SOLAR ENERGY

Prof. (Dr.) H.P. Garg

Formerly
Professor & Head
Centre for Energy Studies
Indian Institute of technology, Hauz Khas,
New Delhi-110016, India
Mob. +91-98180 00984
E-mail: garghp@ces.iitd.ernet.in
hpgarg01@rediffmail.com
hpgarg01@gmail.com
The SUN
Source of
all Energy
Produces
Energy
from H2

4H1 →He4 + 2+ + 2 + 25 MeV

E = mc2
 Terrestrial solar spectrum
Terrestrial solar spectrum

• The atmosphere absorbs extraterrestrial radiation at certain wavelengths, resulting

in an altered spectral distribution for terrestrial radiation.
SOLAR RADIATION RESOURSE ASSESSMENT STATION
 Eppley Precision Pyranometer

 A pyranometer measures total global solar irradiance from the

whole sky.
Global radiation availability in India
 Solar Energy

Solar energy can be used through two main routes

 SOLAR THERMAL
For direct heating , cooking, drying and power
generation etc.

 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
For direct electricity generation
 Uses of Solar Energy
 Heating of Water
 Heating of Houses (active
systems)
 Distillation of Water
 Cooking of Food
 Greenhouse Heating
 Drying of Food
 Power Generation
 Refrigeration and Airconditioning
 Passive Heating and Cooling
 Production of Very High
Temperatures
 Industrial Process Heat Systems
 Pumping of Water
 Direct Conversion of Electricity
(PV)
 Solar Collectors

Solar Collectors

Flat Plate
Collector
Parabolic Trough Power Tower
Collector (Heliostat)

Evacuate Tube
Collector

Linear Fresnel
Reflector Parabolic Dish
Solar Pond

National Renewable Energy

Laboratory
Innovation for Our Energy
Future
Schematic cross-section of a typical flat plate solar collector
illustrating the major functional parts
Principle of an evacuated tube collector with heat pipe; view from top
Asia’s largest solar pond of 6000 m2 area at Bhuj, Gujarat
 Solar Concentrators
Solar Concentrators
• Solar concentrators are optical devices which increase the flux
on the absorber surface as compared to the flux incident on the
concentrator aperture. Optical concentration is achieved by the
use of reflecting or refracting elements positioned to
concentrate the incident flux onto a desired absorber surface.

• A solar concentrator usually consists of (i) an optical device to

focus solar radiation (ii) a blackened metaliic absorber provided
with a transparent cover, and (iii) a tracking device for
continuously following the sun.

• Temperatures as high as 3000C can be achieved with such

devices and they find applications in both photothermal and
photovoltaic conversion of solar energy.
 PARABOLIC TROUGHS
SSSSSSOLAR POWER GENERATION IN INDIASSSSS
Linear Fresnel Reflector
CENTRAL TOWER
 PARABOLIC DISH
SSSSSSOLAR POWER GENERATION IN INDIASSSSS
 Temperature Levels
Temperature Levelsof CSPTechnologies
of CSP Technologies

3500 °C

Paraboloid Dish

1500 °C
Solar Tower
(Central Receiver System)

400 °C

150 °C
50 °C
Parabolic Trough /
Linear Fresnel
Schematic diagram of a Thermosyphon solar water heater

Storage Hot water

tank outlet
Auxiliary

Auxiliary Heater

Cold
water
inlet
Solar Water Heating System

Hot water at 60-80 oC for hotels,

hospitals, restaurants, dairies,
industry and domestic use
System comprises one or more
collectors, storage tank, piping etc.
Heat exchanger and pumps added, if
necessary
About 8.90 million sq.m. collector
area installed
BIS standard for collectors
introduced in 1990/1992. Standards
updated recently
60 BIS approved manufacturers with
production capacity of over 300,000
sq. m. collector area per annum
Solar Cookers
• Solar cookers are used and developed
in several countries including India.
• In India all the three types of solar
cookers like box type, reflector type (SK
type) and large size (Scheffler type) are
in use.
• Typical box type solar cooker takes 2-
2.5 hours for cooking of food and is
60x60x17 cm in size.
• Parabolic domestic solar cooker (SK-14)
with reflector diameter 140 cm gives
about 200C temperature and cooks
food for 8-10 persons at a time.
• Scheffler community solar cooker with
single or multiple dish (each of about 10
m2 reflector) is suitable for community
use and one such solar cooker for
cooking meal for 15000 people is in use
at tirupati, A.P with total reflector area of
1000 m2.
 World's Largest Solar Steam Cooking System at
Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Location
• Installed at the temple town of Tirumala, Andhra Pradesh with nearly
50 percent funding from MNES
System
• Employs automatic tracking solar dish concentrators to convert water
In to high pressure steam which Is used for cooking purpose* In the
community kitchen.
Technical Details
• Solar dish concentrators (106 Nos) with total reflector area of about
1000m2.
• Modular in nature and consists of several units (parallel & series)
connected to central pipe-line system.
• Each dish consists of scheffler mirrors with an aperture area of 9.4
sq.m.
• Generates 4,000 kg of steam per day at 180°C and 10 Kg/cm2.
• Cook meals for around 15,000 persons per day.
• The cooker saves about 1,20,000 litres of diesel per year.
• The total cost of the system Is about Rs. 110 lakh.
Implementing Agency
• Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNRE).
 CLASSIFICATION OF SOLAR DRYERS
 DIRECT TYPE DRYERS : In direct or natural convection typ dryers,
the agricultural product is placed in shallow layers in a blackened
enclosure with a transparent cover. The solar radiations are directly
abseorbed by the product itself. The food product is heated up and
the moisture from the product evaporates and goes out by the
natural convection.
 INDIRECT TYPE DRYERS : In these dryers the food product is
placed in a drying chamber. The air is heated in solar air heaters
and then blown through the drying chamber. In some of the designs,
dryers receive direct solar radiations and also heated air from solar
air heaters. In these dryers manipulation of temperature, humidity
and drying rate is possible to some extent.
 FORCED CIRCULATION TYPE DRYERS : In these dryers, hot air
is continuously blown over the food product. The food product itself
is loaded or unload continuously or periodically. These kind of
dryers are comparatively thermodynamically efficient, faster and can
be used for drying large agricultural product. These dryers can be of
Cross-flow type, concurrent flow type or counter-flow type.
 (a) Direct type solar dryers

(b) Indirect type solar dryers

(c) Forced circulation type solar dryers

TYPE OF SOLAR DRYERS

Photograph of Solar
Cabinet Dryer
 SOLAR DESALINATION TECHNIQUES
Potable Water Less than 550 ppm
Requirement Domestic, Industries and
Agriculture
Sources of Potable Rivers, Lakes, Ponds, Wells etc.
Water
Demand of Potable 15-25 litres / person / day (OLD)
Water
100-125 litres / person / day
(NEW)
Underground Saline 2,000 – 2,500 ppm
Water
Sea Water 30,000 – 50,000 ppm
Double sloped experimental solar still
Multi-effect Solar Distillation System
Photograph of the multi effect H-D Solar Distillation unit at IIT Delhi
 Solar Refrigeration and Air conditioning
There are several ways of using solar energy for cooling such as:

• Using the absorption cycle with liquid absorbents such as LiBr – H2O, NH3,
LiCI – H2O, NH3 – LinNO3, R22 – DMF, NH3 – NaSCN.
• Using the absorption cycle with solid absorbents such as: CaCl2 - NH3
• Using adsorption cycle with solid absorbents such as: Silicagel H2O, Zeolites –
H2O.
• Using the vapor compression cycle employing a solar powered Rankine
engine.
• Using the vapor compression .cycle with the compressor driven by electricity
from photovoltaic panels.
• Nocturnal passive cooling.

Several prototype systems based on some of the above principles have

already been made and demonstrated but these are still under development
to be dependable and commercial. The choice of a particular system not
only depends on its economics but also on local factors such as climate,
availability of cooling water, auxiliary energy source, and the type of
collector available.
Photograph of intermittent absorption
refrigerator developed at IIT Delhi
 100 kW Solar Cooling System

• Heat source : Hot water from solar collectors

• Hot water temperature : 210°C
• Cooling capacity : 100 kW
• Chilled water Temperature: 12 / 7 Deg C.
• Cooling water inlet Temperature : 32 Deg C
• COP of cooling system : 1.7
• Thermal storage : Chilled water / Hot water / PCM for short duration
Solar-passive building design addresses indoor
thermal comfort as well as visual comfort

Solar-passive
building design

Thermal
Visual Comfort
Comfort

Reduce energy Reduce energy

demand of space- demand of
conditioning artificial lighting

Reduction in energy consumption and GHG

emission
PASSIVE HOUSE CONCEPTS AND STANDARDS
  Best Building Form
 Solar & Energy Efficient Design
 Improved Indoor Air Quality
 Usage of Green Materials
 Proper Mechanical Systems
 Efficient Lighting
Go Green

 Proper Testing & Maintenance

Go Green
•Total Plinth Area is 30,914 sq.mtrs
• Platinum Rating as per LEED India & 5 star Rating by GRIHA

Indira Paryavaran Bhawan

 Present Status-Renewable Energy
Total Installed capacity 31,707 MW

Solar Thermal Power Generation

 ParabolicTrough
Parabolic TroughConcentrator
Concentrator
 Parabolic-trough and solar tower plants are the most developed
concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies realized up to date,
with more than 500 MW of commercial plants operating.
 Proven
Proven Technology:
Technology: SEGSSEGS
plantsplants
SEGS: Solar Electric Generating System

9 plants at three locations (Daggett, Kramer

Junction, Harper Lake), Mojave desert (CA)

Individual unit size: 14 to 80 MWe

SEGS: Solar Electric Generating System

Installed between 1984 and 1990

Total size: 354 Mwe

Still operating: actual operator of units III to

IX is FPL Energy; electricity customer is SCE
 SSSSSSOLAR POWER GENERATION IN INDIASSSSS
Solar Central
SSSSSSOLAR POWERTower – Heleostat
GENERATION Systems
IN INDIASSSSS
Solar Central Tower – Heleostat Systems
SSSSSSOLAR POWER GENERATION IN INDIASSSSS

Always at an angle, 
depending on Latitude, season
and Position of heleostats

 Heleostats-Central Tower CSP plants in Europe

 Constructed:
 Only pilot plants (approx. 15 MWe)

 Under construction/
development:
 Spain:
approx. 500 MWe
in total
 Greece:
approx. 50 MWe
 SolarSolar
Dish Sterling Engine
Technologies :Thermal

• Sterling engine is external combustion engine

• Therefore fuel flexible

• Highly efficient- about 40%

• With high efficiency paraboloidal dish (85%), overall eff.- > 30%

• The present available unit size: 25 kW

• MW size plants use a no. of these modular units

• Can be hybridized with biomass gasification unit to supply 24 x 7 power

• Rugged

• Good option for rural applications

Dish stirling
 Stiriling Engine
Stiriling Engine
India’s First 50 MW CSP Plant at Jaisalmer
CSP Plant Characteristics
SOLAR FIELD
• Solar Collector Assembly – 480
• Aperture (m) – 5.71
• Aperture area (m2) – 871.5
• Length (m) – 150
• Optical Efficiency – 77%
• # of mirror segments – 1,61,280
• # of Receiver Tubes – 17,280
• Field Aperture area (m2) – 3,92,400
• Site Area (acres) – 400
• Solar field inlet temperature ( C) – 293
O

• Solar Field outlet temperature (OC) – 393

POWER BLOCK
• Turbine Generator Gross output – 55 MWe
• Net Output to Grid – 50 MWe
• Solar Steam Inlet Pressure – 98 bars
• Solar Steam Reheat Pressure – 19 bars
• Solar Steam Temperature – 385OC
National Solar Thermal Power Testing ,Simulation
& Research Facility at NISE
 PHYSICS OF SOLAR CELLS

 Solar cells, the heart of a PV system, are meant to absorb

sunlight and convert it directly to electricity. These are made
from a wide range of semiconductor materials.
 For best solar energy conversion the optimum band gap is ~
1.1 - 1.5 eV.
 Some of the best solar cell materials are: Silicon (1.12 eV),
InP (1.40 eV), GaAs (1.42 eV), CdTe (~1.44 eV) and CuInSe2
(~1.0 eV).
 Energy of the incident photons produce electron-hole pairs
that are separated by the electric field and give rise to
unidirectional electric current.
 These are collected by the external contacts at the two faces
of the semiconductor and produce usable DC power.
© 2011 KPMG Advisory Services Private Limited, the KPMG India member firm of KPMG International, a Swiss cooperative. All rights reserved. KPMG and the KPMG
logo are registered trademarks of KPMG International, a Swiss cooperative.
 Solar Technologies :PV
Si has 04 electrons in valence bond
n-type: Doping with Phosphorous (5 electrons)
p-type: Doping with Boron (3 electrons)

One –way Flow or Diode Effect: The Photovoltaic Effect

Electrical circuitry is produced on both sides-

Bottom thin metal plates; Top- Silver grid
© 2011 KPMG Advisory Services Private Limited, the KPMG India member firm of KPMG International, a Swiss cooperative. All rights reserved. KPMG and the KPMG
logo are registered trademarks of KPMG International, a Swiss cooperative.
 TYPES OF SOLAR CELLS
Types of solar cells based on choice of semiconductor material
and device structure
 Crystalline silicon solar cells: mono crystalline silicon (c-Si) and
multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si)
 Surface barrier solar cells (a-Si on c-Si) – Passivated Interface (PI) at hetero
junction
 Thin film solar cells:
 amorphous silicon (a-Si)
 polycrystalline copper indium diselenide (CIS) or
copper-indium-gallium - selenide / sulphide (CIGS)
 cadmium telluride (CdTe)
 thin-film crystalline silicon
 Gallium arsenide (GaAs) and multi junction cells (GaInP / GaAs / Ge ) with
super-high efficiency
 Nano crystalline Dye-sensitized TiO2 based and other nano-structured solar
cells
 Organic (Polymer) solar cells
Solar Photovoltaics
 Solar Cell Best Efficiencies: World

© 2011 KPMG Advisory Services Private Limited, the KPMG India member firm of KPMG International, a Swiss cooperative. All rights reserved. KPMG and the KPMG
logo are registered trademarks of KPMG International, a Swiss cooperative.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR CELL
 First Generation
• Single crystal silicon wafers (c-Si)
 Second Generation
• Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
• Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si)
• Cadmium telluride (CdTe)
• Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) alloy
 Third Generation
• Nanocrystal solar cells
• Photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells
 Gräetzel cells
• Polymer solar cells
• Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC)
 Fourth Generation
•Hybrid - inorganic crystals within a polymer matrix
© 2011 KPMG Advisory Services Private Limited, the KPMG India member firm of KPMG International, a Swiss cooperative. All rights reserved. KPMG and the KPMG
logo are registered trademarks of KPMG International, a Swiss cooperative.
Specifications of Solar PV Systems
l Solar Lantern
l Uses 7 watt compact fluorescent lamp, 10
watt PV module and a 7AH – 12 V sealed
maintenance free battery. Designed to
work for about 3-4 hr a day:
Cost Rs. 3500/-
l Street light system
l Uses 40 watt fluorescent lamp, 74 Wp PV
module and a 80 AM – 12 V battery:
Cost Rs. 25000/-
l Solar Home System
l Several modules, uses 18/37/74 Wp PV
module and a 20/40/75 AH – 12 V
tubular plate battery and work for 3-5 hr
each day. Cost Rs. 8,000 – 30,000/-
l Solar PV Water pump
l Small to large capacity ranging from 300
– 3000 Wp PV array pumps are available
to draw water from a depth of 6-10 m.
l 1800 watt PV array pump with 2 hp DC
motor pump was able to deliver about
1,40,000 litres of water per day from a
depth of 6-10 m.
India’s largest solar photovoltaic plant (151 MW)
India’s largest solar
photovoltaic plant has been
commissioned at Bhagwanpur
in Neemuch (Madhya
Pradesh). The plant with
installed capacity of 151-MW
has been developed by
Welspun Energy Ltd (WEL) &
completed in Feb. 2014
•It is expected to supply electricity at around Rs 8 per kWh.
•The 151-megawatt photovoltaic plant.
•World’s 2nd largest & Asia’s Largest solar project (Single
Plant).
•Set up at a cost of Rs. 1100 crore on 305 hectares of land.