Industrial‌‌Revolution‌ ‌

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❖ Industrial‌‌Revolution:‌ ‌
➢ The‌‌Industrial‌‌Revolution‌‌marked‌‌a‌‌period‌‌of‌‌development‌‌in‌‌
the‌‌latter‌‌half‌‌of‌‌the‌‌18th‌‌century‌‌that‌t‌ ransformed‌‌largely‌‌
rural,‌‌agricultural‌‌societies‌‌in‌‌Europe‌a ‌ nd‌‌America‌‌into‌‌
industrialized,‌‌urban‌‌ones.‌ ‌
➢ Goods‌‌that‌‌had‌‌once‌‌been‌‌handcrafted‌‌started‌‌to‌‌be‌‌
produced‌‌in‌‌mass‌‌quantities‌‌by‌‌machines‌‌in‌‌factories‌,‌‌
thanks‌‌to‌‌the‌‌introduction‌‌of‌‌new‌‌machines‌‌and‌‌techniques‌‌in‌‌
textiles,‌‌iron‌‌making,‌‌and‌‌other‌‌industries.‌ ‌
➢ Fueled‌‌by‌‌the‌‌game-changing‌‌use‌‌of‌‌steam‌‌power,‌‌‌the‌‌
Industrial‌‌Revolution‌‌began‌‌in‌‌Britain‌‌and‌‌spread‌‌to‌‌the‌‌rest‌‌of‌‌
the‌‌world,‌‌including‌‌the‌‌United‌‌States,‌‌by‌‌the‌‌1830s‌‌and‌‌'40s.‌‌
Although‌‌used‌‌earlier‌‌by‌‌French‌‌writers,‌‌the‌‌term‌‌Industrial‌‌
Revolution‌‌was‌‌first‌‌popularized‌‌by‌‌the‌‌English‌‌economic‌‌
historian‌‌Arnold‌‌Toynbee‌‌to‌‌describe‌‌Britain's‌‌economic‌‌
development‌‌from‌‌1760‌‌to‌‌1840.‌ ‌
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❖ Britain:‌‌Birthplace‌‌of‌‌Industrial‌‌Revolution‌ ‌
➢ Many‌‌factors‌‌were‌‌responsible‌‌for‌‌the‌‌birth‌‌of‌‌the‌‌industrial‌‌
revolution‌‌in‌‌England.‌‌England‌‌was‌‌principally‌‌an‌‌agricultural‌‌
country‌‌before‌‌the‌‌revolution.‌‌However,‌‌she‌‌had‌‌all‌‌the‌‌
infrastructure‌‌necessary‌‌to‌‌set‌‌the‌‌country‌‌on‌‌the‌‌road‌‌of‌‌
industrialization.‌‌Some‌‌of‌‌them‌‌were,‌‌ ‌
■ The‌‌availability‌‌of‌‌raw‌‌materials‌‌ ‌
■ Cheap‌‌labors‌‌ ‌
■ A‌‌fully‌‌developed‌‌banking‌‌system‌ ‌
■ The‌‌birth‌‌of‌‌the‌‌entrepreneurial‌‌class‌ ‌
■ The‌‌great‌‌inventors.‌ ‌
■ Britain‌‌had‌‌a‌‌large‌‌amount‌‌of‌‌coal‌‌and‌‌iron‌‌deposits.‌‌ ‌
 ■ Also,‌‌it‌‌had‌‌a‌‌large‌‌force‌‌of‌‌semi-skilled‌‌workers‌‌who‌‌
were‌‌always‌‌eager‌‌to‌‌take‌‌extra‌‌work.‌‌ ‌
■ Raw‌‌materials‌‌were‌‌available‌‌cheaply.‌‌ ‌
■ The‌‌Royal‌‌Society‌‌of‌‌London‌‌encouraged‌‌scientific‌‌
discoveries‌‌and‌‌inventions.‌‌ ‌
■ With‌‌potential‌‌markets‌‌at‌‌its‌‌disposal,‌‌England‌‌went‌‌
ahead‌‌with‌‌the‌‌new‌‌methods‌‌of‌‌production.‌ ‌
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❖ Inventions‌‌that‌‌helped‌‌the‌‌Revolution:‌ ‌
➢ Textile:‌ ‌
■ In‌‌1733‌‌John‌‌Kay‌‌invented‌‌the‌‌"F
‌ lying‌‌Shuttle‌",‌‌which‌‌
increased‌‌the‌‌weaving‌‌of‌‌cloth.‌‌ ‌
■ It‌‌was‌‌followed‌‌by‌‌another‌‌invention‌‌in‌‌1767‌‌called‌‌"T
‌ he‌‌
spinning‌‌Jenny‌"‌‌by‌‌James‌‌Hargreaves.‌‌This‌‌
machine-spun‌‌eight‌‌threads‌‌simultaneously.‌ ‌
■ In‌‌1769‌‌Richard‌‌Arkwright‌‌invented‌‌a‌‌spinning‌‌frame‌‌
called‌‌"W
‌ aterframe‌"‌‌which‌‌used‌‌water‌‌power‌‌in‌‌place‌‌of‌‌
manpower.‌‌It‌‌spun‌‌hundred‌‌of‌‌threads‌‌at‌‌one‌‌and‌‌the‌
same‌‌time‌‌and‌‌produced‌‌either‌‌fine‌‌or‌‌coarse‌‌thread.‌ ‌
■ In‌‌1779‌‌Samuel‌‌Crompton‌‌invented‌‌the‌"‌ Spinning‌‌Mule"‌‌
which‌‌included‌‌the‌‌combination‌‌of‌ ‌"Spinning‌‌Jenny"‌‌and‌ ‌
"Waterframe".‌ ‌
■ Revered‌‌Edmund‌‌Cartwright‌‌invented‌‌the‌‌"Powerloom"‌‌in‌‌
1785‌‌which‌‌wove‌‌cloth‌‌very‌‌quickly.‌‌ ‌
These‌‌inventions‌‌enabled‌‌factory‌‌owners‌‌to‌‌produce‌‌textile‌‌goods‌‌in‌‌large‌‌
quantities.‌ ‌
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 ➢ Iron/Steel:‌ ‌
■ For‌‌making‌‌sturdy‌‌machines‌‌iron‌‌and‌‌steel‌‌were‌‌required.‌‌
So‌‌the‌‌iron‌‌and‌‌steel‌‌industry‌‌had‌‌to‌‌make‌‌progress.‌‌
Henry‌‌Bessemer‌‌discovered‌‌a‌‌faster‌‌and‌‌cheaper‌‌
method‌‌of‌‌producing‌‌steel‌‌in‌‌1856.‌ ‌
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➢ Steam‌‌Engine:‌ ‌
■ A‌‌British‌‌Engineer‌‌named‌‌Thomas‌‌Newcomen‌‌invented‌‌
the‌‌first‌‌steam‌‌engine‌‌which‌‌was‌‌used‌‌to‌‌pump‌‌the‌‌water‌‌
out‌‌of‌‌the‌‌mines.‌‌However,‌‌this‌‌engine‌‌consumed‌‌too‌‌
much‌‌fuel.‌ ‌
■ A‌‌few‌‌years‌‌later‌‌a‌‌Scottish‌‌inventor‌‌named‌J
‌ ames‌‌Watt‌‌
redesigned‌‌the‌‌steam‌‌engine‌‌which‌‌produced‌‌more‌‌
power‌‌with‌‌less‌‌fuel.‌‌His‌‌invention‌‌was‌‌a‌‌great‌‌
success‌‌and‌‌it‌‌was‌‌patented‌‌in‌‌1769.‌‌This‌‌engine‌‌
shifted‌‌water-power‌‌with‌‌steam‌‌energy.‌ ‌
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➢ Transportation:‌ ‌
■ George‌‌Stephenson‌‌designed‌‌the‌‌railway‌‌line‌‌and‌‌
invented‌‌a‌‌locomotive‌‌called‌‌"Rocket".‌‌In‌‌1830‌‌it‌‌
completed‌‌forty‌‌miles‌‌of‌‌journey‌‌from‌‌Manchester‌‌to‌‌
Liverpool‌‌within‌‌an‌‌hour‌‌and‌‌a‌‌half.‌ ‌
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❖ The‌‌transition‌‌of‌‌Cottage‌‌Industries:‌ ‌
➢ In‌‌Britain,‌‌‌the‌‌cottage‌‌industry‌‌in‌‌towns‌‌and‌‌villages‌‌was‌‌
replaced‌‌by‌‌the‌‌new‌‌factory‌‌system.‌‌Wealthy‌‌capitalists‌‌
bought‌‌Machines‌‌and‌‌large‌‌buildings‌‌and‌‌turned‌‌them‌‌into‌‌
mills.‌P ‌ eople‌‌without‌‌jobs‌‌in‌‌the‌‌village‌‌began‌‌to‌‌drift‌‌towards‌‌
cities‌‌in‌‌search‌‌of‌‌factory‌‌jobs.‌‌The‌‌factory‌‌system‌‌totally‌‌
replaced‌‌the‌‌cottage‌‌industry‌‌in‌‌the‌‌course‌‌of‌‌time.‌‌Towns,‌‌
 where‌‌big‌‌factories‌‌were‌‌located,‌‌become‌‌cities‌‌and‌‌their‌‌
population‌‌increased.‌ ‌
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❖ The‌‌general‌‌effect‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Industrial‌‌Revolution:‌ ‌
➢ In‌‌general,‌‌the‌‌Industrial‌‌Revolution‌‌produced‌‌both‌‌good‌‌and‌‌
bad‌‌effects.‌ ‌
■ Positive‌‌effects:‌ ‌
1. Consumer‌‌goods‌‌were‌‌available‌‌in‌‌plenty‌‌and‌‌at‌‌
a‌‌reasonable‌‌price.‌ ‌
2. Factories‌‌provided‌‌employment‌‌to‌‌many.‌ ‌
3. The‌‌general‌‌standard‌‌of‌‌living‌‌of‌‌the‌‌people‌‌
improved.‌ ‌
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■ Negative‌‌effects:‌ ‌
1. The‌‌factories‌‌gave‌‌insignificant‌‌wages‌‌to‌‌the‌‌
workers‌‌and‌‌earned‌‌huge‌‌profits.‌ ‌
2. The‌‌owners‌‌enjoyed‌‌all‌‌the‌‌luxuries‌‌of‌‌life‌‌and‌‌
neglected‌‌the‌‌conditions‌‌of‌‌their‌‌employees.‌ ‌
3. Men,‌‌women,‌‌and‌‌children‌‌worked‌‌in‌‌factories‌‌
for‌‌long‌‌hours.‌
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❖ Impact‌‌of‌‌Industrial‌‌Revolution:‌ ‌
➢ Population:‌ ‌
■ Population‌‌increases‌‌had‌‌already‌‌begun‌‌in‌‌the‌‌eighteenth‌‌
century,‌‌but‌‌they‌‌became‌‌dramatic‌‌in‌‌the‌‌nineteenth.‌‌
Although‌‌industrialization‌‌itself‌‌did‌‌not‌‌cause‌‌population‌‌
growth,‌‌industrialized‌‌areas‌‌did‌‌experience‌‌a‌‌change‌‌in‌‌
the‌‌composition‌‌of‌‌the‌‌population.‌ ‌
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➢ The‌‌Growth‌‌of‌‌Cities:‌ ‌
■ Cities‌‌and‌‌towns‌‌grew‌‌dramatically‌‌in‌‌Britain‌‌in‌‌the‌‌first‌‌
half‌‌of‌‌the‌‌nineteenth‌‌century,‌‌largely‌‌as‌‌a‌‌result‌‌of‌‌
industrialization.‌‌By‌‌1850,‌‌especially‌‌in‌‌Great‌‌Britain,‌‌
 cities‌‌were‌‌rapidly‌‌becoming‌‌places‌‌for‌‌manufacturing‌‌
and‌‌industry.‌ ‌
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➢ English‌‌Society:‌ ‌
■ Industrial‌‌Revolution‌‌in‌‌England‌‌changed‌‌the‌‌structure‌‌of‌‌
the‌‌English‌‌Society.‌‌Agriculture‌‌and‌‌village‌‌handicrafts‌‌
declined.‌‌The‌‌village‌‌artisans‌‌lost‌‌their‌‌jobs.‌‌In‌‌place‌‌of‌‌
farmers,‌‌the‌‌rich‌‌landlords‌‌become‌‌more‌‌influential.‌ ‌
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➢ Middle‌‌Class:‌ ‌
■ The‌‌Industrial‌‌Revolution‌‌also‌‌transformed‌‌the‌‌social‌‌
world‌‌of‌‌Europe.‌‌The‌‌creation‌‌of‌‌an‌‌industrial‌‌proletariat‌‌
produced‌‌a‌‌whole‌‌new‌‌force‌‌for‌‌change.‌‌The‌‌
development‌‌of‌‌a‌‌wealthy‌‌industrial‌‌middle‌‌class‌‌
presented‌‌a‌‌challenge‌‌to‌‌the‌‌long-term‌‌hegemony‌‌of‌‌
landed‌‌wealth.‌ ‌
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➢ Rise‌‌of‌‌Socialism:‌ ‌
■ The‌‌pitiable‌‌condition‌‌of‌‌the‌‌working‌‌class‌‌attracted‌‌the‌‌
attention‌‌of‌‌not‌‌only‌‌the‌‌novelists‌‌and‌‌social‌‌reformers‌‌but‌‌
also‌‌philosophers‌‌like‌‌Karl‌‌Marx‌‌and‌‌Engels.‌‌They‌‌were‌‌
against‌‌the‌‌way‌‌the‌‌industrial‌‌revolution‌‌widen‌‌the‌‌gap‌‌
between‌‌the‌‌rich‌‌and‌‌poor.‌‌It‌‌stimulated‌‌their‌‌thoughts‌‌
which‌‌gave‌‌birth‌‌to‌‌revolutionary‌‌socialism.‌‌They‌‌wanted‌‌
to‌‌mitigate‌‌the‌‌economical‌‌inequalities‌‌between‌‌the‌‌rich‌‌
and‌‌the‌‌poor.‌ ‌
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➢ Capitalism:‌ ‌
■ By‌‌far‌‌the‌‌greatest‌‌outcome‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Industrial‌‌Revolution‌‌
was‌‌the‌‌rise‌‌of‌‌modern‌‌capitalism.‌‌By‌‌modern‌‌capitalism,‌
it‌‌is‌‌meant‌‌industrial‌‌capitalism,‌‌a‌‌product‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Industrial‌‌
Revolution.‌‌Wealth‌‌was‌‌concentrated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌hands‌‌of‌‌a‌‌
few‌‌owners‌‌of‌‌industries.‌‌It‌‌gave‌‌them‌‌power‌‌in‌‌society.‌
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Analysis:‌ ‌
The‌‌Industrial‌‌Revolution‌‌was‌‌one‌‌of‌‌the‌‌major‌‌forces‌‌of‌‌change‌‌in‌‌
the‌‌nineteenth‌‌century‌‌as‌‌it‌‌led‌‌Western‌‌civilization‌‌into‌‌the‌‌
machine-dependent‌‌modern‌‌world.‌‌‌Beginning‌‌in‌‌Britain,‌‌its‌‌spread‌‌to‌‌the‌‌
Continent‌‌and‌‌the‌‌new‌‌American‌‌nation‌‌ensured‌‌its‌‌growth‌‌and‌‌domination‌‌
of‌‌the‌‌Western‌‌world.‌‌The‌‌Industrial‌‌Revolution‌‌seemed‌‌to‌‌prove‌‌to‌‌
Europeans‌‌the‌‌underlying‌‌assumption‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Scientific‌‌Revolution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
seventeenth‌‌century—that‌‌human‌‌beings‌‌were‌‌capable‌‌of‌‌dominating‌‌
nature.‌‌By‌‌rationally‌‌manipulating‌‌the‌‌material‌‌environment‌‌for‌‌human‌‌
benefit,‌‌people‌‌could‌‌attain‌‌new‌‌levels‌‌of‌‌material‌‌prosperity‌‌and‌‌produce‌‌
machines‌‌not‌‌dreamed‌‌of‌‌in‌‌their‌‌wildest‌‌imaginings.‌‌‌Lost‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
excitement‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Industrial‌‌Revolution‌‌were‌‌the‌‌voices‌‌that‌‌pointed‌‌to‌‌
the‌‌dehumanization‌‌of‌‌the‌‌workforce‌‌and‌‌the‌‌alienation‌‌from‌‌one’s‌‌
work,‌‌one’s‌‌associates,‌‌oneself,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌natural‌‌world.‌ ‌
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