Raphael sanzio: he belongs to the Florentine school of painting.

He was an
architect. He was employed in the service of pope Julius 2 and Leo 10. He became
famous for Madonna’s. Most celebrated painting was Sistine Madonna. He
surpassed Michelangelo in painting by creating dimension (width, height and
distance) to all his works in the signature room of the pope he created 4
masterpiece which represent the glory of Renaissance. He was employed as an
architect at the time of the construction of St .peters basilica.

Italy: the first master sculptor of renaissance was Lorenz Ghiberti (1378- 1455).

1. What is Renaissance? Discuss the renaissance personalities.

Reformation:
Reasons behind Reformation: the concept of unity in middle ages was
attacked by Humanism and by the spirit of individualism. The renaissance
rebelled against intellectual unity and centralized control.
The rise of national state shattered the medieval concept of a universal
state. The final assault was the Reformation which attacked the
monopolistic power of the universal church, one of the greatest of all
medieval institution.
Relations between the renaissance and the Reformation: both breakdowns
the old order and each contributed to the establishment of a new era.
The church before the Reformation:

1. Discuss the background of the Reformation in Europe.

2. Who was martin Luther? Discuss his opinion in Reformation.
2/12/2020

Lutheranism:
Lutheranism was the opinion of martin Luther. Actually the reformation
began in Germany. Many Germans were not good Roman Catholic either by
treatment or by training. There was no strong centralized government in
Germany to aid the church to carrying out its decree. It was the home of
martin Luther (1453-1546) .he was a well-educated man, much concerned
about the problem of eternal salvation and insisted that only through faith
the soul could be saved.

Martin Luther was a reformer at first but he came to a breaking point with
the church over the sale of indulgence. He questioned the whole system of
indulgence. His influence reached beyond the territorial limits of Germany.
He appealed individualism in religion. He appealed nationalism by
admitting the supremacy of state over the church. Lutheranism spread
specially in the Scandinavian countries where it was more generally
accepted than in Germany.

1. What was the main idea of Lutheranism?

14. 01. 2021

The counter Reformation: it means how the catholic church got reformed
from within, as if in response to the challenge posed by the rapid spread of
Protestantism. It was necessary for Catholic Church. Pope Paul 2 and his
successor tried to restore the pristine glory of the Catholic Church during
the latter half of the 16th century.

During the first phase these popes appointed men of great honesty,
sincerity, and great virtues in all high post in the church so that their
examples could be emulated by the lower clergy.
King Philip 2 of Spain goaded these popes to adopt a tough line with regard
to the corruption in the church. It may say that he spearheaded the
Counter Reformation movement, partly to refurbish the image of the
Catholic Church and partly to impose his royal despotism.

Jesuits:
A member of the society of Jesus, a roman Catholic order of priests founded
by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier and others in the 1534 to do
missionary work. Despite periodic persecution it has retained an important
influence in Catholic thought and education.
Jesuits dedicated services did not go in vain. A special mention must be made
of a Jesuits priest St. Francis Xavier. He went to China and Japan and worked
for Christianity. He came to India and breathed his last. His mortal’s remains
were preserved in the church of boon Jesus in old Goa.

18/01/2021
The results of Reformation
1. Reformation gave birth of Protestantism and it mainly appeared in
three forms: a) Lutheranism, b) Calvinism, c) Anglicanism

The Catholic Church barely understood peoples demand for reforms and
when it came it was too late.

2. Religious intolerance: Reformation not only brought clash between

Catholicism and Protestantism but also intolerance. Religious
intolerance found expression in the civil war in Germany and
subsequently the thirty years war.
3. The Reformation assumed in the form of nationalism, particularly in
England and Holland. The outcome was the rise of national monarchies.
4. Religion and politics got mix up in national politics. Religious minorities
and dissenters were severely punished. Puritans had to leave their
homeland.
5. Counter Reformation and the revive of Catholicism
6. The pope’s authority was not the undisputed leader of western
Christendom.
1. What was Reformation? Discuss the features of Reformation in
Europe.
2. Analyze the Reformation and Counter Reformation. What were the
ultimate results of Reformation?

20/01/2021
Revolution in England:
The rise of nation states in early part of 16th century is a most significant
historical phenomenon in modern European history. A look at the political
map of Europe in the year 1500 shows distinctly the emergence of national
states like England, France, Portugal, Denmark, Norway , Poland Hungary,
Sweden and Spain beside the Austrian, Russian and ottoman empire.

England:
England was going through the strains of civil war before the advent of
Tudor monarchies. When Henry- vii laid the foundation of Tudor despotism,
the British subjects gave their tacit consents. It was on account of the
strong rule of Henry- vii and Henry- viii that Britain emerged as a nation.
The rise of middle class went a long way in making the nation prosperous
and therefore the Tudor monarchies kept this class happy by encouraging
trade and commerce.

Actually Tudor despotism was based on the support of the middle

class(sometime known by the term Bourgeois) the Tudor monarch fulfilled
the aspiration of middle class. Nationalism became a byproduct of the
Tudor rule and it found its expression during the reformation period and
also in the establishment of Anglican Church.

25/01/ 2021
End of despotic tradition: the despotic tradition was begun by the Tudors in
15 and 16th century and came to an end with the rule of Stuart.

Divine right theory of kingship: king James 1 from Scotland becomes the
king of England and Scotland and he wanted to establish Divine right theory
of kingship. King James 1 was convinced that god had divinely ordained
kings to rule and any challenge to royal power must be crushed. His idea of
government was the king came from god and the law from the king.

The unpopular works of King James 1

Firstly he was a foreigner to English people
Secondly the revenue policy:

27/01/ 2021

Charles 1 (1625-1649) and conflict with parliament: war with spain, two tax
imposed by the king tonnage and poundage (taxes on import and export in the
case of wine or beer and merchandise respectively for one year only instead of
granting them for the whole reign.) but the king did not declare the war with
Spain and he dissolved his first parliament.

Third parliament and petition of rights:

Civil war (1640-1660): large number of middle class puritans in cities situated in
south east England opposed the king. They consisted mostly of shopkeepers,
small landholders, merchants and manufacturers.

King Charles 1 secured his support of county militias (landholders) nobles, high
church officials and all those who opposed puritans.

Cromwell’s army:

Final stage of the revolution:

Purge parliament and execution of King Charles 1: