For the use only of a Registered Medical Practitioner or a Hospital or a Laboratory.

DOSING
Pocket Guide For

ANTIMICROBIAL

IN RENAL FAILURE

Cefoperazone / Sulbactam
IV / IM Injection 1.5g & 3g
Medicine is an ever-changing science.
This book is based on sources believed to be reliable in
providing information that is complete and generally in
accordance with standards accepted at the time of
publication.
Every effort has been made to ensure that the drug doses
and other information are presented accurately in this
publication.
However, the ultimate responsibility rests solely with the
prescribing physician.
 PREFACE INDEX

INTRODUCTION 4

ANTIBACTERIALS 7
T 1. Beta-lactam Class
2. Aminoglycosides
3. Polymyxins
4. Fluoroquinolones
5. Glycopeptides
6. Macrolides
7. Tetracyclines / Glycylcycline
8. Nitroimidazole
9. Oxazolidinones
10. Lincosamide

ANTIFUNGALS 22
11. Polyenes
suffering from renal insufficiency. 12. Azoles
13. Echinocandins

ANTIVIRALS 26

26
1 2
 INTRODUCTION

In renally challenged individuals, the drug tends to

be in the system for a longer period as compared to
those with normal renal function hence dose
adjustments are essential to avoid drug toxicity to
compensate for the decreased clearance of the drug.
A number of clinical laboratory tests like creatinine
clearance test, urea clearance test, urine osmolality
test, urine protein test and BUN* test are used to
determine the cause and extent of kidney
dysfunction.
Amongst these tests creatinine clearance test and
creatinine test are more widely accepted by the
clinicians.
Creatinine is a waste product of muscle energy
metabolism which is produced at a constant rate that
is proportional to the individual's muscle mass.
Because the body does not recycle it, all creatinine
filtered by the kidneys in a given amount of time is
excreted in the urine, making creatinine clearance a
very specific measurement of kidney function.
Creatinine clearance test. This test evaluates how
efficiently the kidneys clear creatinine from the blood.
Low clearance values for creatinine indicate a
diminished ability of the kidneys to filter waste

* BUN-Blood Urea Nitrogen test

26
3 4

products from the blood and excrete them in the
urine.
For a 24-hour urine collection, normal results are
90 mL/min–139 mL/min for adult males younger than
40 years and 80–125 mL/min for adult females
younger than 40 years. For people over 40 years,
values decrease by 6.5 mL/min for each decade of
life.
Creatinine test. This test measures blood levels of
creatinine. An elevated blood creatinine level is a
more sensitive indicator of impaired kidney function
than the BUN. Creatinine should be 0.8–1.2 mg/dL
for males, and 0.6–0.9 mg/dL for females.
26
5 6
DRUG DOSE ADJUSTMENT IN RENAL PATIENTS
Serum creatinine is used to estimate Glomerular
Filtration Rate (GFR) in order to supply appropriate
doses to renally insufficient patients. GFR is related
directly to the urine creatinine excretion and inversely
related to serum creatinine.
When creatinine clearance is unavailable, it can be
calculated by using Cockcroft – Gault formula as
mentioned below:
Creatinine (140-age) x lean body weight (kg)
=
clearance (mL/min) Plasma creatinine (mg/dL) x 72
(In case of female patients this value should be
multiplied by 0.85 since a lower fraction of the body
weight is composed of muscle)
However, the clinician's decision should also be
supported by the patient's clinical condition, diet, age,
gender, weight and other parameters while dosing
renally compromised patients.
 BETA-LACTAM CLASS
USUAL DOSE
CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT 1
ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal
(ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency)
Function)

PENICILLINS

>40 No dose adjustment necessary

*cUTI: 3g q8h
20-40 Serious systemic infections:
4g q8h
3-4g q4h -6h
Piperacillin as 20-30 min Uncomplicated & cUTI: 3g q12h
infusion
<20 Serious systemic infections:
4g q8h

2g q8h, 1g additional dose

ANTIBACTERIALS HD* after each dialysis

>60 No dose adjustment necessary

30-60 2g q4h

10-30 2g q8h

<10 2g q12h
3g q4h <10 with
Ticarcillin as 30 min hepatic 2g q24h
infusion dysfunction

Peritoneal
3g q12h
dialysis

2g q12h supplemented
HD
with 3g after each dialysis

*HD-Hemodialysis *cUTI-Complicated Urinary Tract Infection

26
7 8
BETA-LACTAM CLASS BETA-LACTAM CLASS
USUAL DOSE USUAL DOSE
CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT
ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal
(ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency) (ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency)
Function) Function)
PENICILLINS CEPHALOSPORINS
>50-90 No dose adjustment necessary >50-90 2 g q8-12h
10-50 250mg-2g q6-12h 10-50 2 g q12-24h
Ampicillin 250mg-2g q6h <10 250mg-2g q12-24h Cefotaxime 2g q12h <10 2g q24h
HD Dose after dialysis HD 1g extra after dialysis

CAPD* 250mg q12h CAPD 0.5-1g q24h

CEPHALOSPORINS No dose adjustment necessary
Mild
when usual doses are administered,
Usual dose: >20 750mg -1.5 g q 8h 2-4g q12h to
serum monitoring required when
750 mg -1.5 g q8h (Maximum severe high doses are administered
10-20 750mg q12h Cefoperazone
Cefuroxime Life threatening dose)
12g q24h HD with
Sodium infections: 1.5g q6h <10 750mg q24h hepatic Max 1-2g/day
Meningitis: dysfunction
Maximum dose 3g q8h HD Further dose after dialysis
1-2g q12h >50-90 2g q8h
1-2g q24h in equally No dose adjustment necessary (Maximum 10-50 2g q12-24h
two divided doses but serum monitoring is required dose)
Ceftriaxone in severe renal impairment and Cefepime 1g q24h
as 30 min infusion
- <10
Sodium in patients with both renal and Febrile
Max dose : 4g Neutropenia HD 1g extra after dialysis
hepatic dysfunction.
2g q8h CAPD 1-2g q48h
Loading dose : 1g
Loading dose : 1-2g*
Usual dose: 50-31 1g q12h
50-20 0.5-1g q12h
1g q8-12h 30-16 1g q24h
Ceftazidime 20-5 0.5-1g q24h
500mg q24h Cefpirome 1-2g q12h
Serious infections: 15-6
<5 (HD 1.0g daily +0.5g immediately
2g q8-12h <5 500mg q48h patients) after dialysis
CAPD 500mg q24h *Depending on the severity of infection
*CAPD-Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
26
9 10
BETA-LACTAM CLASS BETA-LACTAM CLASS
USUAL DOSE USUAL DOSE
CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT
ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal
(ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency) (ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency)
Function) Function)
MONOBACTAMS CARBAPENEMS
Normal dose followed 0.5g q8h >50 No dose adjustment necessary
10-30 by half of the initial dose Doripenem as 1h infusion 0.25g q8h
Aztreonam 1-2g q6-8h 30 – 50
Normal dose followed (18yrs and (for cIAIs,
<10 by one quarter of the initial dose above) cUTIs including 10-30 0.25g q12h
pyelonephritis) HD Insufficient data
CARBAPENEMS
³ 13yrs >30 No dose adjustment necessary BETA-LACTAM/BETA-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS
1g q24h as 30 - £
£ 10 0.5g q24h >30 No dose adjustment necessary
Ertapenem 30min infusion 500mg within 6h from HD 10-30 1.2g IV stat., followed by 600mg q12h
(for cIAIs, cSSTIs, followed by 150mg after HD or Amoxicillin/
HD 1.2g IV stat., followed by 600mg q24h
CAP,cUTI) 500mg 6h prior to HD Clavulanic acid 1.2g q6-8h
(ADVENT) An additional 600mg IV dose may
0.5-1g q8h 26-50 1g q12h <10 need to be given during
Meropenem Meningitis: 10-25 0.5g q12h dialysis and at the end of dialysis.
(MEROCRIT) 2g q8h <10 0.5g q24h
as 15-30min Ampicillin/ >30 1.5 - 3g q6-8h
infusion HD At the completion of haemodialysis Sulbactam 1.5 - 3g q6h 15-29 1.5 - 3g q12h
31-70 0.5g q6-8h (2:1) 5-14 1.5 - 3g q24h
21-30 0.5g 8-12h 3.375g q6h & for nosocomial
Nosocomial >40 pneumonia 4.5g q6h
6-20 0.25g q12h
pneumonia:
Not recommended unless 2.25g q6h & for nosocomial
5
£ 4.5g q6h 20-40
Imipenem/ 0.25-1g q6-8h HD is started within 48 hours. pneumonia 3.375g q6h
Piperacillin/ plus an
Cilastatin as 40 -60 min aminoglycoside 2.25g q8h & for nosocomial
0.25g, but only Tazobactam <20
(IMICRIT) infusion pneumonia 2.25g q6h
after HD and at 12h interval (TAZACT)
<5 and Other Infections:
Dialysis patients with CNS disease 2.25g q12h & for nosocomial
undergoing 3.375g q6h HD pneumonia 2.25g q8h
HD should receive Imipenem/Cilastatin as 30 min
only when the benefit outweighs infusion 2.25g q12h & for nosocomial
the potential risk of convulsions CAPD pneumonia 2.25g q8h

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BETA-LACTAM CLASS AMINOGLYCOSIDES
USUAL DOSE USUAL DOSE
CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT
ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal
(ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency) (ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency)
Function) Function)
2
BETA-LACTAM/BETA-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS No dose adjustment
>50-90 necessary
7.5 mg/kg/day q12h
3.0-4.5g q12h 15-30 3g q12h (Equivalent to 500 mg
as 15-60 min infusion
Cefoperazone/ q12h in adults). 10-50 7.5mg/kg/day q24h
Sulbactam (Maximum <15 1.5g q12h
(2:1, VIATRAN) recommended dose Pseudomonal Infections:
of cefoperazone is 8g Amikacin
500mg (Should never <10 7.5mg/kg/day q48h
& sulbactam is 4g) HD Dose to be given after dialysis exceed 1.5 g/day,
therapy not to exceed
Recommended Maintenance Schedule 10 days as Half of normal
Uncomplicated / 30 min infusion) HD renal function
500mg 1g 2g 2g
complicated UTI >60 dose afterdialysis
q12h q12h q12h q8h
(including
pyelonephritis) 500mg 1g 2g 2g The first dose should be as
30-60 q24h q24h q24h q12h normal recommended
Mild to moderate:
500mg or 1000mg 500mg 500mg 1g 2g Systemic and
IV/IM q12h. 11-29 q24h q24h q24h q24h urinary >70 80mg q8h
tract infections
Cefepime/ Severe 250mg 250mg 500mg 1g 3 mg/kg/day up to
<11 q24h q24h q24h q24h 35-70 80mg q12h
Tazobactam 2000mg IV q12h. 80mg q8h
500mg 1g 2g 2g Gentamicin
Moderate to severe CAPD (40 mg/mL) 24-34 80mg q18h
q48h q48h q48h q48h Life threatening
Uncomplicated SSIs
infections 5mg/kg/day
2000mg IV q12h. 1g on day 1, then 500mg 1g
HD initially then 3mg/kg/day 16-23 80mg q24h
q24h after dialysis q24h as soon as improvement
Complicated IAIs
(used in combination On haemodialysis days, administer is indicated q6-8 h
10-15 80mg q36h
with metronidazole): following haemodialysis. as 20- 30 min infusion
2000mg IV q12h Whenever possible administer
at the same time each day 5-9 80mg q48h

Dosage in obese patients should be based on an estimate of lean body mass.

Cefoperazone / Sulbactam
IV / IM Injection 1.5g & 3g

13
26 14
AMINOGLYCOSIDES AMINOGLYCOSIDES
USUAL DOSE USUAL DOSE
CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT
ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal
(ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency) (ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency)
Function) Function)

Loading dose of 1mg/kg, Dosage at 8-hour intervals after the

for life-threatening infections, usual initial dose
Serious infections dosages 50% above those normally
1mg/kg/day q8h recommended may be used. >100 No dose adjustment necessary
The dosages should be
Life-threatening reduced as soon as possible when 70–100 80 % of usual dose
infections improvement is noted.
5mg/kg/day
may be administered 55-70 65 % of usual dose
Weight
in three or four
equal dosages. 45-55 55 % of usual dose
50-60 kg 60 – 80 kg
4–6mg/kg/day
The dosage (150mg q12h 40-45 50 % of usual dose
>70 60mg q8h 80mg q8h
Tobramycin should be reduced to or
Netilmicin
(40 mg/mL) 3mg/kg/day 100mg q8h 35-40 40 % of usual dose
as soon as clinically 69 – 40 60mg q12h 80mg q12h or
indicated. 300mg q24h) 30-35 35 % of usual dose
Dosage should not 39 – 20 60mg q18h 80mg q18h
exceed 5mg/kg/day, 25-30 30 % of usual dose
unless serum levels 19 – 10 60mg q24h 80mg q24h
are monitored in 20-25 25 % of usual dose
order to prevent
9–5 60mg q36h 80mg q36h
increased toxicity
15-20 20 % of usual dose
due to excessive
blood levels as 60mg q48h 80mg q48h
20-60 min infusion When dialysis When dialysis 10-15 15 % of usual dose
<4
is not being is not being
performed. performed <10 10 % of usual dose

Dosage in obese patients should be based on an estimate of lean body mass. Dosage in obese patients should be based on an estimate of lean body mass.
15
26 16
POLYMYXINS FLUOROQUINOLONES
USUAL DOSE USUAL DOSE
CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT
ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal
(ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency) (ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency)
Function) Function)

400mg q8-12h >30 No dose adjustment required

depending on the
20-50 1-2 MIU q8h Ciprofloxacin
severity of infection 3
Upto 60kg 5-29 200-400mg q18-24h
as 1h infusion
50,000-75,000
units/kg/day 750mg q48h OR 500mg initial 4
Colistimethate 20-49 dose, followed by 250mg q24h
Sodium IV Above 60kg 10-20 1MIU q12-18h
(XYLISTIN) 1-2MIU q8h 750mg initial dose, then 500mg
250-500mg q24h
q48h or 500mg initial dose, then
as 1h infusion
as 30 min 10-19 250mg q48h or 250mg q48h
Levofloxacin or
infusion (uncomplicated UTI,
1 MIU q18-24h 750mg q24h
<10 no dosage adjustment required)
as 90min infusion
750mg initial dose, then
HD/CAPD 500 mg q48h or 500mg
75% to 100% of the initial dose, then 250 mg q48h
20-50 normal daily dose given in
divided doses q12 h Moxifloxacin 18yrs and above No dose adjustment required
-
(IV/ Oral) 400mg q24h including for those on HD/CAPD

Gemifloxacin >40 No dose adjustment required

15,000 - 25,000 50% of normal daily dose 320mg q24h
Polymixin B 5-20 (Oral) 160mg q24h
units/kg/day given in divided doses q12 h 40
£

Prulifloxacin Sufficient -
600mg q24h
(Oral) data lacking
15% of normal daily dose 500mg q12h over 44.7 300mg q12h
<5
given in divided doses q12h 30 min to 1hr infusion
Pazufloxacin Dose can be reduced 13.6 300mg q24h
to 300mg q12h based
on age and symptoms Dialysis 300mg once every 3 days

Colistimethate sodium 1 MIU & 2 MIU Injection, Infusion or Inhalation

17
26 18
GLYCOPEPTIDES MACROLIDES
USUAL DOSE USUAL DOSE
CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT
ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal
(ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency) (ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency)
Function) Function)

>50-90 1g q12h 500mg q12h

Clarithromycin I.V <30 Half of normal dose
500mg q6h as 60 min infusion
Vancomycin IV
or 1g q12h 10-50 1g q24-96h
(VANLID IV)
as 1h infusion No dose adjustment required,
500mg q24h for
<10/HD/CAPD 1g q4-7days - however caution must be exercised
first two days
Azithromycin in severe renal insufficiencies
followed by
Vancomycin Oral Poor
0.5-2g in 3-4 No dose 500mg oral dose 5
(VANLID absorption <10 Administer with caution
divided doses. adjustment required
Capsules) through GIT*
TETRACYCLINES / GLYCYLCYCLINE 6
Moderate Infections: No dose adjustment till 4th day, after 4th day
(SSTIs, UTIs, LRTIs) USUAL DOSE
CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT 7
Half of normal dose q24h ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal
Loading dose: 40-60 (ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency)
Function)
400mg q24h
<40 One third of normal dose q24h 8
Maintenance dose: Initial dose of
Mild,
200mg q24h 100mg followed by
One third of normal dose q24h. Tigecycline moderate, No dose adjustment required
q12h as 30-60 min
Severe Infections: HD Teicoplanin is not removed severe & HD
infusion.
Teicoplanin (B&J, sepsis, by dialysis.
(TICOCIN) endocarditis)
After a single loading IV dose NITROIMIDAZOLE
Loading dose: of 400mg if the patient is
Three 400mg febrile, the recommended USUAL DOSE
CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT
injections & dosage is 20mg/L per bag in ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal
(ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency)
administered CAPD the first week, 20mg/L in Function)
12h apart. alternate bags in the second
week and 20mg/L in the Prophylaxis: 500mg Mild,
Maintenance dose: No dose
overnight dwell bag only before surgery; moderate,
400mg q24h adjustment required
during the third week. Metronidazole repeated 8 hourly severe
Treatment:
500mg q8-12h HD Dose after dialysis

19
26 20
*GIT-Gastrointestinal Tract
OXAZOLIDINONES
USUAL DOSE
CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT
ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal
(ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency)
Function)

No dose adjustment
required.
However, in severe renal
insufficiency should be
Linezolid 12yrs & older
- used with special caution
(IV/Oral) 600mg q12h
and only when the
anticipated benefit is
considered to outweigh
the theoretical risk.

LINCOSAMIDE
ANTIFUNGALS
USUAL DOSE
CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT
ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal 9
(ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency)
Function)

10

600mg- 2.7 g
No dose
Clindamycin IV in 2-4 divided - adjustment
(DALCINEX) doses as
required
30min infusion

21
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POLYENES AZOLES
USUAL DOSE USUAL DOSE
CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT
ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal ANTIMICROBIALS (Normal Renal
(ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency) (ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency)
Function) Function)

<10 q24-36h No dose adjustment required

>50
Loading dose:
Conventional 0.3-1.5mg /kg 100-800mg q12h
Amphotericin B as 1-4h infusion HD no supplement
Fluconazole Maintenance dose: 11-50 50% normal dose q24h
(FORCAN)
CAPD q24-36h 50-800mg q24h
{Depending on
severity
of infection}
Dialysis Normal dose after dialysis

3–5mg/kg Disposition of
once daily. amphotericin B after
administration of
liposomal amphotericin No dose adjustment required.
>50
Liposomal For cryptococcal B has not been studied. Loading dose:
Amphotericin B meningitis in - However, liposomal 6mg/kg q12h
(PHOSOME) HIV positive amphotericin B has for 1st 24hrs
individuals been successfully Voriconazole
6mg/kg OD administered to patients (VORITEK)
Maintenance dose:
as 120 min with pre-existing renal 11
4mg/kg q12h
infusion impairment.
as 1-2h infusion Accumulation of
<50 vehicle occurs so switch to 12
oral formulation

23
26 24
ECHINOCANDINS
USUAL DOSE CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT
ANTIMICROBIALS (ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency)
(Normal Renal Function)

Loading dose: 70mg q24h No dose

Caspofungin Maintenance dose: - adjustment
50mg q24h as 1h infusion required

Candidemia & other

candidial infections:
Loading Dose: 200mg on day 1
Maintenance dose: No dose
Anidulafungin 100mg daily dose - adjustment
Esophageal candidiasis: required
Loading Dose: 100mg on day 1
Maintenance dose:
50mg daily dose ANTIVIRALS
A loading dose is not required.
Infuse over 1 hour
Candidemia, Acute
Disseminated Candidiasis,
Candida Peritonitis and
-
No dose
Abscesses: 100mg q24h
Micafungin adjustment
Esophageal Candidiasis required
150mg q24h
Prophylaxis of Candida
Infections in HSCT *
Recipients 50mg q24h 13

* HSCT- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

25
26 26
 REFERENCES

USUAL DOSE CrCl DOSAGE ADJUSTMENT

ANTIMICROBIALS Drugs Facts & Physician's Desk Indian J crit care Med
(Normal Renal Function) (ml/min) (In Renal Insufficiency) Comparisons Reference 2009 (PDR) Apr-Jun 2009,Vol 13,
(2007 Edition) Cefuroxime Sodium Issue 2.
Herpes simplex or 25-50 5-10mg/kg IV q12h Piperacillin Ceftriaxone Sodium Polymixin B
Varicella zoster infection: Ticarcillin Ceftazidime
Cefobid Pack Insert,
5mg/kg q8h 10-25 5-10mg/kg IV q24h Caspofungin Ertapenem
June 2006,Pfizer:
Meropenem
Immunocompromised Cefeperazone
The Sanford Guide to Imipenem/Cilastatin
Aciclovir patients with Varicella Half of the above Doripenem Unasyn Pack Insert,
0-10 Antimicrobial
(ACIVIR) zoster infection or dose q24h. Therapy 2009 Levofloxacin April 2007, Pfizer
Herpes encephalitis: (Thirty Ninth Edition) Moxifloxacin Ampicillin/sulbactam
10mg/kg q8h Ampicillin Linezolid
Half of the above dose Eraxis Pack Insert,
Cefotaxime Liposomal Amphotericin B
Obese patients: HD immediately after dialysis June 2009,Pfizer :
Cefipime Piperacillin /Tazobactam
As per actual body weight and thereafter q24h Micafungin Anidulafungin
Vancomycin
Amikacin Magnex Forte Pack
CMV Infections Initial Drugs @ FDA Insert, 2009,Pfizer
induction therapy: The electronic (http://www.accessdata.fda. Cefoperazone Sulbactam
50–69 2.5 q12h Medicines gov/Scripts/cder/DrugsatFDA/ )
5 mg/kg every q12h for Factive Pack Insert,
Compendium (eMC) Cefipime
14–21 days as 1h infusion. 2009, Oscient
http://
Gemifloxacin
Maintenance regimen: emc.medicines.org.uk/ Medsafe
6 mg/kg once daily Aztreonam ( http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/ ) Augmentin Pack Insert,
5 days weekly. Imipenem Cilastatin Cefpirome 2009, Glaxo Smikthline
Gentamicin Clarithromycin Amoxicillin clavulanic acid
Ganciclovir Prevention of CMV 25–49 2.5q12h
Tobramycin Pasil Pack Insert,
in HIV-Infected Individuals Tigecycline AHFS 2009 September 2005,
5–6 mg/kg once daily Metronidazole Azithromycin Taisho Toyama
5–7 days each week Fluconazole Conventional Amphotericin B Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
Voriconazole Ganciclovir Pazufloxacin
Prevention of CMV in Acyclovir
Transplant Recipients 10–24 1.25q24h Colistimethate sodium Drugs 2004; 64 (19):
5 mg/kg q12 h Clindamycin 2221-2234
for 7–14 days Fluconazole Prulifloxacin
Teicoplanin Netromycin Pack Insert,
2009 Fulford India
Netilimicin

27
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