i.

Objective

To determine the characteristics of a pipe consisting of four pipes of various size in series .
a. Introduction:

In fluid dynamics, head is a concept that relates the energy in a fluid to the height of an
equivalent static column of that fluid. From Bernoulli's principle, the total energy at given point
in a fluid is the energy associated with the movement of the fluid, plus energy from pressure in
the fluid, plus energy from the height of the fluid relative to an arbitrary datum. Head is
expressed in units of height such as meters or feet.

Losses due to friction.

In a real pipe line there are energy losses due to friction - these must be taken into account as
they can be very significant. the energy loss due to friction written as a head and given the
symbol  . This is often know as the head loss due to friction.

b. Theory:

For any incompressible fluid flowing through a pipe, the following equations apply:
Continuity equation:
Q = V1 A1 = V2 A2 = V3 A3 ; where Q=volumetric flow rate (m3/s)
V1 = the velocity (m/s); A = cross-sectional area (m2)
Bernoulli's equation:

P 1 V 12 P 2 V 22 P 3 V 32
Z 1+ + =Z 2+ + =Z 3+ + =constant
ρg 2 g ρg 2g ρ g 2g
Head Loss:
The loss through a piping system is due to two effects:
 Due to viscous resistance extending throughout the total length of the circuit.
 Due to localized affects such as valves, sudden changes in area of flow and bends.
Head Loss can be calculated from Darcy's equation:

V2
hf = f ( )¿)
d
where f : Darcy friction factor.
hf : head loss due to friction.
L: length of the pipe.
V: average velocity of the fluid flow.
g: acceleration due to gravity.
ii. Apparatus and Procedure:
1) Apparatus:

2) Procedure
1- Connect up the equipment using 3 pipes of different diameters in series
2- Switch on the pump and open the flow rate valve
3- Note the head loss on manometer scale
4- Determine the volumetric flow rate of fluid using the tank and stop watch
5- Repeat the procedure for increasing volumetric flow rates

3) Data
 4) Simple calculation

For first trial

V =0.002m3 , T = 12.65 s

V 0.002 m3
Q= = =0.000158
T 12.65 s
π
A= r 2
4
π
A13= 0. 0 132=0.00013 m 2 ,
4
π
A17.5= 0. 0 175 2=0.000 24 m 2 ,
4
π
A22.5 = 0. 02252=0.000397 m2
4
Rm13=0.042m

Rm17.5=0.0 28 m

Rm22.5 =0.0 2m

Q
V=
A
0.000158 m
V 13= =1.19
0.000133 s
0.000158 m
V 17.5= =0.657
0.00024 s
 0.000158 m
V 22.5= =0.397
0.00039 s
di∗ρ∗v
NRe=
μ
0.013∗1000∗1.19
NRe 13= =15492.68
0.001
0.0 175∗1000∗0.657
NRe 1 7.5= =11508. 8
0.001
0.0 225∗1000∗0.397
NRe 22.5= =8931.32
0.001
0.125
F=0.0014+
(NRe)0.32
0.125
F 13=0.0014+ =0.007103
( 15492.68 )0.32
0.125
F 17.5=0.0014+ =0.007672
( 11508.8 )0.32
0.125
F 22.5=0.0014+ =0.008197
( 8931.32 )0.32
Rm∗( ρm −ρw )
hF exp=
ρw

0.042∗( 13600−1000 )
hF 13= =0.5293 m
1000
0.028∗ (13600−1000 )
hF 17.5= =0.3528 m
1000
0.02∗( 13600−1000 )
hF 22.5= =0.252 m
1000
f∗L 2
∗v
di
hF emp=4
2g
1
hF 13=4
( 0.007103 )∗( 0.013 )∗1.19 =0.17054 m
2

2∗9.8
hF 17.5=4
( 0.007672 )∗ ( 0.01175 )∗0.657648 =0.041 m
2

2∗9.8
1
hF 22.5=4
( 0.00 8147 )∗ ( 0.0225 )∗0.39783 =0.0126 m
2

2∗9.8

5) Graph

head loss in series vs fl ow rate

1
0.9
0.8
Head loss exp and emp

Series 1 exp
0.7
series 1 emp
0.6
seiries 2 exp
0.5
seires 2 emp
0.4
series 3 exp
0.3
seires 3 amp
0.2
0.1
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Q flow rate
 head1 loss in pipe with diff ereint vloumatric fl ow rate
0.9
HF exp
(0.013)
0.8
HF amp
0.7 (0.013)
Head loss exp and amp

0.6 Hf exp
(0.0175)
0.5
HF emp
(0.0175)
0.4
HF exp
0.3 (0.0225)

0.2 HF amp
(0.0225)
0.1

0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Q volumatric flow rate

iii. Analysis

From the graph for series shows the head loss decrease while the fluid flowing through the
different pipe diameter which mean the pressure is decrease when the diameter is increase.
From the graph of head loss in same dimeter pipe with different flow rate shows that the when
increase the flow rate the fraction loss will increase
iv. Conclusion and Recommendations:

In conclusion, I learned how to determine the head loss and the head friction versus the
volumetric flow rate. I also learned effects of valves, sudden changes in area and bends
throughout a piping system.

v. References:
 Laboratory Manual CHM 323