program?
Part program is a high level language containing the instructions for machining a part to various
standard words, codes and symbols.
18. What is post processing?
Post processing is a computer program that takes a generalized part program output and adopts it to a
particular machine control unit and machine tool combination. It is the basic intelligence required to
change the program into computer language.
19. Write the order of instructions in a part program.
 End of Preparatory function  
 Feed function      
 Tool function block
20. What is manual part programming?
Manual part programming is a process of writing programs which consists of a set of instructions
[contains codes, symbols and numbers] to carry out the machining of the work.
21. What is preparatory function?
 It is word address format represented by the letter G, Followed by a numerical code for the operation
of the control unit to instruct the machine tool.
22. What is canned cycle?
 Canned cycle simplifies and shortens the programming in such way whenever any one of the operation
is required.
23. What are the major areas to be considered in the design of NC machine tools?
 Machine structure and frame
 Location of transducer
 Slide ways
 Elements of transmission and positioning of sliders
24. How the heat effect on the machine bed, tool holder can be taken care?
 Providing correctly designed mild steel structure with higher stiffness
 Use of ribs, braces, angle plates to increase stiffness
 Normal weight distribution over the entire frame
  The hollow cross section for beds, bases and columns with a number of ribs welded with the
walls cater for the rigidity as well as opening for inspection, lubrication and collection of chip
coolants.
 v. Thermo symmetrical   design   of   all   parts.
 Providing large heat removing surfaces
 Use of excellent coolants
 Avoiding direct as well as local sources of heat such as sunlight and electrical motors.oil pumps
respectively.
 Reduction of ambient temperature by using air conditioning units
 Proper alignment of the machine elements relative to each other while in operation as well as in
stationary conditions
25. Explain Slide and Slide ways
 In general machine tools are provided with tables, slides, carriages etc., to carry the work pieces or
cutting tools etc., These parts are sliding in nature and mounted on the ways that are fixed on the other
parts (column, housing, bed or knee) of the machines known as sliding ways.
26. Explain the term “stick-up”
Conventional sliders operating under sliding friction do not have a constant coefficient of friction and
the highest value of co-efficient tends to be at the lowest rates of slide velocity. This phenomenon given
to the familiar “stricking” of oil lubricated sliding surfaces when the fine adjustment is needed, a jerky
action when movement takes place at low velocities.
The term “stick-slip” is used to describe these situations.
27. Define tool life.
Tool life is defined as the time elapsed between two consecutive tool resharpening. During this period
the toll serves effectively and efficiently.
28. What are the objectives and functions of cutting fluids?
(i) It is used to cool the cutting tool and work piece
(ii) It improves surface finish
(iii) It protects finished surface from corrosion
(iv) It washes away chips from tool
29. Name the various cutting tool materials.
(i) Carbon tool steel
(ii) (ii) High speed steel
(iii) (iii) Cemented carbides
(iv) (iv) Ceramics
(v) (v) Diamonds

PART-B
1. Describe the types of part programming in detail.
2. Write and explain the detailed manual part programming on Lathe using G-codes and M-codes.
3. Write and explain the detailed manual part programming on milling machines using G-codes and M-
codes.
4. Explain the machine axis and coordinate system in CNC machines with a neat sketch.
5. What are the tools used in CNC machines and explain them with neat diagram.
6. Enumerate the principle of operation of CNC machines and briefly describe the drive mechanism of
CNC machine with neat diagram.
7. Write about the various elements of CNC and explain them in detail.
8. Elaborate the flow of a computer aided manufacturing system with layout.
9. Give a brief description of linear motion elements as used in CNC machine tool slides.
10. Sketch and describe the speed torque characteristics of a DC spindle motor.
11. State different types of linear measuring transducer that can be used for positional feedback and
explain their principles of operation (any two)
12. Describe the different types of preventive maintenance programs for CNC machine tools?
13. Explain with neat block diagram typical configuration of Adaptive control machining system.
14. Explain with neat block diagram typical configuration of Adaptive control machining system.
15. Describe a CNC wire EDM machine with a neat sketch.
16. Discuss with neat block diagram general configuration of a DNC system?
17. Explain various steps in Computer Assisted Part Programming.
18. Describe with the neat sketch salient features of CNC turning centre.
19. With a neat block diagram, explain the functions of DNC.
20. Write short notes on
 CBN cutting tool inserts
 Preset tooling
 Economics of CNC

UNIT III (CELLULAR MANUFACTURING)

PART-A
1. List out the methods for part family formation. (AU ND 2018)
 Visual inspection
 Production flow analysis
 Parts classification and coding
2. Name few of the CAPP system. (AU ND 2018)
 Retrieval CAPP system
 Generative CAPP system
3. What are the production conditions under which group technology and cellular
manufacturing are most applicable? (AU MJ
2018)
The conditions identified in the text are
(1) the plant currently uses traditional batch production and a process type layout and
these results in much material handling effort high in-process inventory and long
manufacturing lead times and
(2) the parts which can be grouped into part families.
 4. What is the application of the rank order clustering? (AU MJ 2018)
The application of rank order clustering in GT is grouping machines into cells based on
the part machine incidence matrix, which in turn is based on route sheets.
5. What is Part Family? (AU ND 2017)
A Part Family is a collection of parts which are similar either because of
geometric shape and size or because similar processing steps are required in their
manufacture.
6. How the machine cells are classified? (AU ND 2017)
The machine cells can be classified into the following four categories
 Single machine cell
 Group machine cell with manual handling
 Group machine cell with semi – integrated handling and
 Flexible manufacturing cell or flexible manufacturing system
7. How the part families are identified? (AU MJ 2017)
The part families are identified by
 Visual inspection
 Parts classification and coding system, and
 Product flow analysis
8. What are the problems in implementing group technology? (AU MJ 2017)
The problems in implementing group technology are
 Implementing GT is expensive
 Installing a coding and classification system is very time consuming.
 As there is no common implementation approach, the implementation of
GT is often difficult.
9. What is Cellular Manufacturing? (AU ND 2016)
CM is an application of group technology in which dissimilar machines have
been aggregated into cells, each of which is dedicated to the production of a part
family. The goal of cellular manufacturing is to move as quickly as possible, make a
wide variety of similar products, while making as little waste as possible. It is a
subsection of just-in-time manufacturing and lean manufacturing encompassing
group technology.
10. Explain composite part concept. (AU ND 2016)
The composite part concept is based on part families. It conceives of a hypothetical
part for a given family that includes all of the design and manufacturing attributes of the
family. The other machines are referred to as supporting machines, and
they should be organized in the cell to keep the key machine busy.
11. What is process planning in a manufacturing system? (AU MJ 2016)
Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) is the use of computer technology
to aid in the process planning of a part or product, in manufacturing. CAPP is the link
between CAD and CAM in that it provides for the planning of the process to be used
in producing a designed part.
 12. Give the major objectives of a Production Management Systems. (AU MJ 2015)
The two major objectives of a production management system (PMS) are planning and
controlling of the manufacturing operations. The Planning Stage deals initial Production
planning, development of master schedule, capacity planning, and
MRP.
13. List out the application of ADC technology (AU MJ 2015)
The following are the most common application of ADC technologies.
 Parts receiving
 Shipping
 Order picking
 Finished goods storage
 Manufacturing processing
 Work-in-process storage
 Assembly
14. What is the main difference between hierarchical and attribute code
structures? (AU ND
2015)
In hierarchical structure, the interpretation of each symbol in the sequence depends
on the value of preceding symbols. Whereas in attribute structure; the interpretation
of each symbol in the sequence does not depend on the value of preceding symbols.
15.Differentiate between LAN and MAN model. (AU ND 2015)
A local area network (LAN) is a privately owned communications network that serves
users within a confined geographical area.
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a communications network covering a
geographic area the size of a city or suburb.
16.What is meant by monocode and polycode structures? (AU MJ 2014)
In monocode the interpretation of each successive symbol depends on the value of the
preceding symbols. In polycode the interpretation of each symbol in the sequence does
not depend on the value of preceding symbols.
17.What is meant by asynchronous data transfer? (AU MJ 2014)
In asynchronous data transfer, data is sent one byte at a time. Each string of bits making
up the byte is bracketed, or marked off, with special control bits.There are many serial
data transfer protocols. The protocols for serial data transfer can be grouped into two
types: synchronous and asynchronous.
18. What is the Role of GT in CAD/CAM integration? (AU ND 2014)
The roles of GT in CAD/CAM integration are
 Identifying the part families.
 Rearranging production machines into machine cells
19. Define Part family. (AU ND 2014)
A part family is a collection of parts having similarities based on design or shape or
similar manufacturing sequence. The group of similar parts is known as part family and
the group of machineries used to process an individual part family is known as machine
cell. It is not necessary for each part of a part family to be processed by every machine of
corresponding machine cell.
20. What are Methods of Grouping of parts? (AU MJ 2013)
The various methods of grouping are
 Visual inspection
 Parts classification and coding system
 Production flow analysis
21. List the Parts classification and coding system. (AU MJ 2013)
The Parts classification and coding system are
 System based on part design attributes
 System based on manufacturing attributes
 System based on design and manufacturing attributes
22. What are Methods of coding? (AU ND 2013)
The methods of coding are
 Hierarchical coding
 Poly code
 Decision tree coding
23. What are the types Coding system? (AU ND 2013)
The types of coding system are
 OPITZ system
 DCLASS
 MICLASS etc.
24. What are the steps involved in Production flow analysis (PFA)? (AU MJ 2012)
Various steps of PFA are
 Data collection
 Part sorting and routing
 PFA chart and Analysis
25. What are the types of layout design using G.T.? (AU MJ 2012)
Types of layout in GT are
 Line layout
 Group layout, machines grouped by part family
 Functional layout, machines grouped by process
26. List the Benefits of group technology. (AU ND 2012)
Benefits of group technology are
 Design
 Tooling and setups
 Material handling
 Production and inventory control
27. List the steps involved in Cellular manufacturing. (AU ND 2012)
The steps involved in Cellular manufacturing are
 Machine cell design
 The composite part concept
28. What are the Types of cell design? (AU MJ 2011)
The Types of cell design are
 Single machine cell
 Group machine cell with manual handling
 Group machine cell with semi- integrated handling
 Flexible manufacturing system
29. What are the Factors to be considered for the best machine arrangement?
(AU MJ 2011)
Factors to be considered:
 Volume of work to be done by the cell
 Variations in process routings of the parts, Part size, shape, weight and
other physical attributes
PART-B
1. (i) Enumerate role of process planning in CAD/CAM integration. (3) (AU ND 2018)
(ii) Enumerate the role of GT in CAD/CAM integration. (4) (AU ND 2018)
(iii) What are all the advantage and disadvantage of variant type CAPP?
(6)(AU ND 2018)
2. Discuss D CLASS and OPTIZ coding systems with suitable examples.
(13)(AU ND 2018, AU ND 2017)
3. (i)Explain about parts classification and coding. (8)(AU MJ 2018)
(ii)Describe about MICLASS coding systems. (8)(AU MJ 2018)
4. (i)What are the advantages of cellular manufacturing? (8)(AU MJ 2018)
(ii)Explain about machine cell design and layout. (8)(AU MJ 2018)
5. i) List out the methods for part family formation. (12)(AU ND 2017)
ii) Enumerate the role of GT in CAD / CAM integration. (4)(AU ND 2017)
6. Discuss D CLASS and OPTIZ coding systems with suitable examples.
(16)(AU ND 2017)
7. i)Analyze the rank order clustering technique to the part-machine Incidence matrix in the
following table to identify logical part families and machine groups. Components are
identified by letters, and machines are identified numerically.
(10)(AU MJ 2017)
Machine Components
A B C D E F G
M1 1 1
M2 1 1
M3 1 1 1 1
M4 1 1 1
M5 1 1 1 1
(ii) Suppose that four machines, 1, 2, 3, and 4 have been identified as belonging in a
GT machine cell. An analysis of 50 parts processed on these machines has been
summarized in the From-To chart presented below.
 Additional information is that 50 parts enter the machine grouping at machine 3, 20
parts leave after processing at machine 1, and 30 parts leave after machine 4.
Determine a logical machine arrangement using hollier method.
(6)(AU MJ 2017)
From-To Chart
To: 1 2 3 4
1 0 5 0 25
From: 2 30 0 0 15
3 10 40 0 0
4 10 0 0 0
8. Explain OPTIZ part classification and coding system. (16)(AU ND 2016)
9. i) Apply the rank ordering clustering technic to the part machine incidence matrix in the
following table to identify logical part families and machine group. Parts are identified by
letters and machines are numerically
parts
machine A B C D E
1 1 - - - - -
2 - 1 - - 1 -
3 1 - - 1 - -
4 - 1 1 - - -
5 - - - 1 - - (8)(AU ND 2016)
ii) Four machines used to produce a family of parts are to be arranged into a GT cell.
The from to data for the parts processed by the machines are shown in the table
below. Determine the most logical sequence of machines for this data by Hollier
method. To
From 1 2 3 4
1 0 10 0 40
2 0 0 0 0
3 50 0 0 20
4 0 50 0 0 (8)(AU ND 2016)
10. i) Enumerate the role of GT in CAD/CAM integration. (8)(AU MJ 2016)
ii) Describe the difference elements and functioning of generative approach CAPP.
State its advantages and limitations. (8)(AU MJ
2016)
11. i) Discuss D LASS, M CLASS and OPTIZ coding systems with suitable examples.
(10)(AU MJ 2016)
ii) Discuss how group technology is used in designing manufacturing cells.
(6)(AU MJ 2016)
12. Discuss with examples the following; monocode, polycode and mixed code.
(16)(AU MJ 2015)
13. Briefly discuss the various benefits of implementing a GT in a firm .also bring out the
advantages and limitations of using GT. (16)(AU MJ 2015)
14. Write about two dimensional (2-D) bar codes. (16)(AU ND 2015)
15. Explain about in-line layout and loop- layout. (16)(AU ND 2015)
16. Briefly discuss the various benefits of Group Technology. (16)(AU MJ 2014)
17. Explain about OPTIZ classification and coding system. (16)(AU MJ 2014)
18. How are parts similarities distinguished? Also state and explain the reasons for using
coding schemes. (16)(AU ND 2014)
19. Explain the composite parts concepts and key machines concepts in the context of
cellular manufacturing systems. (16)(AU ND 2014)
20. Apply the rank order clustering technique to the part-machine machine matrix given in
the following table to identify logical part families and machine groups.
(16)(AU MJ 2013)
Part
A B C D E F G H I
Machine
1 -- 1 1 1 1 -- -- -- --
2 1 1 -- -- -- 1 1 1 --
3 -- -- -- -- 1 1 1 1 --
4 1 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- --
5 -- -- -- -- 1 1 -- 1 --
6 -- 1 1 1 -- -- -- -- --
7 1 1 -- -- 1 -- 1 1 1
8 -- -- -- -- 1 -- 1 1 1
21. Explain briefly the chain type structure of coding system in GT. (16)(AU MJ 2013)
22. Describe about parts classification and coding systems. (16)(AU ND 2013)
23. How are parts classified and coded in group technology? Illustrate with an example.
(16)(AU ND 2013)
24. i) Discuss the product flow analysis in detail. (8)(AU MJ 2012)
ii) Explain the criteria for selecting a CAPP system. (8)(AU MJ 2012)
25. List the benefits and applications of Group Technology. (16)(AU MJ 2012)
26. Describe the followings.
(i) Opitz coding system. (12)(AU ND 2012)
(ii) Composite part concept. (4)(AU ND 2012)

UNIT IV (FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM (FMS) AND

AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLE SYSTEM (AGVS))
PART-A
1. What are the objectives of FMS? (AU ND 2018, AU MJ 2013)
 Flexibility
 Automation and Integration
 Reduction in manufacturing lead time
 High productivity
 Reduction in manpower
 Reduction in material handling
2. List any two advantages and disadvantages of FMS implementation.
(AU ND 2018)
Advantages of implementing FMS are
 Increased machine utilization
 Reduced inventory
The disadvantages of FMS implementation are
 Very high capital investment is required
 Acquiring, training, and maintaining knowledgeable labor pool
requires heavy investment
3. What are the three capabilities that a manufacturing system must possess in
order to be flexible? (AU MJ
2018)
 The ability to identify and distinguish among the different incoming
part or product styles processed by the system.
 Quick changeover of operating instructions.
 Quick changeover of physical setup.
4. What are the difference between rail-guided vehicles and automated guided
vehicles? (AU MJ
2018)
Rail-guided vehicles ride on tracks on the floor or overhead, whereas AGVs ride on
the building floor without rails. Rail-guided vehicles are guided by the tracks,
whereas AGVs are guided by guide tape, vision camera, magnets or lasers for
navigation.
5. What are the components of FMS? (AU ND 2017)
The four basic components of a FMS are
 Workstations,
 Material handling and storage system,
 Computer control system and
 Human resources.
6. What are functions performed to operate AGVS? (AU ND 2017)
The functions performed to operate AGVS are
 Vehicle
 Guide path
 Control unit
 Computer interface.
7. List the four tests for flexibility in FMS research. (AU MJ 2017)
The four tests for flexibility in FMS are
 Part variety test
 Schedule change test
 Error recovery test
 New part test.
8. What are the applications of AGVS? (AU MJ 2017, AU ND 2012)
The applications of AGVS are
 Driverless train operations
 Storage and distribution operations
 Assembly line applications and FMS.
9. State any four benefits of FMS. ` (AU ND 2016)
The benefits that can be expected from an FMS include
 Increased machine utilization
 Fewer machines required
 Reduction in factory floor space required
 Greater responsiveness to change
 Reduced inventory requirements
10. List out the types of AGV’s (AU ND 2016)
The types of AGVs are
 Towing vehicles
 Unit load vehicles
 Pallet Trucks
 Hybrid vehicles
11. Name the different components of FMS? (AU MJ 2016)
Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) consists of the following four
components.
 Processing stations or workstations
 Material handling and storage
 Computer control system
 Human labor
12. How the different types of automatic storage and retrieval system are
classified? (AU MJ 2016)
Vertical Lift storage Modules (VLSM) - These are also called vertical lift
automated storage/retrieval systems. Vertical lift storage modules, some with
heights of 10 meter or more, are capable of holding large inventories while saving
valuable floor space in the factory.
Unit load stackers - The unit load stackers is typically a large automated
system designed to handle unit loads stored on pallets or in other standard
containers control the unit load containers.
13. How CIMOSA separates functions? (AU MJ 2015)
The CIMOSA Modeling Framework in which specific and generic functions
are-clearly separated. The CIMOSA Integrating Infrastructure supporting execution
of Generic functions and linking specific functions. It is effectively the communication
system which interconnects all of the functions in the CIM system.
14. What are the features of LAN? (AU MJ 2015)
 Compatibility
 Protected Mode Operation
 Internetworking
 Growth Path
 Modularity and
 System Reliability.
15. Write any two applications of FMS. (AU ND 2015)
The applications of FMS
 Sheet metal press working
 Plastic injection moulding
16. State the functions of computer control system of FMS. (AU ND 2015)
The functions of computer system of FMS are
 Processing station control
 Distribution of control instructions to workstations
 Production control
17. List some important advantages of implementing FMS. (AU MJ 2014)
Advantages of implementing FMS are
 Increased machine utilization
 Reduced inventory
18. What are the objectives of FDC system? (AU MJ 2014)
The objectives of FDC system are
 To supply status and performance data to the shop floor control
system.
 To enable the management to monitor implementation of master
schedule
19. List out the disadvantages of FMS implementation. (AU ND 2014)
The disadvantages of FMS implementation are
 Very high capital investment is required
 Acquiring, training, and maintaining knowledgeable labor pool
requires heavy investment
20. Define FMS. (AU ND 2014)
A Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is an individual machine or group of
machines served by an automated materials handling system that is computer
controlled and has a tool handling capability.
21. What are the FMS layout configurations? (AU MJ 2013)
FMS can be divided into five categories
 In-line layout
 Loop layout
 Ladder layout
 Open field layout
 Robot-centered cell.
22. What are the functions of computers in FMS? (AU ND 2013)
The functions of computers in FMS
 Workstation control
 Distribution of control instructions to workstations
 Production control
 Traffic and Shuttle control
 Work piece monitoring and Tool control.
23. List the applications of FMSs. (AU ND 2013)
Applications of FMS installations are in the following areas.
 Machining and assembly
 Sheet-metal press-working
 Forging and welding
 Plastic injection molding
 Textile machinery manufacture
 Semiconductor component manufacture
24. How FMS classified based on level of flexibility? (AU MJ 2012)
FMS classified based on level of flexibility as,
 Production flexibility
 Machine flexibility
 Mix flexibility
 Product flexibility
25. How FMS classified based on number of machines? (AU MJ 2012)
FMS classified based on number of machines as
 Single Machine Cell (SMC)
 Flexible Manufacturing Cell (FMC)
 Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)
26. Define AGVS. (AU ND 2012)
An automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV) is a mobile robot
that follows markers or wires in the floor, or uses vision, magnets, or lasers for
navigation. They are most often used in industrial applications to move materials
around a manufacturing facility or warehouse.
PART-B
1. Discuss automated guided vehicle system in detail. (13)(AU ND 2018 , AU ND 2015)
2. Discuss the functions, application, advantage and disadvantage of a FMS.
(13)(AU ND 2018, AU ND 2017)
3. (i)Sketch and explain the layout of a typical FMS. (8)(AU MJ 2018)
(ii) List the applications of FMS. (8)(AU MJ 2018)
4. (i)Explain about three categories of AGV and mention its applications.
(8) (AU MJ 2018)
(ii)Discuss about self guided vehicles technology. (8)(AU MJ 2018)
5. i) What are the components of FMS? (8)(AU ND 2017)
ii)List and explain the various types of machines used in FMS. (8)(AU ND 2017)
6. A Flexible manufacturing cell has just been created after considering a number of
designs, the system engineer chose a layout that consist of two machining workstations
plus a load/ unload station. In detail, the layout consists of: The load/Unload station is
station 1. Station 2 Performs milling operations and consists of one server (one CNC
milling machine) Station 3 has one server that performs drilling (one CNC drill press). The
three stations are connected by a part handling system that has one work carrier. The
mean transport time in the system is 4 min.
 The FMC produces three parts, A, B, and C. The part mix fractions and process
routings for the three parts are presented in the table below. The operation
frequency fijk = 1.0 for all operations. Determine (i) maximum production rate of
FMC, (ii) Corresponding production rates of each product (iii) utilization of each
machine in the system, and (iv) number of busy servers at each station.
(16)(AU MJ 2017)
Part Mix Process time
Operation k Description Station i
Part j pj tijk
0.4 1 Load 1 3
2 Mill 2 20
A
3 Drill 3 12
4 Unload 1 2
Part Mix Process time
Part j Operation k Description Station i
pj tijk
1 Load 1 3
2 Mill 2 15
B 0.4
3 Drill 3 30
4 Unload 1 2
1 Load 1 3
2 Mill 2 14
C 0.2
3 Drill 3 22
4 Unload 1 2
7. i) How far the AGVs advantageous over other material handling systems?
(5)(AU MJ 2017)
ii) Discuss the AGVs pallet trucks with its application. (5)(AU MJ 2017)
iii) Explain Vehicle Guidance technology. (6)(AU MJ 2017)
8. Define FMS and explain in detail about the FMS components. (16)(AU ND 2016)
9. Explain the vehicle guidance technology of AGVS. (16)(AU ND 2016)
10. i) Explain the working principle of Bar Code technology. State any two of its applications
in manufacturing. (8)(AU MJ 2016)
ii) Sketch the layout of a typical FMS and explain the importance sub systems.
(8)(AU MJ 2016)
11. i) Describe the principle of an automated storage and retrieval system (AS/RS).How this is
useful in FMS? (8)(AU MJ 2016)
ii) Discuss the need and importance of shop floor data collection systems? What are
their functions? (8)(AU MJ
2016)
12. List and briefly explain the various priority sequencing rules used for job sequencing
(16)(AU MJ 2015)
13. Explain briefly the technologies used in automatic identification systems for computer
process monitoring. (16)(AU MJ 2015)
14. List and explain the functions of the material handling system in a FMS.
(16)(AU ND 2015)
15. Explain the advanced technologies in company strategies. (16)(AU MJ 2014)
 ME8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING

16. Explain the technologies used in FMS integration. (16)(AU MJ 2014)

17. List and briefly explain the various types of automatic identification technologies.
(16)(AU ND 2014)
18.(i) Explain the various FMS layout configuration with suitable sketches.
(8)(AU ND 2014)
(ii) What is AGVs? How do they operate? (8)(AU ND 2014)
19. (i) write the applications of FMS. (8)(AU MJ 2013)
(ii) Explain the various components of FMS and FMS workstation. (8)(AU MJ 2013)
20. (i) Write short notes on various materials handling equipment that are
commonly used in FMS. (8)(AU
MJ 2013)
(ii) Explain the applications of AGV system. (8)(AU MJ 2013)
21. Explain the components of FMS and FMS layout configuration. (16)(AU ND 2013)
22. List the various components of FMS and explain their functions . (16)(AU ND 2013)
23. i) Describe the structure of FMS application software. (8)(AU MJ 2012)
ii) State the situation where FMS can be employed. Also state the benefits
and limitations of FMS. (8)(AU
MJ 2012)

CADAM 2.8 KCE/MECH/QB/III YR/CADAM