‫تحكم بالحواسب – الفرقة الرابعة تحكم‬

sheet 1

Discrete Signal:
Analog Signal:
•Non-continuous.
Continuous in nature and has a value at
•No knowledge of values
every instant in time.
betweensamples

What is an ADC?
•It converts an analog signal to discretevalues.
ADC Properties: (Quantization and Sampling)
Quantization: The process of converting a voltagevalue to a binary word.
V max −V min
Quantization Resolution: Q= , where n=number of bits of ADC
2n
1
Sampling Frequency F s= T , T S=sampling time
S

the sampling theorem state that (Fs>2 Fmax ) ,where Fmax is the max.frequency
competent in the input analog signal.
Types of ADC
Flash ADC Successive Approximation ADC

1- The resolution of a 4-bit counting ADC is 0.5 V. For an analog input of 6.6 V, the
digital output of the ADC will be
a. 1011 b. 1101 c. 1100 d.1110
solution:
6.6
V ¿= =13.2>13 thenthe digital output=14=1110
0.5

2- Given a 12‐bit A/D converter operating over a voltage range from ‐5 to 5V, how
much does the inputvoltage have to change, in general, in order to be
detectable?
solution:
Use the quantization size equation:
V max −V min
Q=
N
N=212=4096
5−(−5)
Q= =24.4 mV
4096

3- If you have a 0 – 10 V signals, separate them into a set of discrete states using a
3-bit ADC.
solution:
10−( 0 )
N=23=8 , Q= =1.25V
8

Output state Voltage range Digital output

0 0 – 1.25 000
1 1.25 – 2.5 001
2 2.5 – 3.75 010
3 3.75 – 5 011
4 5 – 6.25 100
5 6.25 – 7.5 101
6 7.5 – 8.75 110
7 8.75 - 10 111
4- For a 10-bit successive Approximation ADC Vin=0.6 V, Vref=1V. Find the digital
value of Vin.
solution:
Digital
Bit voltage
output
1 9(MSB) ½
0 8 ¼
0 7 1/8
1 6 1/16
1 5 1/32
0 4 1/64
0 3 1/128
1 2 1/256
1 1 1/512
1 0(LSB) 1/1024

Resolution of Vref:
 1 1
Q= =
2 10
1024
0.6
V ¿= =614.4 → 615=(1001100111)2
1 /1024
1 1 1 1 1 1
Results: V ¿ = 2 + 16 + 32 + 256 + 512 + 1024 =0.6006 V

5- Suppose an analog-digital converter IC (“chip”) inputs a voltage ranging from 0 to

5 volts DC and converts the magnitude of that voltage into an 8-bit binary
number. How many discrete “steps” are there in the output as the converter
circuit resolves the input voltage from one end of its range (0 volts) to the other
(5 volts)? How much voltage does each of these steps represent?
solution:
n= 8, V max =5 V ,V min =0V
V max −V min
Q=
N

number of steps: N=2n=28=256

5−(0)
Q= =19.53 mV
256