Class:-9th

History, Chapter:-12

A. Answer the following questions briefly:-

1. Explain the meaning of Reformation.
Ans.1 it is the 16th century movement in Europe for the reform of the Church and the
objectionable practices of the clergyman.
2. What was the 'Great Schism'?
Ans.2 Western Schism, also called Great Schism or Great Western Schism, in the history of
the Roman Catholic Church, the period from 1378 to 1417, when there were two, rival
popes, each with his own following, his own Sacred College of Cardinals, Urban VI and
Clement VII.
3. Name a German church reformer and describe his background.
Ans. Martin Luther, He was a German monk who forever changed Christianity when he
nailed his '95 Theses' to a church door in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation.
4. What were the Ninty-five Theses? Explain.
Ans.4 Martin Luther has written “95 Theses,” which propounded two central beliefs—that
the Bible is the central religious authority and that humans may reach salvation only by their
faith and not by their deeds—was to spark the Protestant Reformation.
5. Who was John Calvin?
Ans.5 John Calvin (1509-1564), a French scholar, popularised the Protestant movement in
Switzerland after the death of Zwingli, who declared Bible as the sole authority.
6. How was the Reformation of the Christian Church different from the reform movements in
Hinduism?
Ans.6 Reformation of Christian Church was different from the reform movement in
Hinduism as in Reformation of Christian Church as it was associated with the false practices
of Church ,corruption, and false practices of Popes.
7. Which University was Martin Luther associated with?
Ans.7 Halle – Wittenberg.

8. Which two popes held office once simultaneously? What was the result?

Ans.8 Urban VI and Clemant VII held office once simultaneously. After this people lost their

faith on Church and The Great Schism split the main faction of Christianity into two divisions-

Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox.

9. Which country did Zwingli belong to? Why is he famous?

Ans.9 Zwingli belonged to Switzerland. He was famous because he fought for people’s right
to control church and city’s religious affairs.
10. Why didn't Zwingli's reform movement become popular?
 Ans.10 Zwingli's reform movement did not become much popular because he was
against the suppression of peasants by rich aristocrats. So he could not get the
support of rich people.
11. Who led the English Church reformation?

Ans. 11 Henry VIII of England.

12. What was the Counter-Reformation?

Ans.12 The Reformation Movement was against the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th Century

and brought about the birth of Protestant Church. So, Catholic Church through dedicated

Christians and some Popes introduced certain reforms within the Church. This movement is

known as the Counter Reformation. A Church Council was held at Trent in northern Italy in

1545 by Pope Paul III.

B. Answer the following structured question in detail.

1. The Church had become a heaven for no gooders. Discuss:

a. the causes for the Reformation Ans. The causes for Reformation are:-

i. Money-generating practices in the Roman Catholic Church, such as the sale of indulgences.
ii. Demands for reform by Martin Luther, John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other scholars in
Europe.
iii. The invention of the mechanized printing press, which allowed religious ideas and Bible
translations to circulate widely.
iv. The desire of many people to read the Bible in the language they spoke at home rather than
in Latin.
v. The desire of many people to rely only on the Bible for religious guidance and not on
tradition or current teachings.
vi. Belief that forgiveness comes only from God rather than from a combination of faith and
good deeds.
vi. The desire of rulers such as Henry VIII of England to break free from the pope and
the Roman Catholic Church,.
There are various political, social and religious causes as well which led to this Reformation
movement in Europe.
b. The effects of the Reformation:
Ans. The effects of Reformation are as follows:
i. The Church was split up- it led to the birth of Protestantism. With the spread of the
Protestant Movement, some of the kings and princes of Europe sided with one faction, while
others with the other. Luther was supported greatly by the masses, as there was a strong
feeling against the abuses of power by the Roman Church.
ii. Religious Conflicts and Wars:-The fanatics who never showed any respect to the sublime
teachings of Jesus Christ, always encouraged cruel persecutions. Religious intolerance
resulted in civil was in Germany. Subsequently, the Holy Roman Empire underwent Thirty
Years War. the main object was to force the Protestant states to become Catholic. Religious
frenzy drove the English Puritans to North America, that led to formation of the United
States of America in the course of time.
iii. Counter Reformation (Reform in Catholic Religion):-Reformation resulted in
Counter-Reformation. Roman- Catholics under the Pope at the Council of Trent, took
measures to revive the prestige of the Church. Christianity became more liberal, more
tolerant of different kinds of opinions.
iv. The Rise of National Monarchies:-Those princes who wanted to be freed of leading-
strings of the Pope, stated with Martin Luther or Calvin. The Reformation assumed the form
of nationalism particularly in Germany and in England. Had it not been for the support of
English Parliament, Henry VIII would not have succeeded in his struggle against the Catholic
Church.
v. Rapid Economic Growth:-The Clergy were hurt and crushed. The new age that was
dawning, was “the age of traders, bankers or financiers”. Much of the Church property had
passed to the kings. Therefore, they had considerable wealth at their disposal. They could
now give attention to those sufferings, poverty and beggary.
2. Who were the Church reformers and what were the new churches that were established
during this period?
Ans.2 Reformation, also called Protestant Reformation, the religious revolution that took
place in the Western church in the 16th century. Its greatest leaders undoubtedly were
Martin Luther and John Calvin. They established Anglican churches.
3. Apart from Martin Luther, the work of two other thinkers also made a difference to
Reformation. In this context:
a. Name any two religious reformers who spread Reformation.

Ans. Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin.

b. How successful were they? And (c)-Elaborate their contribution.

Ans. Calvin’s ideas and doctrines spread widely. He founded the University of Geneva. The
distinguished scholars, who studied at this University spread Calvinism to Netherlands,
Hungary, France, England and Scotland. Calvin’s teachings became the basis of the
Presbyterian Church in Scotland. The followers of Calvin were the first English Puritans. Calvin
was so intolerant, he persecuted and severely punished those who were free-thinkers and did not
agree with his doctrines. The religion, which Calvin established, did not bring religious liberty
to Europe. While Zwingli accepted the Bible’s supremacy as the “Universal Priesthood of all
Believers.” That means, priests did not constitute a class separate from lay people. All Believers
should be regarded as priests. Zwingli considered the Lord’s Supper as thanks- giving
 ceremony. According to him, the Gift of Gospel is God’s biggest favor (Grace) for which
Mankind is expressing it’s Gratitude. He believed in “total rebirth of humanity and society”. He
fought for people’s right to control church and city’s religious affairs.
4. Write a short note on the following people.
a. Ulrich Zwingli- He spread Lutheranism in Switzerland. He regarded the Bible as the sole
guide to right living. He was killed in a religious war against the Pope that broke out in AD
1531.

b. John Calvin:- A French Scholar, popularised the Protestant movement in

Switzerland. Calvanists disliked feasting on a lavish scale.

c.Martin Luther:-Luther (1483-1546), openly challenged the Church, on the basis of false
practices and drawbacks practiced by the Church and clergymen. He wrote 95 theses or
statements dealing with the gap between the beliefs and practices of the Church and nailed
them on the Church door at Wittenberg.
5. The Reformation in England was more political than religious in nature:

a. What led to the formation of the Church of England?

Ans. The split from Rome made the English monarch head of the English Church
and led to the establishment of the Church of England, called the Anglican Church.
b. How was the English Reformation different from the other reform movements?

Ans. The English Reformation was a different reformation than those going on in the rest of
Europe. In England, the king Henry VIII actually ridded of Roman Catholicism as the
official religion in England.
Henry now had control over church doctrines. Also it was rooted in politics and divorce was
created.

C- Photo study questions:-

1. What is happening in this picture? Why were people angry about these incidents?
Ans. This is 'sale of indulgences.' People were angry because of corruption of the Church.
2. Name a person who opposed this method of collecting money. What did he do?
Ans. Martin Luther opposed this method of collecting money. He wrote '95 Theses' questioning
the functioning of the Church.