Renaissance and Reformation Study Guide

Renaissance Material:

Renaissance- rebirth following the Middle Ages a movement that centered on the revival on interest
in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Humanism- An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements. Individual
importance

Secular- Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters. Government separate from religion

Patrons- a person who provides financial support for the arts

What areas did the Renaissance focus on? human beauty and nature

Why was Italy the beginning of the Renaissance? the concentration of wealth, power, intellect in the
church

Know Characteristics of a Renaissance Man and Women. (Renaissance Man- A person who is successful
when it comes to working, and overall universal, knows how to dance, fight, sing, write poetry, and
how to create art, and is well educated with the classics.)

(Renaissance Woman Women who were upper class, educated, charming and inspires art.)

Describe what art was like during the Renaissance. abstract forms from the medieval period.

People of Renaissance Era:

Michelangelo- (1475-1564) Italian Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet; he sculpted the
Pieta and the David, and he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which took him four years to
paint. The ceiling shows sweeping scenes from the Old Testament of the Bible.

Leonardo Da Vinci- Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the
Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in
some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c.
1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Donatello- Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466)

Raphael Sanzio- Italian Renaissance artist who painted rooms at the Vatican. Most famously the
School of Athens.

Niccolo Machiavelli- wrote The Prince....."Better to Be loved or feared"

Petrarch- Sonnets to Laura

Reformation Material:
Reformation- A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the
Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Heretic- a person believing in or practicing religious outside of the Catholic Church

Annul- declare invalid. The Catholic Church response to divorces

Edict of Worms- A proclamation from the Catholic Church that deemed Martin Luther a heretic. His
works were to be burned and Luther was deemed an outlaw; but Luther was able to safely escape into
hiding.

Peace of Augsburg- Allowed religious toleration in the German states

95 Theses- it was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being
the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against
the Roman Catholic Church.

Parliament Reformation- Allowed Henry VIII to break from the Catholic Church in England

Predestination- Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Jesuits- Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and
missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Theocracy- A government controlled by religious leaders

Anabaptists- Believed in the baptism at an age an individual understands the purpose.

Presbyterians- a member of a Presbyterian Church

Catholic Reformation- a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make
changes in response to the Protestant Reformation

Council of Trent- Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the
Protestants.

People of the Reformation:

Martin Luther- 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and
absolutist rule.

John Calvin- religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for
society

Pope Leo- excommunicated Martin Luther

Charles V- This was the Holy Roman Emperor. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the
Reformation.
Prince Fredrick the Wise- sheltered Luther in one of his castles

Henry VIII- Ruled England from 1509-1547. Broke with the Catholic Church to get a divorce in search of
a male heir

Edward- Henry VIII's only son, who took England in a more Protestant direction during his short reign.
Died at 15 without an heir

John Knox- Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland.

Ignatius of Loyola- Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual
Exercises.

Pope Paul III- This was the Pope that called the Council of Trent

Pope Paul IV- Pope who created the Index of Forbidden Books- Books on the list were burned

Know the Legacy of the Reformation- increasing literacy rates