CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

Preface
Continuity and Differentiability is another very important chapter of Differential Calculus because it
shows the nature of different algabraic, trigonometric and exponential function that whether they are
continuous or discontinuous function. Before starting this chapter you must be well aware of function
and their graphs, limits and their existence.

CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY 41

 1. INTRODUCTION
The word 'Continuous' means without any break
or gap. If the graph of a function has no break
or gap or jump, then it is said to be continuous.
A function which is not continuous is called a
discontinuous function.
In other words,
If there is slight (finite) change in the value of a
function by slightly changing the value of x then
function is continuous, otherwise discontinuous,
while studying graphs of functions, we see that
graphs of functions sin x, x, cos x, ex etc. are
continuous but greatest integer function [x] has (Discontinuous)
break at every integral point, so it is not continu-
ous. Similarly tan x, cot x, secx, 1/x etc. are
For examining continuity of a function at a point,
also discontinuous function.
we find its limit and value at that point, If these
two exist and are equal, then function is continu-
ous at that point.

Ex. 2. CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT

A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a point
x = a if
(i) f (a) exists
Lim
(ii) x o a f(x) exists and finite

Lim Lim
so x o a  f(x) = x o a  f(x)

Lim
(iii) x o a f(x) = f(a) .
or function f(x) is continuous at x = a.
Lim Lim
If x o a  f(x) = x o a  f(x) = f(a).
(Continuous function)
i.e. If right hand limit at 'a' = left hand limit
at 'a'= value of the function at 'a'.
Lim Lim
Y If x o a f(x) does not exist or x o a f(x) z f(a),
then f(x) is said to be discontinuous at x= a.

Continuity of a function at a point

Ex.1 Examine the continuity of the function
R
| x 9 2

O
X
f (x) = S , when x z 3
|T6, when x 3 at x = 3.
x3
f(x)= 1/x
Sol. f (3) = 6 ( given)
Lim bx  3gbx  3g= 6
Lim

(Discontinuous at x = 0)
xo3 f(x) = xo 3 bx  3g
Lim
 x o 3 f(x) = f(3)
? f (x) is continuous at x = 3.
CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY 42
 R
|Slog (1  2ax)x log b1  bxgx z 0
Thus a function f(x) is continuous at a point
x = a if it is left continuous as well as right
Ex.2 If f(x) =
|Tk , x 0
continuous at x = a.

If function is continuous at x = 0 then the Continuity From Left and Right

value of k is –
(A) a + b (B) 2a +b Ex.4 Examine the continuity of the function
(C) a – b (D) 0 |R
S
2
x  1, when x d 2
f(x) =
| 2x, when x ! 2
T
F
G1  2ax I
H1  bx J
at the point x = 2.
Lim
Sol. x o 0
log
K Sol. f(2) = 22 + 1 = 5
x
f(2– 0) = h o 0
Lim
b2  hg 1 = 5
2

F 1  bx I b 1  bxgb2agb  1  2axg
bbg
=xo0 G J
H1  2 axK
Lim
.
b1  bxg 2 Lim
 f (2+ 0) = h o 0 2( 2+ h) = 4

2a  b b2a  bg= 2a + b f(2– 0) z f(2+ 0) z f(2)

Ÿ xo0 b1  bxgb1  2 axg b 1gbg
Lim
= ? f(x) is not continuous at x = 2.
1
Ans.[B] Ex.5 Check the continuity of the function

R
|S1  cos 4x
,x z 0
x 2 x!3
2 5 x 3
Ex.3 If f(x) =
|Ta, x
x 0
is continuous then f(x) =
8x x3
at x = 3.

the value of a is equal to –

Sol. f (3) = 5
(A) 0 (B) 1
Lim
(C) 4 (D) 8 Left hand limit x o 3  (3+h) + 2
Sol. Since the given function is continuous at x= 0
Lim
Lim 1  cos 4 x h o 0 5+ h = 5
xo0 = a
x2 Lim
Right hand limit x o 3  8–(3–h)
Lim 2 sin 2 2x 4
xo0 x = a
x2 4 Lim
h o 0 5+ h = 5 = LHL

F
sin 2 x I
G
2  f(3) = RHL = LHL
H2 x J Kx 4 = a
Lim
xo0 2 ? function is continuous.

Ÿ 2 x 1 x 4 = a R |x  1|
|| 1  x  a x ! 1
Ÿ 8 = a Ans.[4]
Ex.6 If f(x) =
S ab x 1
|| | x  1|  b x 1 is continuous at
3. CONTINUITY FROM LEFT AND RIGHT
T1  x
Function f(x) is said to be
x = 1 then the value of a & b are respectively-
(i) Left continuous at x= a if
(A) 1,1 (B) 1,–1
Lim
x o a  0 f(x) = f(a) (C) 2,3 (D) None of these
(ii) right continuous at x = a if Sol. f(1) = a+ b

Lim | 1 h  1 |
x o a  0 f(x) = f(a) f(1+h) = 1  1  h  a
b g 1  a

CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY 43

 Sol.  f(x) is continuous in an interval [0, S ]
 given function is continuous
? f(1) = f (1+h) So it is also continuous at x = S / 4 ,x= S / 2 .
= a+b = – 1+a Ÿ b= –1 Lim Lim
? f(x) = f(x)
x o S / 4 x o S / 4
| 1 h  1| h
b g
Now f(1-h) = 1  1  h + b =
h
 b = 1+ b Ÿ S / 4 + a = S /2+ b ...(1)
Lim Lim
? a+ b = 1+ b Ÿ a= 1 Ans.[B] and f(x) = . f(x)
x o S / 2 x o S / 2
Ÿ 0+b = –a– b ...(2)
Ex.7 Function f(x) = [x] is a greatest integer func-
tion which is right continuous at x = 1 but Solving (1) and (2) Ÿ a = S / 6 , b = – S / 12 .
not left continuous.
Sol.  f (1) = [1] = 1 5. CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
[1+0] = 1 and [1-0] =0
A function is said to be continuous function if it
Lim is continuous at every point in its domain. Fol-
? x o 1 f(x) = f(1) = 1, lowing are examples of some continuous func-
Lim
tion.
and x o 1 f(x) = 0 z f(1)
(i) f (x) = x (Identity function)
so function f(x) = [x] is right continuous but
(ii) f(x) = C (Constant function)
not left continuous. 2
(iii) f(x) = x
4. CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION IN AN INTERVAL (iv) f(x) = a 0xn + a1xn-1+ ....+ an
(Polynomial).
(a) A function f(x) is said to be continuous in an
open interval (a,b) if it is continuous at every (v) f(x) = |x|, x+ |x|, x-|x|, x|x|
point in (a, b). (vi) f(x) = sin x, f(x) = cos x
For example function y = sin x, y = cos x , (vii) f(x) = ex, f(x) = ax, a> 0
y = ex are continuous in (– f, f). (viii) f(x) = log x, f(x) = logax a> 0
(b) A function f(x) is said to be continuous in the (ix) f(x) = sinh x, cosh x, tanh x
closed interval [a, b] if it is- (x) f(x) = x m sin (1/x), m> 0
(i) Continuous at every point of the open f(x) = xm cos (1/x), m> 0
interval (a, b).
(ii) Right continuous at x = a. 6. DISCONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
(iii) Left continuous at x = b.
A function is said to be a discontinuous function
5 R if it is discontinuous at at least one point in its
domain. Following are examples of some discon-
S
T
tinuous function-
(i) f(x) = 1/x at x = 0
Ex.8 Check the continuity of the function
(ii) f(x) = e1/x at x = 0
5 x  4, 0 d xd1
f(x) = 2 in an interval [0,2] (iii) f(x) = sin 1/x, f(x) = cos 1/x at x = 0
4 x  3 x, 1 d x d 2
(iv) f(x) = [x] at every integer
Sol. The given function is continuous in the interval (v) f(x) = x– [x] at every integer
[0, 2] because it is right continuous at x = 0
(vi) f(x) = tan x, f(x) = sec x
and left continuous at x = 2 and is continuous
at every point of the interval (0, 2). when x =(2n+1) S / 2 , n Z.
Ex.9 For what value of a and b the function (vii) f(x) = cot x, f(x) = cosec x when x = n S ,
R
|Sx2x cot
a 2 sin x, 0dx S/4 n Z.
x  b, S / 4 d x d S / 2 (viii) f(x) = coth x, f(x) = cosech x at x = 0.
f(x) =
|Ta cos 2x  b sin x, S / 2  x d S is

continuous in an interval [0, S ].

CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY 44

7. PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTION
The sum, difference, product, quotient (If Dr z 0)
and composite of two continuous functions are
always continuous functions. Thus if f(x) and g(x)
are continuous functions then following are also
continuous functions:
(a) f(x) + g(x)
(b) f(x) – g(x)
(c) f(x) . g(x)
(d) O f(x) , where O is a constant
(e) f(x) /g(x), if g(x) z 0
(f) f [g(x)]
For example -
(i) e2x + sin x is a continuous function be-
cause it is the sum of two continuous func-
tion e2x and sin x.
(ii) sin (x 2 +2) is a continuous function because
it is the composite of two continuous func-
tions sin x and x 2+2.
Note :
The product of one continuous and one discon-
tinuous function may or may not be continuous.
For example-
(i) f(x) = x is continuous and g(x) = cos 1/x is
discontinuous whereas their product
x cos 1/x is continuous.
(ii) f(x) = C is continuous and g(x) = sin 1/x is
discontinuous whereas their product
C sin 1/x is discontinuous.
DIFFERENTIABILITY
8.1 Differentiability in an interval
(a) A function f(x) is said to be differentiable in
an open interval (a,b), if it is differentiable at
every point of the interval.
(b) A function f(x) is differentiable in a closed
interval [a,b] if it is –
(i) Differentiable at every point of interval (a,b)
(ii) Right derivative exists at x = a
(iii) Left derivative exists at x = b.
8.2 Differentiable function & their properties
A function is said to be a differentiable function
if it is differentiable at every point of its domain.
(a) Example of some differentiable functions:–
(i) Every polynomial function
(ii) Exponential function : ax, ex, e–x......
(iii) logarithmic functions : log ax, logex ,......
(iv) Trigonometrical functions : sin x, cos x,
(v) Hyperbolic functions : sinhx, coshx,......
(b) Examples of some non– differentiable
functions:
(i) |x | at x = 0
(ii) x r |x| at x = 0
(iii) [x], x r [x] at every n  Z
F
G 1I
(iv) x sin Hx JK, at x = 0
F
G1I
Hx JK, at x = 0
(v) cos
(c) The sum, difference, product, quoteint
(Dr z 0) and composite of two differentiable
functions is always a differentiable function.

8. DIFFERENTIABILITY OF A FUNCTION Differentiability of function

A function f(x) is said to be differentiable at a Ex.10 The function f(x) = x2 – 2x is differentiable

point of its domain if it has a finite derivative at at x = 2 because
that point. Thus f(x) is differentiable at x = a 2
Sol. lim f ( x)  f ( 2) = lim x  2x  0
Ÿ xo2
f ( x)  f ( a) x2
Ÿ xlim
xo2
exists finitely x2
oa xa
Ÿ lim x = 2
lim f (a  h)  f ( a) = lim f (a  h)  f ( a)
xo2
Ÿ ho0 Ex.11 Check the differentiability of the function
h ho0 h
Ÿ f' (a – 0) = f'(a+ 0)
Ÿ left- hand derivative = Right-hand derivative.
R
|Sx5, 2, xx ! 33
Generally derivative of f(x) at x = a is denoted by
f ( x)  f ( a)
f(x) =
|T8  x, x  3 at x = 3.

f'(a) . So f' (a) = xlim oa

Sol. For function to be differentiable
xa
Note : (i) Every differentiable function is necessarily f'(3+h) = f' (3–h)
continuous but every continuous function lim f (3  h)  f (3)
f' (3+h) = ho0
is not necessarily differentiable i.e. h
Differentiability Ÿ continuity ( 3  h  2)  5
but continuity Ÿ  differentiability lim
Ÿ ho0 lim h = 1
= ho0
h h
CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY 45
 Ex.13 Check the differentiability of the function
lim f (3  h)  f (3)
f' (3–h) = ho0
h
8  ( 3  h)  5 h
R
|S11, sin x, x0
lim
= ho0 = = – 1 f(x) = 0 d x d S / 2 at
h h
|T2  bx  S / 2g, S / 2  x d S
2
? f' (3+ h) z f' (3–h)
x = S/2
So function is not differentiable.
Ex.12 Check the differentiability of the function f ( S / 2  h)  f ( S / 2)
Sol. f' ( S / 2 + h) =
R
Sx sin (1 / x), x z 0
h
f(x) =
T0, x 0
at x = 0
lim
= ho0
b
2 S / 2hS /2 g b1  sin S / 2g
2

Sol. For function to be differentiable h

2
f' (0+h) = f' (0–h) = ho0lim 2  h  1  1 = lim h= 0
ho0
h
f ( 0  h)  f ( 0 )
f' (0+h) = F
GS IJ F
G IJ
S
h F
G I f
H K H
h f
K
H JK
S 2 2
1 = f' h =
h sin  0
F
G I 2 h
HJK
lim h 1
Ÿ ho0 Ÿ lim sin
h ho0 h FS I F1 sin S IJ
1  sin G hJ G
Which does not exist. = lim H2 K H 2 K
F 1IJ 0
( h)sin G
ho0
h

f' (0–h) = lim

Hh K lim
= ho0
1  cos h  2
=
ho0 h h

F 1I lim cos h  1 = lim 1 cosh = 0

lim sin 
= ho0 Hh J
G K
ho0 h ho0 h
S
Which does not exist. ? function is differentiable at x =
2
So function is not differentiable at x = 0 Note : If a function f(x) is discontinuous at x = a
Here we can verify that then it is not differentiable at that point.
f (0+h) = f (0–h) = 0
R
|SsinF
1I
GJ, x z 0
So function is continuous at x = 0.
Ex.14 Function f(x) = H
xK
|T0, x 0
is discontinuous at x = 0 , therefore it is not
differetiable at x = 0.

CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY 46

 SOLVED EXAMPLES

R
| 1, when x  1
Sol. Obviously function f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0
and x= 1 because the function is not defined,
Ex.1 Function f(x) = S  x, when  1 d x d 1 is con- when x< 0 and x> 1 , therefore f(0–0) and f(1+0)
|T1, when x ! 1 do not exist. Again
F 1 I Lim F I
H2 K H2  xJK= 1
G  0J= G
tinuous- 3
f 1
(A) Only at x = 1 xo
2
(B) Only at x = – 1
F1 I Lim F I
H2 K G
f G 0J=
H2  xJK= 0
(C) At both x = 1 and x = – 1 1
1
(D) Neither at x = 1 nor at x = – 1 xo
2

fG
F1  0IJz f F1 I
H2 K H2  0JK
G
Sol. f(–1–0) = –1, f(–1) = – (–1) = 1
Ÿ f( –1–0) z f(–1)
Ÿ f(x) is not continuous at x = –1
Further , f(1) = –1 1
f (1+0) = 1 Ÿ f (1) z f(1+0)
? function f(x) is discontinuous at x= .
2
Ÿ f(x) is not continuous at x = 1. Ans.[B]
Ans.[D]

Rx cos(1 / x),
k
xz0
R
|
3 2
x  x  16 x  20
If f(x) = S
,x z 2
Ex.2 Ex.4 If f(x) = S bx  2g
2 is continu-
T0, x 0 |Tk, x 2
is continuous at x = 0, then- ous for all values of x, then the value of k is-
(A) k < 0 (B) k > 0 (A) 5 (B) 6
(C) k = 0 (D) k t 0 (C) 7 (D) 8

Sol. Since f(x) is continuous at x = 0 Sol.  f(x) is continuous at x =2

lim ? f(2–0) = f(2+0) = f(2) = k
? x o 0 f(x) = f(0) But f(2+0)
but f(0)= 0 ( given)
b2  hg b2  hg 16 b2  hg 20
Lim
3 2

b2  h  2g
lim lim
? x o 0 f(x) = x o 0 xk cos (1/x) = ho0 2

= 0, if k > 0. Ans.[B]
Lim h 3  7h 2
R 1
|| 2  x,0  x  2
1
= ho0
h2
=7 Ans. [C]

1, xd2
|| 01, x 10
If f(x) = S , x Ex.5 If the function f(x) = ax  b,2  x  4
|| 3 1 2
Ex.3
2 7, xt4

||12,  x, 2  xx  11 is continuous at x= 2 and 4, then the values of

T a and b are-
(A) 3,5 (B) 3,–5
(C) 0,3 (D) 0,5
then wrong statement is-
(A) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0 Sol. Since f(x) is continuous at x= 2
(B) f(x) is continuous at x = 1/2
Lim f(x)
(C) f(x) is discontinuous at x= 1 ? f(2) = xo 2
(D) f(x) is continuous at x = 1/4
Ÿ Lim (ax+ b)
1 = xo2
? 1= 2a + b ...(1)
CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY 47
 Again f(x) is continuous at x = 4, R sin3 x
||13cos , xS/2
? Lim f(x)
f(4) = xo 4 |Sa 2
x
,x S / 2
Ex.8 If f(x) = | bb 1  sin xg is continuous at
Ÿ 7 = Lim
xo4 (ax+ b)
|| bS  2xg2 , x ! S / 2
T
? 7 = 4a + b ...(2) x = S / 2 , then value of a and b are-
Solving (1) and (2) , we get a= 3, b = –5. (A) 1/2, 1/4 (B) 2,4
Ans.[B] (C) 1/2,4 (D) 1/4,2

F I FS I
1  sin G hJ
R H2 K
3

H2 J
f G
when x  Q S
Ex.6 If f(x) = S x,
Tx, , then f(x) is Sol.  0
K= h o 0
Lim

FS I
3 cos G hJ
when x  Q
H2 K
2

continuous at-
(A) All rational numbers Lim 1  cos 3 h
= ho0
(B) Zero only 3 sin 2 h
(C) Zero and 1 only
(D) No where
Lim
= ho0
b1  cos hge1  cos h  cos hj 2

3b 1  cos hgb1  cos hg

Sol. Let us first examine continuity at x = 0.
f (0) = 0 (  0  Q) = 1/2

L1  sinF IO
Lim Lim
= f (0–0) = h o 0 f( 0- h) = h o 0 f(–h)
F I bM GS
 hJP
H2 K
H2  0JK= h o 0 LN FS IOQ
f G
Lim S Lim
= h o 0 { –h or h according as – h Q or –h Q)
2

N G
=0 S  2  hJP
M
Lim Lim
f( 0+0) = h o 0 f(0+h) = h o 0 f(h)
H2 KQ
Lim
bb1  cos hg
Lim
= h o 0 { h or –h} = 0 = ho0 4h 2
f(0) = f(0–0) = f(0+0)
2b sin 2 h / 2 b
Ÿ f(x) is continuous at x= 0. = ho0
Lim
=
2 8
Now let a  R, a z 0, then 4h
Lim
S
f(a–0) = h o 0 f( a–h) Now f(x) is continuous at x=
2
F
G I FS  0IJ= f FSI
H2  0JK= f G
H2 K G H2 J
Lim
= h o 0 {(a–h) or – (a–h) } S

= a or –a, which is not unique.

Ÿ f K
Ÿ f(a–0) does not exist 1 b
Ÿ = =a
Ÿ f(x) is not continuous at a  R0. 2 8
Hence f(x) is continuous only at x = 0. ? a = 1/2, b = 4
Ans.[B] Ans.[C]
Ex.7 f(x) = x –[x] is continuous at -
(A) x = 0 (B) x = –1 Ex.9 If the function
(C) x = 1 (D) x = 1/2 R
||1 sin S2 x for  f  x d 1
Sol. We know that [x] is discontinuous at every
f(x) = |
Sax  b xS for 1  x  3
integer. Therefore it is continuous only at
x = 1/2, while the function x is continuous at all
|T6 tan 12 for 3 d x  6
points x= 0, –1, 1, 1/2. Thus the given function is continuous in the interval (– f , 6), then the
is continuous only at x = 1/2. value of a and b are respectively-
Ans.[D] (A) 0,2 (B) 1,1
(C) 2,0 (D) 2,1

CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY 48

Sol. Obviously the function f(x) is continuous at ( Where [x] = greatest integer d x) is continu-
Lim f(x) = f(1) ous at x = 0, then k is equal to-
x= 1 and 3. Therefore xo1 (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D)Indeterminate
Ÿ a+ b = 2 ...(1) Sol. As given f(0–0) = f(0+0) = k
Lim f(x) = f(3)
and xo 3
cos
bhg
Lim 2 h
Now f(0–0) = h o 0
Ÿ 3a + b = 6 ...(2) h
Solving (1) and (2) , we get a = 2, b = 0.
Fh I
Ans.[C]
Lim
cos
H2 b1gJK= – 1
G
R
|| 1 cos2 4 x , x  0
= ho0
1
|Sa, x x 0 Lim
sin h
Lim sin 0
If f(x) = |
f (0+0) = h o 0 h  1 = h o 0 =0
Ex.10 0 1
|| x
,x ! 0
T16  x  4  f(0–0) z f(0+0), so k is indeterminate.
Ans.[D]
then at x= 0 -
(A) f(x) is continuous, when a = 0 R
|b1b|sin x|g,
a /|sin x|
, S / 6  x  0
If f(x) = S
(B) f(x) is continuous, when a= 8 x 0
Ex.12
(C) f(x) is discontinuous for every value of a ||e
T
tan 2 x / tan 3 x
(D) None of these , 0x S/6

Sol. Lim 1  cos 4 x

f(0–0) = xo0 is continuous at x= 0, then value of a,b are-
x2 (A) 2/3, e2/3 (B) 1/3, e1/3
2 sin2 2x (C) 2/3, 1/3 (D) None of these
= =8
x2 Sol.
Lim
f (0–0) = h o 0 (1+ | sin (–h)|)a/|sin (–h)|
f(0+0) =
Lim
= h o 0 (1+ sinh)a/ sin h =ea
Lim
x 16  x  4
×
xo0
e16  x 4 j 16  x  4 Lim tan 2h Ftan 2h JI
lim G
f(0+0) = h o 0 tan 3h = ho
e e 0
Htan 3 h K

F16  I
= Lim
xo0
x
H K= 8
x 4 =
e
lim 2 sec2 2 h
= e2/3
h o0 3 sec2 3 h

16  x  16 Now f(x) is continuous at x = 0

 f(0+0) = f(0–0)
Ÿ f(0-0) = f(0+0) = f(0)
? f(x) can be continuous at x = 0, if
f (0) = a = 8. Ÿ ea = e2/3 =b
Ans.[B] ? a = 2/3, b= e 2/3

Ans.[A]
R
|| sinx x1, x ! 0
Ex.13 f(x) = |x| is not differentiable at-
(A) x = –1 (B) x = 0
(C) x = 1 (D) None of these
|| cos x Sol. at x = 0:

Ex.11 If f(x) = S
| 2 x , x0 lim | 0  h |0 = –1
||k x , x 0 f'(0–0) = ho0
h
| 0  h |0
|| lim
f'(0+ 0) = ho0
h
= 1

|T Now, since f' (0–0) z f'(0+0)

Ÿ f(x) is not differentiable at x= 0.
Ans.[B]

CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY 49

 R
|Sxx,, if 0 ifd xx d 01 , is
? f(1–0) = f(1+0) = f(1)
Ex.14 Function f(x) = 2 Ÿ f(x) is continuous at x = 1
|Tx  x  1 ,if x ! 1
3
lim f ( x)  f (1)
differentiable at - Again f' (1+ 0) = xo 1 x1
(A) x = 0 but not at x = 1 3x  3
(B) x = 1 but not at x = 0 = lim
xo1
(C) x = 0 and x = 1 both x1
1h
(D) neither x = 0 nor x = 1 lim 3  3
= ho0
Sol. Differentiability at x = 0 h
f ( 0  h)  f ( 0 ) 3h  1
R [f'(0)] = Lim
ho0
lim
= 3 ho0
h h
2
( 0  h)  0 = 3 log 3
= Lim
ho0
= Lim
ho0
h = 0
h
f (0  h)  f (0 ) and f'(1+ 0) lim f ( x)  f (1)
= xo1
L [f'(0)] = Lim x1
ho0 h
4 x3
 ( 0  h)  0 = lim = – 1
= Lim = – 1 xo1 x1
ho0 h
? f' (1+0) z f'(1–0)
 R [f' (0) ] z L [f'(0)]
Ÿ f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
? f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
Ans.[A]
Differentiability at x = 1
f (1  h)  f (1) x
R [f'(1)] = Lim Ex.16 Function f(x) = is differentiable in
ho0 h 1 | x|
the set-
= Lim
b1  hg b1  hg 1  1
3
(A) (– f , f ) (B) (– f ,0)
ho0
h (C) (– f ,0) ‰ (0, f ) (D) (0, f )
2
2h  3 h  h3
= Lim = 2 x
ho0
h Sol. When x < 0, f(x) =

L [f'(1)] = Lim
b g
f 1  h  f (1)
1
1 x
ho0
h Ÿ f'(x) = ...(1)

= Lim
b g
1 h  1
(1  x) 2
which exists finitely for all x< 0
ho0 h
x
2h  h 2 Also when x > 0, f(x) =
= Lim = 2 1 x
ho0 h 1
Thus R [f' (1) ] = L f'(1)] Ÿ f' (x) = ...(2)
(1  x) 2
? function f(x) is differentiable at x = 1 which exists finitely for all x > 0. Also from
Ans.[B] (1) and (2) we have
R
Sf '(0  0) 1
|R
S
x
3 ,  1d x d 1 Tf '(0  0) 1Ÿ
f'(0) = 1
Ex.15 If f(x) =
|4  x, 1  x  4
T Hence f(x) is differentiable  x R
then at x = 1, f(x) is - Ans.[A]
(A) Continuous but not differentiable
(B) Neither continuous nor differentiable R
|Sx sin 1x , x z 0 , then
2
Ex.17 If f(x) =
(C) Continuous and differentiable
(D) Differentiable but not continuous
|T0, x 0
(A) f and f' are continuous at x = 0
Sol. Since f(1–0) = lim 3x = 3 (B) f is derivable at x = 0
xo1
(C) f and f' are derivable at x = 0
f(1+ 0) = lim
xo1
(4–x) = 3 (D) f is derivable at x = 0 and f' is continuous
and f(1) = 31 = 3 at x = 0
CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY 50
Sol. When x z 0

F
G I
H J
1 1  1
f' (x) = 2x sin
x
+ x2 cos
x
.
x2 K
F
G1I
Hx JK
1
= 2x sin – cos
x

which exists finitely for all x z 0

lim f ( x)  f (0) = lim x sin 1 / x = 0

2
and f'(0) = xo0
x0 xo0
x
? f is also derivable at x = 0. Thus

R
|S2 x sin 1x  cos 1x , x z 0
f' (x) =
|T0, x 0

lim f'(x) = lim F

1I
Also xo0 xo0
G
H2 x sin x  cos xJK
1

lim cos 1
=2– xo0
x

lim cos 1 does not exist, so lim f'(x)

But xo0
x xo0

does not exist. Hence f' is not continuous

(so not derivable) at x = 0.
Ans.[B]

CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY 51