Era Time Political Socio- Philosophical

Period Situation Economic Aspect

condition
Hundred Years War -Church has very -one third of - Petrarch is considered to
Middle age (1337 – 1453) strong and European lost their be the founder of the
 Renaissance dominant role . life due to black humanist movement
(1300-1600) The Black Death death. during the Renaissance.
(1346 - 1400 ) -Furthermore,
Monarch and - From 1370 - Erasmus, a Dutch
Italian Renaissance other nobles onwards grain humanist, that played a
(1350 – 1527) occupied the prices started to fell significant role during the
political arena but drastically as church Renaissance in Europe.
Northern this feudal system was playing a
Renaissance began to collapse dominant role
(1450 – 1648)
- With the advent -During the
of black death Renaissance, the
people started European economy
challenging the grew dramatically,
authority of particularly in the
church area of trade.
- Renaissance Improvements in
humanists such as banking, expanding
Petrarch trade routes, and
promoted the idea new manufacturing
that citizens systems.
should be
educated in these
topics in order to
allow
them to
participate in the
social and
political life of
their society

Commercial Reformation Age of discovery Age of discovery

Early modern Revolution - Its religious - Vasco da Gama -Vasco de Gama and
period (1488 – 1776) aspects were and Christopher Christopher Columbuss.
(Europe, 1453 – 1789) supplemented by Columbus brought
ambitious political enormous changed Reformation
rulers who wanted to peoples social as - Henry VIII
Reformation
to extend their economic life with - MARTIN LUTHER The
(1517 – 1648)
power and control the discovery of Protest Reformation began
at the expense of America and route at the start of the 16th
Treaty of
the Church. to Asia. century. Historians
Westphalia
consider it have started
(1648)
-Ruler England of -Columbian with the publication of
England made Exchange 1492 - Martin Luther’s ‘Ninety-
Scientific Revolution
himself as the 1776 Vast five Theses’
(1543-1789)
Supreme Head of exchange of goods, - Huldrych Zwingli, helped
the Church of culture, diseases, advance the Reformation
Enlightenment
England. and ideas between in his native Switzerland
(1700 – 1800)
Europe and the
 - Dutch Revolt New World, caused
1568 - 1648 The by the Commercial Scientific Revolution
revolts of the Revolution -Nicholas Copernicus
protestant Dutch (1473-1543)
against the -Isaac Newton (1642-
Catholic Spain Reformation 1727).
ending in Dutch -Marriage between
separation from loyal family was Enlightenment
Spain observed as a way
to expand the - John Locke Enlightened
- Ruler of France power thinker who urged that the
using his religion -A major event that role of government is to
governed peoples altered and protect the people from
based on religion. challenged the rule themselves. Used idea of
of church and Natural Rights, or rights
Treaty of created a divide that everyone should be
Westphalia resulting in granted, an idea embraced
-Ended the 30 protestants and by the French Revolution.
years and gave a Catholics
new put a look to -Rousseau Possibly the
the functioning o f most important figure in
a state ,for Scientific the Enlightenment, many
instance, revolution of his ideas on the Social
Recognized the -The Scientific Contract influenced French
territorial Revolution peasantry during the
sovereignty and compelled the French Revolution
clearly negated ability of scientists .
the influence of to come to their - The philosophies of men
other states into own conclusions like Hobbes, Locke, and
the religious rather than Voltaire.
affairs of one’s deferring to
own country. authority which
confirmed the
capabilities and
worth of the
individual

Enlightenment
- The
Enlightenment was
an intellectual and
cultural movement
of the 17th and
18th
centuries. The
major thinkers of
the
Enlightenment
stressed the value
of
reason over blind
faith and
superstition.

- The introduction -Colonies provided French Revolution

•Long Nineteenth
Industrial of steam engine the raw materials - Lazare Carnot
 Revolution made the necessary to -Napoleon Bonaparte
Century (1750 – 1900) agriculture less quench the thirst of
(1789–1914) important as hungry machines Industrial Revolution
industries rose James Watt, Richard
and machines -Peasant class Trevithick and George
replaced the role financial conditions Stephenson, Robert
of humans. declined. Fulton, Michael Faraday

- Heavy taxes,
French Revolution usury, revived on
(1789 – 1799) the peasant class
made them angry
and forced them
to act against or
revolt against the
monarch.
-A divide between
church and
monarch was also
witnessed here.
Assignment 1

Done by: Raja Shahwaze Abbas

Roll number: 32116