College of Engineering and Computer Science

MEC 511 – Advanced Mathematics

HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS

College of Engineering & Computer Science - CECS

MEC 511 – Vector & Tensor Calculus
GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTION HT
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
 GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTION HT
 FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTION HT
 SOLUTION OF THE NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT
EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTION HT
• INCREMENTAL SOLUTIONS
• ITERATIVE SOLUTIONS
• N-R AND MODIFIED NEWTON RAPHSON
METHODS
• THE 𝛂𝛂 − 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎.
 DEVELOPMENT OF HT ELEMENTS
 ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS
 EXAMPLES
 MINI-PROJECTS-1
GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTION HT
We start by deriving the general conduction equation, which is a mathematical expression of
the energy conservation in a solid or an expression for the energy balance equation. We first
consider a control volume inside a solid in a one-dimensional problem, i.e. 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡), in Cartesian
coordinate as shown in Figure 7.2. The principle of conservation of energy for the problem may be
stated as:

𝜕𝜕𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥
𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵 (𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑� 𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌(𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (7.10)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

which yields the one-dimensional transient heat conduction equation in the form:
𝜕𝜕2 𝑇𝑇 𝐵𝐵 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 (7.12)
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 + 𝑞𝑞
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTION HT

For three-dimensional conduction problems, temperature is a function of the coordinates x, y

and z and time and the heat conduction equation becomes:
𝜕𝜕2 𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕2 𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕2 𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 (7.13)
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

 Isotropic material with constant conductivity:

For isotropic material with constant conductivity, the heat conduction equation takes the form
𝜕𝜕 2 𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑘𝑘 � 2 + 2 + 2 � + 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 (7.14)
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
2
∇ 𝑇𝑇 + = (7.15)
𝑘𝑘 𝛼𝛼 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
2 𝜕𝜕2 𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕2 𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕2 𝑇𝑇
where ∇ 𝑇𝑇 = 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥2
+ 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦2 + 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧2 in Cartesian coordinates and 𝛼𝛼 is the thermal diffusivity, 𝛼𝛼 = 𝑘𝑘/𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 .
GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTION HT
Boundary Conditions:

 Prescribed temperature:  Prescribed heat flow or flux:

𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧, 𝑡𝑡 on 𝑆𝑆1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
−𝑘𝑘𝑛𝑛 = 𝑞𝑞𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧, 𝑡𝑡 on 𝑆𝑆2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

 No heat flow (adiabatic or natural boundary):

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
=0 on 𝑆𝑆3

 Convection heat exchange:

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
−𝑘𝑘𝑛𝑛 = ℎ 𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓 − 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 on 𝑆𝑆4
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

 Radiation:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
−𝑘𝑘𝑛𝑛 = 𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠4 on 𝑆𝑆5
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
−𝑘𝑘𝑛𝑛 = 𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠4 = 𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒2 + 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠2 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 + 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 − 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 = 𝜅𝜅 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 − 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

where 𝜿𝜿 is the effective film coefficient for radiation;

𝜅𝜅 = 𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒2 + 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠2 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 + 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠
FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTION HT
FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTION HT
𝐶𝐶 = ∫𝑉𝑉 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑁𝑁 𝑇𝑇
𝑁𝑁 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Thermal capacity matrix
𝐾𝐾𝑐𝑐 = ∫𝑉𝑉 𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇
𝐾𝐾 𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Thermal conductivity matrix
𝐾𝐾ℎ = ∫𝑆𝑆 ℎ 𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑇
𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Additional thermal conductivity matrix due to convection B.C.
𝐾𝐾𝑟𝑟 = ∫𝑆𝑆 ℎ� 𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑇
𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Additional thermal conductivity matrix due to radiation B.C.

𝑄𝑄 𝑏𝑏
= ∫𝑉𝑉 𝑁𝑁 𝑇𝑇 𝑞𝑞𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Heat flux vector due to internal heat generation

𝑄𝑄 𝑆𝑆
= ∫𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑇 𝑞𝑞 𝑆𝑆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Heat flux vector due to input surface flux

𝑄𝑄 ℎ
= ∫𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑇 ℎ𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Heat flux vector due to convection B.C.

𝑄𝑄 𝑟𝑟
= ∫𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑇 ℎ� 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Heat flux vector due to radiation B.C.

𝑇𝑇� Vector of nodal temperatures (after assembly)

𝑇𝑇�̇ Vector of nodal temperature gradients (after assembly)
ℎ� = 𝜺𝜺𝜺𝜺 𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐𝒆𝒆 + 𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 𝑻𝑻𝒆𝒆 + 𝑻𝑻𝒔𝒔 Equivalent heat transfer coefficient due to radiation
𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁𝑗𝑗
𝐵𝐵 = = 𝛻𝛻𝑖𝑖 𝑁𝑁𝑗𝑗 B-matrix relating temperature spatial gradients to nodal temperatures
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝐾𝐾 = 𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 Element conductivity matrix (normally, cross conductivities are zero)
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
𝑁𝑁 = ⋯ 𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 ⋯ , 𝑖𝑖 = 1, 𝑛𝑛
where n = Number of nodes per Element shape function matrix
element
FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTION HT
Example-A
Example-7.1
As an example to the applications of the above equations, we consider developing the FE equations for the
one-dimensional transient heat conduction equation in the form:
𝜕𝜕2 𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

Approach & Assumptions

We use the standard Galerkin procedure and integrate the first term by parts to reduce the required order of
differentiability for the approximation or shape function.

Solution:
We start by choosing an approximation function in the form:
𝑇𝑇 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡) (b)
FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTION HT
Example-A
Solution:
We start by choosing an approximation function in the form:
𝑇𝑇 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡) (b)

For simplicity, we consider a one-dimensional element with two nodes, linear shape functions, and length L. In this
case, Equation (b) takes the following form:
𝑇𝑇 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑁𝑁1 𝑥𝑥 𝑇𝑇1 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝑁𝑁2 (𝑥𝑥) 𝑇𝑇2 (𝑡𝑡) (c)
where 𝑇𝑇1 𝑡𝑡 and 𝑇𝑇2 𝑡𝑡 are the element nodal temperatures. The nodal shape functions may be given by:
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑁𝑁1 (𝑥𝑥) = 1 − , 𝑁𝑁2 (𝑥𝑥) =
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
the Galerkin weighting functions are given by:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥,𝑡𝑡 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑥𝑥,𝑡𝑡) 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑥𝑥,𝑡𝑡)
𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 = = 𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 then 𝑤𝑤1 = = 𝑁𝑁1 and 𝑤𝑤2 = = 𝑁𝑁2 (e)
𝜕𝜕𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑇𝑇1 𝜕𝜕𝑇𝑇2

the residual takes the following form:

𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕2 𝑇𝑇(𝑥𝑥,𝑡𝑡) 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑥𝑥,𝑡𝑡)
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = ∫𝑥𝑥 2 𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥) ⋅ 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 + 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 ⋅ 𝐴𝐴 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 (f)
1 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTION HT
Example-A
Integrating the first term in equation (f) by parts, we have:
𝑥𝑥2
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑇𝑇(𝑥𝑥,𝑡𝑡) 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖(𝑥𝑥)
∫𝑥𝑥 2 𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥)
1
⋅ 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2 ⋅ 𝐴𝐴 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 ⋅ 𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥) ⋅ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑥𝑥,𝑡𝑡)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 �
− ∫𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥12 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
⋅ 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑥𝑥,𝑡𝑡)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
⋅ 𝐴𝐴 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (g)
𝑥𝑥1

The two residual equations may be written in the following form:

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥2 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁1 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑅𝑅1 = 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 𝑁𝑁1 𝑥𝑥 ⋅ � − ∫𝑥𝑥 2 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + ∫𝑥𝑥 2 𝑁𝑁1 𝑥𝑥 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 − ∫𝑥𝑥 2 𝑁𝑁1 𝑥𝑥 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 0 (h)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥1 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥2 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁2 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝑅𝑅2 = 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 𝑁𝑁2 𝑥𝑥 ⋅ � − ∫𝑥𝑥 2 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + ∫𝑥𝑥 2 𝑁𝑁2 𝑥𝑥 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 − ∫𝑥𝑥 2 𝑁𝑁2 𝑥𝑥 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 0 (i)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥1 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

we obtain:
𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑇𝑇1 𝜕𝜕𝑇𝑇2 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁1 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁1 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁2 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
∫𝑥𝑥 2 𝑁𝑁1 𝑥𝑥 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑁𝑁1 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝑁𝑁2 (𝑥𝑥) 𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥12 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 𝑇𝑇1 + 𝑇𝑇2 𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥12 𝑁𝑁1 𝑥𝑥 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 �
1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥1

𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑇𝑇1 𝜕𝜕𝑇𝑇2 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁2 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁1 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁2 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

∫𝑥𝑥 2 𝑁𝑁2 𝑥𝑥 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑁𝑁1 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝑁𝑁2 (𝑥𝑥) 𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥12 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 𝑇𝑇1 + 𝑇𝑇2 𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥12 𝑁𝑁2 𝑥𝑥 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 �
1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥2

where 𝑇𝑇1 ≡ 𝑇𝑇1 (𝑡𝑡), 𝑇𝑇2 ≡ 𝑇𝑇2 (𝑡𝑡) and 𝑇𝑇 ≡ 𝑇𝑇(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡).
FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTION HT
Example-A
Equation (k) may be expressed in the following convenient matrix form:

𝑥𝑥 𝑁𝑁1 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑇𝑇1 ⁄𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁1 𝑥𝑥 ⁄𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁1 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁2 𝑥𝑥 𝑇𝑇1

∫𝑥𝑥 2 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑁𝑁1 𝑥𝑥 𝑁𝑁2 𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + ∫𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥12 𝑘𝑘 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
1 𝑁𝑁2 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑇𝑇2 ⁄𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁2 𝑥𝑥 ⁄𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑇𝑇2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
−𝐴𝐴 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 �
𝑁𝑁1 (𝑥𝑥) 𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥1
= ∫𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥12 𝑞𝑞 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 +
𝑁𝑁2 (𝑥𝑥) 𝐴𝐴 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
�
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥2

Equation (l) may be expressed in a more compact form as:

𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇
∫𝑉𝑉 𝑁𝑁 𝐶𝐶 𝑁𝑁 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑇𝑇̇ + ∫𝑉𝑉 𝐵𝐵 𝐾𝐾 𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑄𝑄𝐵𝐵 + 𝑄𝑄𝑞𝑞 (m)
where:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 , 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁1 𝑁𝑁2 , 𝐶𝐶 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 , 𝑇𝑇̇ = 𝑇𝑇̇1 𝑇𝑇̇2 𝑇𝑇 , 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇1 𝑇𝑇2 𝑇𝑇 ,

𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁1 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁2
𝐵𝐵 = , 𝐾𝐾 = 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 , 𝑄𝑄𝐵𝐵 = � 𝑁𝑁 𝑇𝑇 ⋅ 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ,
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑉𝑉
SOLUTION OF THE NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT
EQUATIONS FOR CONDUCTION HT
 SOLUTION OF THE NONLINEAR & TRANSIENT FE EQUATIONS

7.3 Solution of the Transient Heat Transfer Equations:

7.3.2 Direction Integration Method:

(i) Linearization of the General Equation
We start by writing Equation (7.25) at time (𝑡𝑡 + 𝜟𝜟𝑡𝑡) and iteration (𝑖𝑖) in the following form:
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐂𝐂 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐓𝐓̇ (𝑖𝑖) + 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐊𝐊 𝑐𝑐 + 𝐊𝐊 ℎ + 𝐊𝐊 𝑟𝑟 𝐓𝐓 (𝑖𝑖) = ( 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐐𝐐𝑏𝑏 + 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐐𝐐𝑠𝑠 + 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐐𝐐ℎ + 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐐𝐐𝑟𝑟 )(𝑖𝑖) (7.28)

We need two types of linearization:

 Linearizing the system parameters, e.g., 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝑪𝑪, 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝑲𝑲
 Time linearization to express rate quantities, e.g., 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐓𝐓̇
SOLUTION OF THE NONLINEAR & TRANSIENT FE EQUATIONS
Incremental Solution Methods:
𝑡𝑡
𝑲𝑲 𝑡𝑡∆𝒖𝒖 = 𝑡𝑡∆𝑭𝑭 ; 𝑡𝑡
𝑲𝑲 = 𝑡𝑡𝑲𝑲( 𝑡𝑡𝒖𝒖) (8.51a)
𝑡𝑡+∆𝑡𝑡
𝑭𝑭 = 𝑡𝑡𝑭𝑭 + 𝑡𝑡∆𝑭𝑭 ; 𝑡𝑡+∆𝑡𝑡
𝒖𝒖 = 𝑡𝑡𝒖𝒖 + 𝑡𝑡∆𝒖𝒖 (8.51b)
SOLUTION OF THE NONLINEAR & TRANSIENT FE EQUATIONS
8.7.3 Iterative Solution Methods:
SOLUTION OF THE NONLINEAR & TRANSIENT FE EQUATIONS
For full Newton-Raphson:
𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝐂𝐂 (𝑖𝑖) = 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐂𝐂 (𝑖𝑖−1) and 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 (𝑖𝑖)
𝐊𝐊 = 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐊𝐊 (𝑖𝑖−1) (7.29a)
where the thermal capacity matrix C and the thermal conductivity matrix K are updated at every iteration.

For the modified Newton-Raphson:

𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝐂𝐂 (𝑖𝑖) = 𝑡𝑡 𝐂𝐂 and 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐊𝐊 (𝑖𝑖) = 𝑡𝑡 𝐊𝐊 (7.29b)
where matrices C and K are updated occasionally, usually at the first iteration of each time step.
SOLUTION OF THE NONLINEAR & TRANSIENT FE EQUATIONS

(ii) The 𝜶𝜶 -Method

The α-method is employed for efficient solution of the 𝑻𝑻 𝒕𝒕+𝜟𝜟𝒕𝒕 𝑻𝑻
transient heat conduction equation. The assumptions of the 𝛼𝛼 -
method are given by the following equations: 𝒕𝒕
𝐓𝐓 𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝒕𝒕
𝑻𝑻
𝜶𝜶 = 0 explicit Euler forward
method.
𝜶𝜶 = ½ implicit trapezoidal
𝟏𝟏 𝒕𝒕+𝜟𝜟𝜟𝜟 𝟏𝟏 rule.
𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 𝑻𝑻̇ = ( 𝑻𝑻 − 𝒕𝒕 𝑻𝑻) = ( 𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 𝑻𝑻 − 𝒕𝒕 𝑻𝑻) (7.33a) 𝜶𝜶 = 1 implicit Euler
𝜟𝜟𝜟𝜟 𝜶𝜶⋅𝜟𝜟𝜟𝜟 backward method.
𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 ̇ ⋅ 𝜟𝜟𝜟𝜟) = 𝜶𝜶 𝒕𝒕+𝜟𝜟𝜟𝜟 𝑻𝑻 + 𝟏𝟏 − 𝜶𝜶
𝑻𝑻 = 𝒕𝒕 𝑻𝑻 + 𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 𝑻𝑻(𝜶𝜶 𝒕𝒕
𝑻𝑻 (7.33b) 𝐭𝐭
𝐭𝐭 𝐭𝐭 + 𝛂𝛂𝛂𝛂𝛂𝛂 𝐭𝐭 + 𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫
𝛂𝛂 ⋅ 𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫
𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 𝑻𝑻(𝒊𝒊) = 𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 𝑻𝑻(𝒊𝒊−𝟏𝟏) + 𝜟𝜟𝑻𝑻(𝒊𝒊) (7.33c) 𝚫𝚫𝐭𝐭

Figure 7.4 Assumptions of the 𝜶𝜶 -method

Apply the linearization assumptions of the 𝛼𝛼-method and re-arranging terms, we get:
𝟏𝟏 (𝒊𝒊−𝟏𝟏) (𝒊𝒊−𝟏𝟏) (𝒊𝒊−𝟏𝟏)
𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 𝒄𝒄 𝒉𝒉
(𝑲𝑲 + 𝑲𝑲 + 𝑲𝑲 ) + 𝒓𝒓
⋅ 𝑪𝑪 𝚫𝚫𝑻𝑻(𝒊𝒊) = 𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 � 𝒉𝒉 + 𝑸𝑸
𝑸𝑸𝒃𝒃 + 𝑸𝑸𝒔𝒔 + 𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 𝑸𝑸 � 𝒓𝒓 − 𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 � 𝒄𝒄 + 𝒒𝒒
𝑸𝑸 �𝒄𝒄 (7.35)
𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶
SOLUTION OF THE NONLINEAR & TRANSIENT FE EQUATIONS
Table 7.2: Definition of terms for direct integration procedures
Term Name Expression
𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝐊𝐊 𝑐𝑐
(𝑖𝑖−1)
Thermal conductivity matrix 𝐊𝐊 𝑐𝑐 = � 𝐁𝐁 𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐊𝐊 (𝑖𝑖−1) 𝐁𝐁 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉

𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 (𝑖𝑖−1) Additional thermal conductivity matrix 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥

𝐊𝐊 ℎ = � 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝑇𝑇
ℎ 𝑖𝑖−1 𝐍𝐍 𝑆𝑆 𝐍𝐍 𝑆𝑆 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐊𝐊 ℎ due to convection B.C 𝑆𝑆ℎ

𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 (𝑖𝑖−1) Additional thermal conductivity matrix 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥

𝐊𝐊 𝑟𝑟 = � 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝜅𝜅 𝑖𝑖−1 𝑇𝑇
𝐍𝐍 𝑆𝑆 𝐍𝐍 𝑆𝑆 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐊𝐊 𝑟𝑟 due to radiation B.C 𝑆𝑆𝑟𝑟

𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝐂𝐂 (𝑖𝑖−1) Thermal capacity matrix 𝐶𝐶 = � 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑖𝑖−1
𝐍𝐍 𝑇𝑇 𝐍𝐍 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉
Nodal heat flux vector due to internal 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝐐𝐐𝑏𝑏 𝐐𝐐𝑏𝑏 = � 𝐍𝐍 𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝑞𝑞 𝑏𝑏 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
heat generation 𝑉𝑉
𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 Nodal heat flux vector due to specified 𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑇
𝐐𝐐𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝐐𝐐 = 𝑠𝑠 � 𝐍𝐍 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝑞𝑞 𝑠𝑠 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
heat flux input 𝑆𝑆
Nodal heat flux contribution due to 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 � ℎ(𝑖𝑖−1) = �
𝐐𝐐 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
ℎ(𝑖𝑖−1) 𝐍𝐍 𝑆𝑆 𝐍𝐍 𝑆𝑆
𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝐓𝐓𝑒𝑒ℎ − 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐓𝐓 (𝑖𝑖−1) ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 � ℎ (𝑖𝑖−1) convection B.C, nonlinear and transient 𝑆𝑆ℎ
𝐐𝐐
effects Note: ∫𝑆𝑆 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 ℎ (𝑖𝑖−1) 𝐍𝐍 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 𝐍𝐍 𝑆𝑆 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐾𝐾 ℎ(𝑖𝑖−1)
ℎ

Nodal heat flux contribution due to 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 � ℎ(𝑖𝑖−1) = �

𝐐𝐐 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝜅𝜅 (𝑖𝑖−1) 𝐍𝐍 𝑆𝑆 𝐍𝐍 𝑆𝑆
𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝐓𝐓𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟 − 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐓𝐓 (𝑖𝑖−1) ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 � 𝑟𝑟 (𝑖𝑖−1) radiation B.C., nonlinear and transient 𝑆𝑆ℎ
𝐐𝐐
effects Note: ∫𝑆𝑆 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝜅𝜅 (𝑖𝑖−1) 𝐍𝐍 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 𝐍𝐍 𝑆𝑆 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐾𝐾 𝑟𝑟(𝑖𝑖−1)
ℎ

Nodal heat flux contribution due to 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 � 𝑐𝑐 (𝑖𝑖−1) = � 𝐁𝐁 𝑇𝑇

𝐐𝐐 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝚱𝚱 (𝑖𝑖−1) 𝐁𝐁 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐓𝐓 (𝑖𝑖−1) ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 � 𝑐𝑐 (𝑖𝑖−1) conductivity, nonlinear and transient
𝐐𝐐 𝑉𝑉
effects Note: ∫𝑉𝑉 𝐁𝐁𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝚱𝚱(𝑖𝑖−1) 𝐁𝐁 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝐊𝐊𝐶𝐶 (𝑖𝑖−1_

Nodal heat flux contribution due to 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥

�𝑐𝑐
𝐪𝐪
𝑖𝑖−1
= � 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑖𝑖−1
𝐍𝐍 𝑇𝑇 𝐍𝐍 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝐓𝐓(𝑖𝑖−1) − 𝑡𝑡 𝐓𝐓 /𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 . 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(𝑖𝑖−1)
𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 �𝑐𝑐
𝐪𝐪 thermal capacity, nonlinear and 𝑉𝑉
𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
transient effects ≡ 𝐂𝐂 (𝑖𝑖−1) 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝐓𝐓 (𝑖𝑖−1) − 𝑡𝑡 𝐓𝐓 /𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
SOLUTION OF THE NONLINEAR & TRANSIENT FE EQUATIONS

1.0
𝜶𝜶 = 𝟏𝟏
(iv) Stability and Accuracy Considerations (Backward Difference)
𝜶𝜶 = 𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑
To assess the stability of the 𝛼𝛼-method, we start by 0.5 (Galerkin)

the uncoupled single equation in the following form:

𝑻𝑻� 𝒕𝒕 𝑻𝑻
0.0
𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 𝑪𝑪 𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶
𝑻𝑻̇ + 𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 𝑲𝑲 𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 𝑻𝑻 = 𝟎𝟎

𝒕𝒕+𝜟𝜟𝒕𝒕
0.5 𝜶𝜶 = 𝟏𝟏/𝟐𝟐
(Crank Nicolson)
𝒕𝒕+𝜟𝜟𝜟𝜟 𝑻𝑻 𝟏𝟏−𝜟𝜟𝜟𝜟 𝟏𝟏−𝜶𝜶 𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 𝝀𝝀
= = 𝒕𝒕+𝜟𝜟𝜟𝜟 𝑹𝑹 (7.39)
𝒕𝒕 𝑻𝑻 𝟏𝟏+𝜟𝜟𝜟𝜟⋅𝜶𝜶⋅ 𝒕𝒕+𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 𝝀𝝀 1.0

1.5 𝜶𝜶 = 𝟎𝟎
(Forward Euler)

2.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
t
SOLUTION OF THE NONLINEAR & TRANSIENT FE EQUATIONS
Remarks:
 The linearized form of the general heat conduction equation is given by:
(𝑖𝑖−1)
1
𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝑲𝑲𝑐𝑐 + 𝑲𝑲ℎ + 𝑲𝑲𝑟𝑟 + 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝑪𝑪 � ℎ + 𝑸𝑸
𝛥𝛥𝑻𝑻(𝑖𝑖) = 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 (𝑸𝑸𝑏𝑏 + 𝑸𝑸𝑠𝑠 ) + 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 (𝑸𝑸 � 𝑟𝑟 )(𝑖𝑖−1) − 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 (𝑸𝑸
� 𝑐𝑐 + 𝒒𝒒
�𝑐𝑐 )(𝑖𝑖−1)
𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥

All the terms are defined in Table 7.2.

 The linearized equation for the 𝛼𝛼 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 takes the following similar form:
1 (𝑖𝑖−1) (𝑖𝑖−1) (𝑖𝑖−1)
𝑡𝑡+𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 𝑐𝑐 ℎ 𝑟𝑟
(𝑲𝑲 + 𝑲𝑲 + 𝑲𝑲 ) + ⋅ 𝑪𝑪 𝛥𝛥𝑻𝑻(𝑖𝑖) = 𝑡𝑡+𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 � ℎ + 𝑸𝑸
𝑸𝑸𝑏𝑏 + 𝑸𝑸𝑠𝑠 + 𝑡𝑡+𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 𝑸𝑸 � 𝑟𝑟 � 𝑐𝑐 + 𝒒𝒒
− 𝑡𝑡+𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 𝑸𝑸 �𝑐𝑐
𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼

 The choice of the 𝛼𝛼 parameter gives the specific direct integration method as follow:
𝜶𝜶 = 0 Explicit Euler forward method:
This scheme requires no assembly and no inversion of the system matrices and the equations are decoupled (for lumped
thermal capacitance matrix). However, the scheme needs a critical time step for stability that normally leads to excessive
number of steps for the solution.
𝜶𝜶 = ½ Implicit trapezoidal or Crank-Nicolson rule:
This is an implicit unconditionally stable with second order accuracy.
𝜶𝜶 = 1 Implicit Euler backward method.
This is an implicit unconditionally stable scheme with first order accuracy. The accuracy of this scheme is better than the
Euler forward scheme which is also a first order accurate scheme.
DEVELOPMENT OF HT ELEMENTS
DEVELOPMENT OF HT ELEMENTS – 2D PLANE TRIANGULAR ELEMENT

The shape functions for triangular element are given by (refer to Chapter-4, Section 6.4):
1
𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 = (𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 + 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦), 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘 (7.51a)
2𝛥𝛥

1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
where: 2∆= 1 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑦𝑦𝑗𝑗 = 2(area of the traiangle) and 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 , 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 and 𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖 are defined as follow:
1 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 𝑦𝑦𝑘𝑘
𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑦𝑦𝑘𝑘 −𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 𝑦𝑦𝑗𝑗 , 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 = 𝑦𝑦𝑗𝑗 − 𝑦𝑦𝑘𝑘 , 𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 − 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 (7.51b)
DEVELOPMENT OF HT ELEMENTS – 2D PLANE TRIANGULAR ELEMENT
Table 7.4 Element matrices for 3-node triangular conduction element
Consistent thermal capacity matrix: Lumped thermal capacity matrix:
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2 1 1 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 1 0 0
𝐶𝐶 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. = 1 2 1 𝐶𝐶 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 0 1 0
12 3
1 1 2 0 0 1
Additional conductivity due to convection on element face
Thermal conductivity matrix: surface (𝑆𝑆):
𝑇𝑇 𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑇 𝑆𝑆
ℎ𝑆𝑆 2 1 1
𝐾𝐾𝐶𝐶 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐵𝐵 𝐾𝐾 𝐵𝐵 𝐾𝐾ℎ = � ℎ 𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1 2 1
𝑆𝑆 12
1 1 2
Additional conductivity due to convection on element Nodal heat flux vector due to specified heat flux input on
edge surface (𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 ): element edge surface (𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 ):
ℎ𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 2 1 𝑞𝑞 𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 1
𝐾𝐾ℎ = � ℎ 𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑇 𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑠𝑠
𝑄𝑄 = � 𝑞𝑞 𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 6 1 2 𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 2 1
Nodal heat flux vector due to specified heat flux input on
Nodal heat flux vector due to internal heat generation
element face surface (𝑆𝑆):
𝑞𝑞 𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 1
𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑇
𝑞𝑞 𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆 1 𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 𝑇𝑇
𝑄𝑄 = � 𝑞𝑞 𝑁𝑁 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 1
𝑄𝑄 = � 𝑞𝑞 𝑁𝑁 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1 𝐴𝐴 12
𝑆𝑆 3 1
1
Heat flux vector due to convection on element face surface Heat flux vector due to convection on element edge surface
(𝑆𝑆): (𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 ):

ℎ 𝑇𝑇
ℎ𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 𝑆𝑆 1 ℎ𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 1
𝑄𝑄 = � ℎ𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑁 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1 𝑄𝑄 ℎ
= � ℎ𝑇𝑇 𝑁𝑁 𝑇𝑇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
𝑆𝑆 3 𝑒𝑒
2 1
1 𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒

• Note that: For element face surface: S = ∆: area of the triangle; For an element edge surface: 𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 = 𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
DEVELOPMENT OF HT ELEMENTS – 2D AXISYMMETRIC TRIANGULAR ELEMENT

1
𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 = (𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 + 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦), 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘 (7.51a)
2𝛥𝛥

1 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖
where: 2∆= 1 𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 𝑧𝑧𝑗𝑗 = 2(area of the traiangle) and 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 , 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 and 𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖 are defined as follow
1 𝑟𝑟𝑘𝑘 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘

𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘 −𝑟𝑟𝑘𝑘 𝑧𝑧𝑗𝑗 , 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 = 𝑧𝑧𝑗𝑗 − 𝑧𝑧𝑘𝑘 , 𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟𝑘𝑘 − 𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 (7.51b)
DEVELOPMENT OF HT ELEMENTS – 2D AXISYMMETRIC TRIANGULAR ELEMENT
Table 7.5 Element matrices for 3-node axisymmetric triangular conduction element
Consistent thermal capacity matrix: Thermal conductivity matrix:
(𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 + 𝑟𝑟𝑘𝑘 ) 𝑇𝑇
2(3𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 + 𝑟𝑟𝑘𝑘 ) (2𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 2𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 + 𝑟𝑟𝑘𝑘 ) (2𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 2𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 + 𝑟𝑟𝑘𝑘 ) 𝐾𝐾𝐶𝐶 = 𝛥𝛥 𝐵𝐵 𝐾𝐾 𝐵𝐵
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 3
𝐶𝐶 = 2(3𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 + 𝑟𝑟𝑘𝑘 ) (𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 2𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 + 2𝑟𝑟𝑘𝑘 )
12 2(3𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 + 𝑟𝑟𝑘𝑘 )

Nodal heat flux vector due to internal heat generation: Additional conductivity due to convection on element edge
surface (𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 with edge 𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ):
(2𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 𝑟𝑟 𝑗𝑗 + 𝑟𝑟𝑘𝑘 )
𝑞𝑞 𝑏𝑏 𝛥𝛥
𝑄𝑄 𝑏𝑏
= (𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 2𝑟𝑟 𝑗𝑗 + 𝑟𝑟𝑘𝑘 ) ℎ⋅𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (3𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 ) (𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 )
12 𝐾𝐾ℎ =
(𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 𝑟𝑟 𝑗𝑗 + 2𝑘𝑘) 12 (𝑖𝑖 + 𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 ) (𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 3𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 )

Heat flux vector due to heat flux on element edge surface Heat flux vector due to convection on element edge surface
(𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 with edge 𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ): (𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 with edge 𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ):
𝑞𝑞 𝑆𝑆 𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ℎ𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑆𝑆
𝑄𝑄 = (2𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 ) (𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 2𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 ) 𝑇𝑇 𝑄𝑄 ℎ = (2𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 ) (𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 + 2𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗 ) 𝑇𝑇
6 6

Note that the surface area S is given by:

• For the element face surface: S = ∆: area of the triangle
• For an element edge surface: 𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 = 𝑡𝑡 � 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
• 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
DEVELOPMENT OF HT ELEMENTS – 2D ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS
Isoparametric Elements:

𝜼𝜼
𝜼𝜼 𝝃𝝃, 𝜼𝜼 = −𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟏 𝝃𝝃, 𝜼𝜼 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟏
y 𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 , 𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑
𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟒𝟒 , 𝒚𝒚𝟒𝟒
(-1,1) (1,1)
T3
T4 qs
4 3
qb 𝝃𝝃
𝝃𝝃
1 2 T1
(1,-1) T2
(-1,-1) 𝝃𝝃, 𝜼𝜼 = −𝟏𝟏, −𝟏𝟏
𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 , 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 𝝃𝝃, 𝜼𝜼 = 𝟏𝟏, −𝟏𝟏
h(Ts-Te) 𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 , 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐

x
(a) Square element in the (b) Applying linear mapping
reference (analysis) plane

Figure 7.9 2D Isoparametric quad element

 DEVELOPMENT OF HT ELEMENTS – 2D ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS
Isoparametric Elements:
For isoparametric elements, the shape function and element equations are developed in a natural coordinate system (for 3D:𝝃𝝃, 𝜼𝜼, 𝜻𝜻 )
and the element is then mapped to the Cartesian coordinate system (for 3D: 𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚, 𝒛𝒛).
For 3D solid element (all other cases follow similar development), the temperature and geometry approximation will be given by:
𝑻𝑻 = 𝑵𝑵𝒊𝒊 𝝃𝝃, 𝜼𝜼, 𝜻𝜻 𝑻𝑻𝒊𝒊 ; 𝑖𝑖 = 1, 𝑛𝑛 No. of nodes⁄elem
𝒙𝒙 = 𝑵𝑵𝒊𝒊 𝝃𝝃, 𝜼𝜼, 𝜻𝜻 𝒙𝒙𝒊𝒊 ; 𝒚𝒚 = 𝑵𝑵𝒊𝒊 𝝃𝝃, 𝜼𝜼, 𝜻𝜻 𝒚𝒚𝒊𝒊 ; 𝒛𝒛 = 𝑵𝑵𝒊𝒊 𝝃𝝃, 𝜼𝜼, 𝜻𝜻 𝒛𝒛𝒊𝒊 ; 𝑖𝑖 = 1, 𝑛𝑛 (𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛⁄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒)

Tables for shape functions are available for various types of elements: Refer to Tables 6.2-6.5.
The Jacobian transformation matrix, which is 3x3 for 3D, will be obtained from the following chain rule of differentiation:
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 −1 𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
or 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 𝐽𝐽 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
and 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 𝐽𝐽 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

The relations between the differential elements in the two coordinate systems are given by:
For 3D: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐽𝐽 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑; For 2D: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐽𝐽 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and for 1D: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐽𝐽 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
The 𝐵𝐵 matrix (for 3D) is given by:

𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 ⁄𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝐵𝐵 = ⋯ 𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 ⁄𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖, 𝑛𝑛 (No. of nodes/elem)
𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 ⁄𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
The inverse Jacobian is used to transform derivatives from the natural coordinates, 𝜉𝜉, 𝜂𝜂, 𝜁𝜁, to the x,y,z; hence the final equations may
be integrated and the element heat balance equations are obtained from the formulas given in Table 7.2.
DEVELOPMENT OF HT ELEMENTS – 2D ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS
Table 6.2 Shape functions for 4-9 nodes quadrilateral isoparametric element

Shape Function Optional Nodes

Node 𝜉𝜉𝑖𝑖 , 𝜂𝜂𝑖𝑖 (Include only if the node exists)
𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 (𝜉𝜉, 𝜂𝜂 )
i 5 6 7 8 9
1 -1, -1 𝑁𝑁1 = (1 − 𝜉𝜉 )(1 − 𝜂𝜂 )/4 −𝑁𝑁5 /2 −𝑁𝑁8 /2 −𝑁𝑁9 /4

2 1, -1 𝑁𝑁2 = (1 + 𝜉𝜉 )(1 − 𝜂𝜂 )/4 −𝑁𝑁5 /2 −𝑁𝑁6 /2 −𝑁𝑁9 /4

3 1, 1 𝑁𝑁3 = (1 + 𝜉𝜉 )(1 + 𝜂𝜂 )/4 −𝑁𝑁6 /2 −𝑁𝑁7 /2 −𝑁𝑁9 /4

4 -1, 1 𝑁𝑁4 = (1 − 𝜉𝜉 )(1 + 𝜂𝜂 )/4 −𝑁𝑁7 /2 −𝑁𝑁8 /2 −𝑁𝑁9 /4

5 0, -1 𝑁𝑁5 = (1 − 𝜉𝜉 2 )(1 − 𝜂𝜂 )/2 −𝑁𝑁9 /2

6 1, 0 𝑁𝑁6 = (1 + 𝜉𝜉 )(1 − 𝜂𝜂 2 )/2 −𝑁𝑁9 /2

7 0, 1 𝑁𝑁7 = (1 − 𝜉𝜉 2 )(1 + 𝜂𝜂 )/2 −𝑁𝑁9 /2

8 -1, 0 𝑁𝑁8 = (1 − 𝜉𝜉 )(1 − 𝜂𝜂 2 )/2 −𝑁𝑁9 /2

9 0, 0 𝑁𝑁9 = (1 − 𝜉𝜉 2 )(1 − 𝜂𝜂 2 )
EXAMPLES
 Example-B
Example: 2 4 6
Compute the steady state temperature distribution for the plate shown in Figure
1 4
P6. A constant temperature of 100 °C is maintained at nodes 1 and 2. Assume
1m
the thermal conductivities are kx = ky = 10 W/m°C and the plate thickness is 0.1 2 3
m (Figure P6).
1 3 5
Solution 1m 1m
The following Matlab code may be used to calculate shape function and conductivity
matrix for triangular element, by inputting the element coordinates, thickness and Figure P6
conductivities in x and y:

% Define variables
xi=0, yi=-0, xj=0, yj=0, xk=0, yk=0, th=0.0,
kx=100, ky=0, alpha=0, DTemp=0,

% Shape function
delta=[1 xi yi;1 xj yj;1 xk yk],
area=0.5*det(delta)
fac=1/(2*area)
ai=fac*(xj*yk-xk*yj), bi= fac*(yj-yk), ci= fac*(xk-xj),
aj= fac*(xk*yi-xi*yk), bj= fac*(yk-yi), cj= fac*(xi-xk),
ak= fac*(xi*yj-xj*yi), bk= fac*(yi-yj), ck= fac*(xj-xi),
 Example-B

% Set symbolic variables

syms x y T Ti Tj Tk Ni Nj Nk Nmatrix
Ni=ai+bi*x+ci*y, Nj= aj+bj*x+cj*y, Nk=ak+bk*x+ck*y
Nmatrix=[Ni Nj Nk], pretty (Nmatrix)

% Build the B-matrix

B=[bi bj bk; ci cj ck], BT=transpose (B)

% Build the K-matrix

K=[kx 0; 0 ky]

% Form the Conductivity-matrix

vol=th*area
KC=BT*K*B*vol
 Example-B

For element-1: For element-2:

Nmatrix = [ 1 - y, x, y - x] Nmatrix = [ 1 - x, x - y, y]
B = [0 1 -1 B = [-1 1 0
-1 0 1] 0 -1 1]
KC = [0.5000 0 -0.5000 KC = [ 0.5000 -0.5000 0
0 0.5000 -0.5000 W/C -0.5000 1.0000 -0.5000 W/C
-0.5000 -0.5000 1.0000 ] 0 -0.5000 0.5000 ]

For element-3: For element-4:

Nmatrix = [ 2 - y - x, x - 1, y] Nmatrix = [ 1 - y, x + y - 2, 2 - x]
B = [-1 1 0 B = [ 0 1 -1
-1 0 1] -1 1 0 ]
KC = KC =
1.0000 -0.5000 -0.5000 0.5000 -0.5000 0
-0.5000 0.5000 0 W/C -0.5000 1.0000 -0.5000 W/C
-0.5000 0 0.5000 0 -0.5000 0.5000
 Example-B

The global unreduced conductivity matrix becomes:

1.0 −0.5 −0.5 0 0 0 𝑇𝑇1 𝑄𝑄1
1.0 0 −0.5 0 0 𝑇𝑇2 𝑄𝑄2
2.0 −1.0 −0.5 0 𝑇𝑇3 0
=
2.0 0 −0.5 𝑇𝑇4 0
1.0 −0.5 𝑇𝑇5 0
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 0 1.0 𝑇𝑇6 0
With BC: 𝑇𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑇2 = 100 𝑜𝑜𝐶𝐶
The reduced conductivity matrix and equations become:

2.0 −1.0 −0.5 0 𝑇𝑇3 50

2.0 0 −0.5 𝑇𝑇4
= 50
1.0 −0.5 𝑇𝑇5 0
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 1.0 𝑇𝑇6 0

Which gives: 𝑇𝑇3 = 𝑇𝑇4 = 𝑇𝑇5 = 𝑇𝑇6 = 100 𝑜𝑜𝐶𝐶

Example-C

k = 10 W / (m K) T1= 400 °C
c = 800 J / (kg K)
A thick wall, as shown in Figure P3, has one side maintained at Tf=100 oC
a constant temperature (T1 = 400 oC) and the other side ρ = 30 kg/m h = 60 W m
/ (2 oK)
subjected to a convection boundary condition with a fluid
temperature of Tf = 100 oC and fluid film coefficient h =
60 W/(m2 K). It is assumed that the heat flow is only in the
direction between the two walls (i.e., one dimensional) and that
0.6 m
the initial temperature of the wall is Ti = 50 oC. The wall
material has a thermal conductivity coefficient k =
10 W / (m K), a specific heat coefficient cp = 800 J / (kg K), a
mass per unit thickness ρ = 30 kg/m3 and a wall thickness of Figure P3

0.6 m. Use three 1D heat transfer elements with two nodes per
element to model the problem and determine the transient
temperature profile for three time steps of ∆t = 10 s. Use the α-
method for the time-integration and choose α = 0.5. How does
the solution change for various combination of ∆t and α?
Example-C
Solution
The problem is linear transient analysis, and we have the following governing equations:
t+αΔt
𝐂𝐂 t+αΔt 𝐓𝐓̇ + t+αΔt 𝐊𝐊 𝑐𝑐 + 𝐊𝐊 ℎ t+αΔt
𝐓𝐓 = t+αΔt
𝐐𝐐
Applying the linearization assumptions:
1 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 1
𝑡𝑡+𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 𝑻𝑻̇ = ( 𝑻𝑻 − 𝑡𝑡 𝑻𝑻) = ( 𝑡𝑡+𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 𝑻𝑻 − 𝑡𝑡 𝑻𝑻) and 𝑻𝑻 = 𝛼𝛼 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝑻𝑻 + 1 − 𝛼𝛼 𝑡𝑡 𝑻𝑻
𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝛼𝛼⋅𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
we get:
1 𝑡𝑡+𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 1
𝐂𝐂 + 𝛼𝛼 𝐊𝐊 𝑐𝑐 + 𝐊𝐊 ℎ 𝐓𝐓 = 𝑡𝑡+𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
𝑸𝑸 + 𝐂𝐂 + 𝛼𝛼 − 1 (𝐊𝐊 𝑐𝑐 + 𝐊𝐊 ℎ ) 𝑡𝑡
𝐓𝐓 or:
𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥

[Updated conductivity matrix] {unknown temp at 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥}=

{flux vector at 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼} + {additional flux vector due to BC at 𝑡𝑡}
Example-C

Utilizing the following equations:

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2 1 𝑘𝑘 1 −1 0 0
𝐶𝐶 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. = , 𝐾𝐾𝐶𝐶 = , 𝐾𝐾ℎ = ℎ we get:
6 1 2 𝐿𝐿 −1 1 0 1
1.6 0.8 0 0 50 −50 0 0
0.8 3.2 0.8 0 𝐽𝐽 100 −50 0 𝑊𝑊
𝐶𝐶 = 103 , 𝐾𝐾𝑐𝑐 =
0 0.8 3.2 0.8 𝐾𝐾 100 −50 𝐾𝐾
0 0 0.8 1.6 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 50

0 0 0 0 0
0
= 0 0 0 0 𝑊𝑊
Kh , 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑊𝑊 (only at node-4 = ℎ ∗ 𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓 )
0 0 0 0 𝐾𝐾 0
0 0 0 60 6000
400
50
BC: 𝑇𝑇1 𝑡𝑡 = 400 𝑜𝑜𝐶𝐶 , Initial conditions: at 𝑡𝑡 = 0, 0
𝑇𝑇 =
𝑜𝑜
𝐶𝐶
50
50
 Example-C
Let 𝜶𝜶 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓, 𝜟𝜟𝜟𝜟 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔, 𝒕𝒕 + 𝜟𝜟𝜟𝜟 = 𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔, The equations take the following form for step-1:

1.6 0.8 0 0 50 −50 0 0 0

𝟏𝟏 3 3.2 0.8 0 100 −50 0 10 0
10 + 0.5 𝑇𝑇 = +
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 3.2 0.8 100 −50 0
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 1.6 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 50 6000

1.6 0.8 0 0 50 −50 0 0

1 3 3.2 0.8 0 100 −50 0 0
10 + (0.5 − 1) 𝑇𝑇
10 3.2 0.8 100 −50
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 1.6 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 50

185 55 0 0 59250
370 55 0 10 60750
Or 𝑇𝑇 =
370 55 24000
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 215 16500

Applying the BC: 𝑇𝑇1 𝑡𝑡 = 400 𝑜𝑜𝐶𝐶, we get:

350 55 0 10
𝑇𝑇2 60750 55 ∗ 400 10
𝑇𝑇2 98.74
370 55 𝑇𝑇3 = 24000 − 0 Solving, we get: 𝑇𝑇3 = 40.31 𝑜𝑜
𝐶𝐶 , 𝑇𝑇1 = 400 𝑜𝑜
𝐶𝐶
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 215 𝑇𝑇4 16500 0 𝑇𝑇4 66.43
Example-C

2nd Step: 𝜶𝜶 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓, 𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔, 𝒕𝒕 + 𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔,
185 55 0 0 0 135 105 0 0 400
370 55 0 20 0 270 105 0 98.74
𝑇𝑇 = +
370 55 0 270 105 40.31
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 215 6000 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 105 66.43
400
20 130.6 𝑜𝑜
Applying BC and solving, we get: 𝑇𝑇 == 𝐶𝐶
46.8
68.1

3rd Step: 𝜶𝜶 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓, 𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔, 𝒕𝒕 + 𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔,
185 55 0 0 0 135 105 0 0 400
370 55 0 20 0 270 105 0 130.6
𝑇𝑇 == +
370 55 0 270 105 46.8
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 215 6000 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 105 68.1
400
20 154.1 𝑜𝑜
Applying BC and solving, we get: 𝑇𝑇 == 𝐶𝐶
57.3
69.3
Example-C
The following is a Matlab code that may be used to give the full solution. Try various options of the value of 𝜶𝜶 and
investigate how the solution becomes unstable for 𝜶𝜶 < 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 and for large values of 𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫.
 College of Engineering and Computer Science
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mec 551: CFD and HT

Mohamed S. Gadala, Ph.D., P.Eng.

Professor of Mechanical Engineering
e-mail: gadala@mech.ubc.ca
mohamed.gadala@adu.ac.ae MEC 463: Turbomachinery