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13 Design of Mufflers Silencers PDF
13 Design of Mufflers Silencers PDF
Duct or pipe
2. Reactive muffler:
40 mm
Perforated tubes
Wi Wt Anechoic
Muffler Termination
Wr
Wi
TL (dB) = 10 log10
Wt
SPL2
Muffler
10
0
TL and IL (dB)
-20
-30
Insertion Loss
-40
Transmission Loss
-50
Frequency (Hz)
Pipe resonances
Source Su Su
Any acoustic
system
P Zt
(sound pressure
reaction)
P Termination z Pt
Input or load
z= = r + jx impedance t
= = rt + jxt
impedance
Su Sut
Named for:
ρo c 2 S B2
V K=
V
x L’ is the equivalent length of
L M = ρo S B Lʹ′ the neck (some air on either
end also moves).
SB F = PSB
uB
M
x + Kx = PSB x = jω uB
x= Damping due to viscosity in the
jω neck are neglected
" K%
j $ω M − ' uB = PSB
# ω&
" 1 %" K SB
P K% z B → 0 when ω = =c
zB = = j $ 2 '$ω M − ' M Lʹ′V
SB uB # SB & # ω&
(resonance frequency of the Helmholtz resonator)
c SB 343 π (0.02 )2 4
fn = =
2π Lʹ′V 2π (0.08)(355 ×10 −6 )
f n = 182 Hz
2
⎡ ⎛ c 2S ⎞ ⎤
TL (dB ) = 10 log10 ⎢1 + ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ωLʹ′ S B − c ωV ⎠ ⎥⎦
Anechoic termination
20
V = 0.001 m3 15
L = 25 mm
TL (dB)
SB = 2 x 10-4 m2 10
S = 8 x 10-4 m2 35 Hz
5
fn = 154 Hz 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Frequency (Hz)
V zB zA
z zA
zB z A
z= Can we make ZB zero?
z
zB + z A
P ! 1 $! K$ K SB
zB = = j # 2 &#ω M − & z B → 0 when ω = =c
SB uB " SB % " ω% M Lʹ′V
K2
Original System
F M1 x x
F M1
Tuned Dynamic Absorber
K1 K1
K 2 K1
tune =
M 2 M1
|x/F|
Original system
ω/ω1
Dept. of Mech. Engineering 15 Noise and Vibration
University of Kentucky Short Course
Resonances in an Open Pipe
Design of Mufflers and Silencers
P = 1 Pa
Lp= 1 m
source
c 343
λ1 = 2L p = → f1 = = 171.5 Hz
First mode f1 2 (1)
c 343
Second Mode λ2 = L p = → f2 = = 343 Hz
f2 1(1)
etc.
2
⎡ ⎛ c 2S ⎞ ⎤
TL (dB ) = 10 log10 ⎢1 + ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ωLʹ′ S B − c ωV ⎠ ⎥⎦
Anechoic termination
V = 750 cm3
L = 2.5 cm (L’= 6.75 cm)
DB = 5 cm (SB= 19.6 cm2)
D = 10 cm (S = 78.5 cm2)
fn = 340 Hz
_____
* e.g., engine intake systems
j ρo c
zB = − cot (ω L c) = 0 when ω L c = nπ 2 n = 1, 3, 5...
SB
nπ c
ωn =
2L
nc nc "λ%
fn = or L = = n$ '
4L 4f #4&
Dept. of Mech. Engineering 20 Noise and Vibration
University of Kentucky Short Course
Summary 2
Design of Mufflers and Silencers
25
20
TL (dB)
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Frequency (Hz)
9”
18”
2”
2” 6” 2”
30
25
20
TL (dB)
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Frequency (Hz)
2” 9” 6” 2”
30
25
20
(same for extended outlet)
TL (dB)
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Frequency (Hz)
4” 6”
50
40
30
TL (dB)
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Frequency (Hz)
Quarter-wave resonator
Source
termination
Area change
Engine
Expansion chamber
Pump
Compressor Helmholtz Resonator
(intake or exhaust)
The sound pressure p and the particle velocity v are the acoustic state variables
p1 = Ap2 + BS2 u2
any acoustic 2
S1u1 = Cp2 + DS2 u2
component
p1, u1 or
!# p %# ( ! %#
1 A B +# p2
" & =* -" &
#$ S1u1 #' ) C D ,#$ S2 u2 #'
p2, u2
⎡ Ai Bi ⎤
[Ti ] = ⎢ Transfer matrix of ith component
⎣Ci Di ⎥⎦ 2×2
!# p %# !# p %# !# p %#
1 2 2
" & = [T1 ] [T2 ] [T3 ][Tn ] " & = ()Tsystem *+" &
#$ S1u1 #' #$ S2 u2 #' #$ S2 u2 #'
⎡ Asystem Bsystem ⎤
[T system ] = ⎢
Dsystem ⎥⎦
⎣Csystem 2×2
k’,zc
(complex wave number and
complex characteristic impedance)
( jzc +
!# % * cos ( k ' L ) sin ( k ' L )-! %#
p1 # * S2 -# p2
" &= -" S u &
S1u1 #' * jS1 S1
#$ * sin ( k ' L ) cos ( k ' L ) -#$ 2 2 #'
*) zc S2 -,
p1 = p2
S1 S1u1 = S2 u2
S2
!# p %# ( !# p %#
1 2 1 1 0 + 2
" & =* -" &
#$ S1u1 #' ) 0 1 ,#$ S2 u2 #'
straight
S S’ S tube
area changes
! j ρo c $
# cos ( kL ) sin ( kL ) &
! 1 0 $# S' &! 1 0 $
[T ] = # & &#" 0 1 &%
" 0 1 %# jS ' sin ( kL ) cos ( kL )
# &
#" ρo c &%
! j ρo c $
# cos ( kL ) sin ( kL ) &
S' &
[T ] = ## jS ' &
# sin ( kL ) cos ( kL ) &
ρ
#" o c &%
18”
2” 6” 2”
S'
=9
S
p1 = p2 = pB
S Su1 = SB uB + Su2
zB = pB SB uB = p2 SB uB
1 2
Su1 = ( p2 zB ) + Su2
!# p %# ( +!# p %#
1 1 0
" & =* -" 2 &
#$ Su1 #' *) 1 zB 1 -,#$ Su2 #'
ρo c 2 S B2
V K=
V
x L’ is the equivalent length of
L M = ρo S B Lʹ′ the neck (some air on either
end also moves).
SB F = PSB
uB
M
x + Kx = PSB x = jω uB
x= Damping due to viscosity in the
jω neck are neglected
" K%
j $ω M − ' uB = PSB
# ω&
" 1 %" K SB
P K% z B → 0 when ω = =c
zB = = j $ 2 '$ω M − ' M Lʹ′V
SB uB # SB & # ω&
(resonance frequency of the Helmholtz resonator)
Wi ⎡ A B ⎤ Wt Anechoic
⎢C D ⎥ Termination
Wr ⎣ ⎦
1 2
!# A Z + B Z Z + C + D Z %#
IL = 20 log10 " S T S T
&
#$ A0 Z S + B0 ZT Z S + C0 + D0 ZT #'
Muffler
Incident Wave p1 p2
Reflected Wave u1 = u2
Transmitted Wave
u
ztr
p1 p2
p1 − p2
ztr =
Su
Dept. of Mech. Engineering 40 Noise and Vibration
University of Kentucky Short Course
Source/Load Concept
Design of Mufflers and Silencers
Source Load
zs , ps zL , pL
L1 L2
Muffler zt , pt
zs
IL = f (TL, zs , zt )
zL
ps pL pt = f (TL, zs , zt , ps )
10
0
Actual source impedance
-10 Pressure source (Zs=0)
Velocity source (Zs=infinite)
-20
Anechoic source (Zs=rho*c)
-30
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency (Hz)