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1. Historical Control Systems: 1. Historical Control Systems:
• Weight Regulated Liquid Filling Device(1st Century AD) • Flyball Governor (James Watt 1788)
Pivot Joint The first crude governors
were working reasonably
well. However, precisely
machined governors showed
unstable pressure oscillations
Close (default) Position in the steam generators.
Full WHY?
Open Position
Empty
valve
Empty Steam
Engine RPM Generator
2. Mathematical Modeling of
Plant/System
damper
spring
• Spring resists displacement (reactive force is prop to displacement)
Prof. Rohan Munasinghe
Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering • Damper resists speed (reactive force is proportional to speed)
Faculty of Engineering
University of Moratuwa 10400 (2.1)
(2.3)
For DC Voltage
(3.47)
Partial fraction
(3.49)
11 12
System Response with Laplace
1
1 L−1 − at
=e
L−1 = u s(t) s + a
s
• Transforming back to time domain
(3.50)
13 14
Homogeneous Response Exogenous Response
15 16
System Response with Laplace System Response: Partial Fractions
• Mechanical System Response • Case 1:
(2.2)
(3.52)
(3.51)
Where
where negative, real, distinct poles
• Transforming into Laplace domain Poles are determined by the system parameters
(3.55),
Steady-state
Decay with time ‘cos ∝1∝2 are -ve
response where
Transient response
19 20
System Response with Laplace Steady State and Transient Responses
• Transforming back to time domain
• Transient response
– Decaying response
– Depends both on Initial conditions and external forcing function
• For
21 22
Steady-state response Transient response
23 24
Matlab Code
(3.61)
d()/ds
1/s
where s
IC and System System
Response
damper
spring
27 28
Simulation: Case 2 Critical Damping MatLab
Adjust (increase) spring earlier Simulation
constant to achieve critical Critical Damping
damping 2
b • Fast response
k=
2m • No overshoots
Poles α1 = α 2 = −7
• Most energy
efficient
Deflection at steady state
29 30
31 32
Response: Case 3 Under Damped Response : Case 3 Under Damped
−σt
but s => (s+σ) exponential scaling e cos ωt
Refer Appendix
for derivation
but s => (s+σ) exponential scaling
• Decaying sinusoidal indicates an oscillation, which is a
e −σt sin ωt result of weaker damper to resist the speed
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
33
Steady state response 34
Under Damped
Oscillatory
Response
Response
• Poles
• Oscillatory due to
dominant spring
action
• Oscillation decays.
Response is stable
35 36
Response
Comparison Over