SS ED

CHANGING104:
THE WORLD:
REVOLUTIONS,
INDUSTRIALIZATION, AND
IMPERIALISM
 REPORTERS

Glaiza Biteng Wyers Malao Pamela Acosta

INDUSTRIALIZATION
 WHAT IS
INDUSTRIALIZATION?
• The process by which an economy transitions from primarily
agrarian production to mass-produced and technologically
advanced goods and services.
● Industrialization has been critical to the world's economic development.
● The process increased productivity and allowed for mass production,
which raised living standards.
● From the beginning of the agricultural age around 8000 to 5000 B.C.,
human productivity and living standards remained relatively unchanged.
until the first industrialization in Great Britain began in 1760.
● More goods have been produced in a shorter amount of time as a result
of industrialization, along with more leisure time and higher real incomes.
DUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
In the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution was a period
of scientific and technological development that
transformed largely rural, agrarian societies into
industrialized, urban ones. Due to the introduction of new
machines and techniques in textiles, iron making, and other
industries, goods that were previously painstakingly crafted
by hand began to be produced in mass quantities by
machines in factories.
 FIRST
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
• The First Industrial Revolution, which
began in the late 17th century and early
18th century, was primarily concerned
with textile manufacturing and steam
power. Inventors in Europe and the
United States created devices and
machines that mechanized production
during this time period.
 SECOND
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
• The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as
the Technological Revolution, took place
between 1870 and 1914, or the start of World
War I, and was characterized by rapid
industrialization, technological growth, scientific
discovery, and mass production, which resulted
in the growth of cities and factories. Steel,
chemicals, and electricity were among the
technological advances.
 Examples
INDUSTRIALIZATION
of
 MANUFACTURING
Industrialization began with the invention of
machines that greatly increased the
manufacture of goods.

One such invention was the cotton gin,

patented by Eli Whitney in 1794. Whether
hand-cranked or steam-powered, the machine
made it possible to greatly increase the speed
with which cotton fluff could be separated
from its seeds before being woven into cloth
 MANUFACTURING
The steam engine, either used on its own
or as part of a train, is the iconic
invention of the industrial revolution.
Experiments in the seventeenth century
turned, by the middle of the nineteenth,
into a technology which powered huge
factories, allowed deeper mines and
moved a transport network
 MINING
Many of the great inventions of the 19th century were
developed to serve the mining industry.
• The first working steam engine was devised to help
remove flood water from coal and tin mines, where they
often disrupted production.
• The first use for the steam-powered locomotive was to
transport ore from mines.
• Dynamite was patented in 1867 and was first used to
blow up rocks that obstructed mining activities.
 TRANSPORTATION
The 19th century was a period of unparalleled innovation
in ways to transport goods from and to marketplaces.
Among them:
• The steam locomotive. The prototype, known as
Stephenson's Rocket and introduced in 1829, served
for the next 150 years as a template for the
production of vehicles to haul raw materials and
finished products.
• The steamboat. The transport of goods and people
was greatly expanded and speeded up with the
introduction of the steamboat, which adapted steam
technology to river craft.
 RETAILING
Before contactless payments and self-service
checkouts, there were innovations in retailing that
were designed to appeal to 19th century shoppers.
• The department store. The first "store for
everything" was John Wanamaker's, a six-
story retail wonderland that rose in the
heart of Philadelphia in 1887.
• The Sears catalog. It wasn't the first catalog
but it was the first to reach practically every
consumer in America with a vast range of
goods, from children's clothing to
prefabricated houses.
 THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN
ECONOMIC GROWTH
(ECONOMIC/POLITICAL EFFECT)
Through increased productivity, job creation, innovation, and efficient resource
use, industrialization helps to fuel economic growth. Trade openness boosts FDI,
global market integration, technological advancement, and a country's productive
capacity. Access to credit and financial services is facilitated by financial
development, as is capital accumulation for future investment. Energy
consumption is one of the most important productive factors that contribute to
economic growth.
 HOW DID THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION CREATE THE
WORLD MARKET?
The Industrial Revolution transformed economies that had been based
on agriculture and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale
industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system. New
machines, new power sources, and new ways of organizing work
made existing industries more productive and efficient. New
industries also arose, including, in the late 19th century, the
automobile industry.
 THE SPREAD OF
INDUSTRIALIZATION
(SOCIAL EFFECT)
The Industrial Revolution had the greatest impact on the world
since the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration. The Industrial
Revolution improved manufacturing and production practices in
America and around the world in the same way that the rebirth of
knowledge and the Age of Exploration led to improved maps and
navigation, among other scientific advances. Entrepreneurs and
inventors played a critical role in the advancement of technological
progress during the Industrial Age, as they sought to improve the
quality and efficiency of new and time-tested products.
 THE SPREAD OF
INDUSTRIALIZATION
(SOCIAL EFFECT)

Countries recognized the economic and political benefits of

industrialization, which began in the Great Britain.
Industrialization spreads to Europe, the United States, Russia,
and Japan as a result.
 CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF
WORLD TRADE
Despite inequalities, the division of labor between people in countries
producing raw materials and those producing manufactured goods increased
the total volume of global trade. As a result of the increased volume, better
technology was developed, which reinforced and fed the trade. Traveling by
sea became much more efficient, with journeys that used to take months or
years being reduced to days or weeks. By 1914, two massive canals had cut
sea journeys by thousands of miles.
The Suez Canal, built by the British and French in the 1850s, connected the
Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, eliminating the need to travel around the
tip of Africa by sea to get from Europe to Asia. In the western hemisphere,
the Panama Canal, completed in 1913, did a similar thing, cutting a swath
through Central America that encouraged trade and transportation between
the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
 Roots of
IMPERIALISM
 WHAT IS
IMPERIALISM?
• also called “empire building”. It is the
expansion of a nation’s authority over other
nations through the acquisition of land and/or
the imposition of economic and political
domination
 OLD IMPERIALISM
• Began around the 11th century. Nations that played a
major role in Old Imperialism were Spain, Portugal,
Netherlands, France, Britain.
• Old Imperialism was driven with 3 objectives. These
3 objectives were 3G’s – God, Glory, Gold.
• Old Imperialism sought different goods like spices
and cash crops from Asia, land from North America
etc.
 NEW IMPERIALISM
• Began in the 1870s and 19th century. This period witnessed the
major roles played by Britain, France, Germany, Italy, USA,
Russia, Belgium. Empires were established in Africa and Asia
and there were political and social reforms in those colonies.
• Colonies are both producers and markets for goods
• Colonies served as an outlet for larger populations, for
example people from the Netherlands were settled in huge
numbers in South Africa.
ECONOMIC ROOTS
OF IMPERIALISM
• Industrialization was the major economic factor
that led nations to take over weaker nations. The
Industrial Revolution, that started in Great Britain
and eventually spread to other parts of the western
world, led to the need for additional raw materials,
markets and cheap labor. By gaining colonies,
industrialized nations could bring in more raw
materials to use in its factories and create new
places (markets) to sell goods.
POLITICAL ROOTS OF
IMPERIALISM
• During the 18th and 19th century
nationalism was a major political force in
Europe. Nationalism is extreme pride in
one's nation or ethnic group. With
increased levels of nationalism came
rivalry and competition between nations.
 SOCIAL ROOTS OF
IMPERIALISM
• Ethnocentrism, as a result of nationalism, was another growing force in
Europe. Ethnocentrism is the belief of superiority of one's ethnic group.
Europeans believed that their race was far more superior than the races of
the conquered land. They believed they were doing a favor to the
colonized people by taking them over and showing them "civilized" ways
of life.
 SOCIAL
DARWINISM
• Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by
natural selection was used to justify certain
political, social, or economic views. Social
Darwinists believe in “survival of the
fittest”—the idea that certain people become
powerful in society because they are innately
better.
 THE WHITE MAN’S
BURDEN
• In February 1899, British novelist and poet Rudyard
Kipling wrote a poem entitled “The White Man’s
Burden: The United States and The Philippine Islands.”
In this poem, Kipling urged the U.S. to take up the
“burden” of the empire, as had Britain and other
European nations. Published in the February, 1899 issue
of McClure’s Magazine, the poem coincided with the
beginning of the Philippine-American War and U.S.
Senate ratification of the treaty that placed Puerto Rico,
Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines under American
control.
Some events that happened during the age of

IMPERIALISM
 IMPERIALISM IN
AFRICA
• Africa was known as the Dark Continent
and remained unknown to the outside world
until the late nineteenth century because its
interior—desert, mountains, plateaus, and
jungles—discouraged exploration. Britain’s
occupation of Egypt and Belgium’s
penetration of the Congo started the race for
colonial possessions in Africa.
 IMPERIALISM IN
ASIA

India - The British took control of India in 1763, after defeating the French in the Seven Years’
War (1756–1763). The British controlled India through the British East India Company, which
ruled with an iron hand. In 1857, an Indian revolt, led by native soldiers called sepoys, led to an
uprising known as the Sepoy Mutiny. After suppressing the rebellion, the British government made
India part of the empire in 1858, as mentioned previously. The British introduced social reforms,
advocated education, and promoted technology. Britain profited greatly from India
 IMPERIALISM IN
ASIA

China - Imperialism in China began with the First Opium War (1839–1842), when the Chinese government
tried to halt the British from importing opium. This resulted in a war in which Britain’s
superior military and industrial might easily destroyed the Chinese military forces. The Treaty of Nanking
(1842). opened up five ports to the British, gave Britain the island of Hong Kong, and forced China to pay a
large indemnity. In 1858, China was forced to open up eleven more treaty ports that granted special
privileges, such as the right to trade with the interior of China and the right to supervise the Chinese custom
offices.
 IMPERIALISM IN
ASIA

Japan - In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry (1866–1925), an American naval officer, led an expedition to
Japan. He convinced the shogun, a medieval-type ruler, to open ports for trade
with the United States. Fearful of domination by foreign countries, Japan, unlike China, reversed its policy
of isolation and began to modernize by borrowing from the West. The Meiji Restoration, which began in
1867, sought to replace the feudal rulers, or the shogun, and increase the power of the emperor. The goal
was to make Japan strong enough to compete with the West. The new leaders strengthened the military and
transformed Japan into an industrial society.
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