Nama: Andika Pratama A.

NPM: 190402010016

Prodi: Sastra Inggris

Materi: Rangkuman Structure

A Few, Few, A Little, Little, Some, Any

Few is a quantifier used with plural countable nouns. Without the article “a,” few emphasizes a small
number of something. Adding the article removes the emphasis—a few means some. The same rule
applies to little, which is used with singular uncountable nouns.

The Difference Between Few and a Few

We use the word few when we want to talk about the quantity of something. Usually, we use it when
we want to talk about a small quantity:

Example: Few members of the family leave their hometown each year.

In the sentence above, we used few to indicate that only one or two members of the family leave town
—most of them stay put. However, if we were to add “a” to few, we would be saying something else:

Example: A few members of the family leave their hometown each year.

The Difference Between Little and a Little

Difference Between Little and a Little

Little and a little follow the same pattern as few vs. a few. The only difference is that we use few and a
few with countable nouns in the plural form, and we use little and a little with uncountable nouns:

Example 1: We had little time to prepare before we had to go.

Example 2: We had a little time to prepare before we had to go.

In the first example, we are saying that we didn’t have a lot of time before we had to go. In the second
one, we’re saying that we had some time, albeit not a lot of it, to prepare.

The Difference Between Some and Any

Some and any are the two quantifying determiners which are often used when the exact number of
things or the amount thereof is not known, or it is irrelevant. Some refer to unspecified number or
amount of a particular entity. When we use some in a sentence we mean a few people or things, but not
all the people or things. Conversely, Any means one or more of something, without indicating the
number or amount of it exactly.

Example 1: I have some work to do. Don’t you have any?

Example 2: Pihu takes some rest, after playing any game.

In the first sentence, some is used to show a definite amount of work, while any is used in the
interrogative plus negative sense, as to whether the other person is having work or not. Likewise, the
second case indicates that after playing any (whichever) game, Pihu usually takes some amount of rest.

Meaning:

• Some refers to a quantity of people or things whose number is not specified.

• Any is a quantifier which signifies quantity of a noun, but not in exact terms. It denotes whatever,
whichever, whoever.

Used with:

• Some: Plural nouns and nouns that do not indicate exact quantity or number.

• Any: Singular, plural or nouns that do not indicate exact quantity or number.

Used in:

• Some: Affirmative Sentences

• Any: Negative and Interrogative Sentences.

So, a simple way to memorize the difference between some and any is that while ‘some’ is used with
‘positive’ sentences. On the contrary, any is used in Negative or Interrogative sentences.

Gerund

A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb
"read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the
object of a sentence.

Examples:

- Reading helps you learn English. (subject of sentence)

- Her favorite hobby is reading. (complement of sentence)

- I enjoy reading. (object of sentence)

Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not."

Examples:

- He enjoys not working.

- The best thing for your health is not smoking.

When considering gerunds, remember:

- A gerund always ends with “-ing.”

- A gerund is always a noun.

- A gerund can function in any way a noun can function.

Question Words

Question word is a word used to ask time, place, person, thing, thing, reason,
method, and so on. English question words are various wh-words, i.e. words
beginning with wh– (what, where, when, why, which, who, whom, whose) or words
containing the letters w and h (how).

Functions and Examples of Question Words Sentences:

• What

This question word is used to ask things.

Example:

- What do you want from me?

- What are you doing here?

• Where

Where is used to ask for a place.

Example:

- Where do you live?

• When

This question word is used to ask time.

Example:
- When did the last time you cry?

• Why

This word is used to ask reason.

Example:

- Why you leave me?

- Why are they always late?

• Which

This question word is to ask which person, object or thing is meant among a number
of people, things, or things.

Example:

- Which one do you like the most?

- Which is better - this one or that one?

• Who

This question word is used to ask people.

Example:

- Who is that man?

- Who is the best football player in the world?

• Whom

Asking what or which person or people (object)

Example:

- Whom did you see?

- Whom are you going to meet?

• Whose

Asking about ownership

Example:

- Whose are these keys?

- Whose turn is it?

• How

Asking about manner

Example:

- How does this work?

Passive Voice

Passive voice is a form of sentence in which the subject of the sentence receives
action, not taking action. Unlike active voice that focuses on the party doing the
action (doer of action), this form is more focused on the party or object that
receives the result of an action (receiver of action).

Example:

Active: My parents plant some flowers

Passive: Some flowers are planted by my parents

Generally, active sentences that can be transformed into passive sentences in the
form of active sentences containing transitive verbs (verbs that require direct
objects) such as make, bring, buy, write and so on. Conversely, passive sentences
containing intransitive verbs (verbs that do not require direct objects) such as cry,
swim, go, arrive, and die cannot be converted into passive sentences. However, if
the intransitive verbs are followed by prepositions, it is possible that the sentence
can be converted into passive sentences but the passive sentences formed will be
very rigid.

• Passive Voice Formula

To form passive sentences, the following simple formula is usually used but must
still be adjusted to the tense of the sentence.

Subject + to be (am/is/are) + past participle (pp)

- Simple Present (am/is/are + pp) = is created

- Present Continuous (am/is/are being + pp) = is being created

- Simple Past (was/were + pp) = was created

- Past Continuous (was/were being + pp) = was being created

- Present Perfect (has/have been + pp) = has been created

- Past Perfect (had been + pp) = had been created

- Simple Future (will be + pp) = will be created

- Future Continuous (am/is/are going to be + pp) = is going to be created

- Future Perfect (will have been + pp) = will have been created

TO CLEAN, PASSIVE VOICE

Subjek + to be (adjusted) + past participle + the rest of the sentence

• Simple Present

The house is cleaned every day.

• Present Continuous

The house is being cleaned at the moment.

• Simple Past

The house was cleaned yesterday.

• Past Continuous

The house was being cleaned last week.

• Present Perfect

The house has been cleaned since you left.

• Past Perfect

The house had been cleaned before they arrived.

• Simple Future

The house will be cleaned next week.

• Future Continuous

The house will be being cleaned tomorrow.

• Present Conditional

The house would be cleaned if they had visitors.

• Past Conditional
The house would have been cleaned if it had been dirty.

• Inifinitive

The house must be cleaned before we arrive.

Keep in mind that passive sentences are considered more formal than active
sentences. Therefore, passive sentences are generally used in writing such as
scientific writing, technical reports, and newspaper articles and are rarely used in
daily conversation.