The abdomen holds a number of important organs, but

its physiology includes an important network of nerves

as well. The organs of the abdomen are under the
control of the autonomic nervous system. The nerves
come from the splanchnic nerves and the vagus nerve
(also known as cranial nerve X).

THE SYMPATHETIC NERVES

The sympathetic (fight-or-flight) nerves include the
abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves, which carry
presynaptic fibers to the abdomen and pelvis. These
presynaptic neurons pass through the paravertebral
ganglia without synapsing and become the
abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves. They then enter
the prevertebral ganglia and autonomic plexuses
located primarily on the abdominal aorta and its
branches. Here are the two main types of
abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves:
 Lower thoracic splanchnic nerves: These three
nerves (greater, lesser, and least) contain the
most presynaptic sympathetic fibers. They pass
through the diaphragm to send fibers to the
celiac, aorticorenal, and superior mesenteric
ganglia and plexuses.
 Lumbar splanchnic nerves: These nerves start at
the abdominal sympathetic trunk and produce
three or four lumbar splanchnic nerves that join
the intermesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and
superior hypogastric plexuses.

THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES

The parasympathetic nerves include anterior and
posterior vagal trunks  that are the continuations of
the left and right vagus nerves that follow the
esophagus into the abdomen.  They carry presynaptic
parasympathetic and visceral afferent fibers to the
aortic and periarterial plexuses. The pelvic splanchnic
nerves come from the anterior rami of the 2nd through
4th sacral nerve segments. They carry presynaptic
parasympathetic fibers to the pelvic plexus.
Parasympathetic ganglia are found in the walls of the
abdominal organs.

ABDOMINAL AUTONOMIC
PLEXUSES
The abdominal autonomic plexuses are networks that
contain both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.
They surround the aorta and its major branches and
serve the abdominal and pelvic organs:
 Aortic plexus: Located around the abdominal
aorta and forms periarterial plexuses on the
branches of the aorta

 Celiac plexus: Located around the root of the

celiac trunk; has a parasympathetic root that
contain fibers from the vagus nerves and the
sympathetic roots are the greater and lesser
splanchnic nerves

 Hepatic plexus: Located around the hepatic

artery and comes from the celiac plexus

 Renal plexus: Surround the renal arteries; formed

by fibers from the celiac plexus, aortic plexus,
and the least splanchnic nerve

 Superior mesenteric plexus: Surrounds the

superior mesenteric artery; has three branches:
the median branch comes from the celiac plexus,
and the lateral branches come from the lesser and
least splanchnic nerves

 Inferior mesenteric plexus: Surrounds the inferior

mesenteric artery; has a medial root from the
intermesenteric plexus and lateral roots from the
lumbar ganglia of the sympathetic trunks

 Intermesenteric plexus: The part of the aortic

plexus located between the superior and inferior
 mesenteric arteries; gives rise to the renal,
testicular, ovarian, and uteric plexuses

 Superior hypogastric plexus: Located anterior to

the bifurcation of the aorta; a continuation of the
intermesenteric and plexus

 Right and left inferior hypogastric

plexus: Located on the sides of the rectum,
uterine cervix, and the urinary bladder; formed by
hypogastric nerves that come from the superior
hypogastric plexus and receives parasympathetic
fibers from the pelvic spranchnic nerves

Herringbone Pattern
 
di mana loop usus kecil buncit dengan udara, berdekatan, dan lemak mesenterika relatif padat;
penampilan ini karena keunggulan dari valvulae conniventes. Obstruksi Usus Kecil. Terlentang
telentang perut (kiri) menunjukkan
beberapa loop melebar usus kecil di
perut bagian atas (panah merah). Usus
kecil melebar secara tidak proporsional
dibandingkan dengan usus besar yang
kolaps. Tidak ada udara di rectosigmoid
(panah putih). Pandangan tegak (kanan)
menunjukkan beberapa level cairan-
udara dalam loop melebar dari obstruksi
usus halus. Pasien menjalani operasi usus
sebelumnya.

Foto polos abdomen 3 posisi

1. Tiduran
terlentang(supine)

2. tegak/erect
3. Tiduran miring kekiri ( Left Lateral decubitus = LLD )