CONTENTS PAGE NO

1. Introduction 1

2. Objective 2

3. Scope 3

4. About The Materials

4.1 Clay 4

4.2 Location of clay 4

4.3 Occurance of clay 5

4.4 Clay mineralogy study 6

4.5 Classification of clay 6

4.6 Types of clay 7

5. Sand

5.1 Occurance of sand 8

5.2 Classification of sand 9

5.3 Types of sand 9

6. Need of study of sand- clay mixture 10

7. Benefits of mixing sand and clay 11

8. Clay sand combination mechanism 11

9. Application of clay sand mixture 12

10. Red mud 12

10.1. Need to add red mud with clay-sand mixture 12

11. Need of correlation of various experimental data’s 13

12. Literature Review

12.1 Introduction 13

12.2 Sand 14

12.3 Clay 15

12.4 Clay-sand(fine) mixture 16

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 12.5 Clay-sand(combined) mixture 19

12.6 Clay-red mud 24

12.7 Key findings of literature review 25

13. Material and Methods

13.1 Collection of samples 25

13.2 Methods done 26

13.3 Procedure 26

14. Results 28

15. Data validation 30

16. Graphs 31

17. Work plan 32

18. Closing remark 33

19. References 34

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1. Introduction
Soil may be defined as a heterogeneous collection of rock and mineral fragments whose
decomposition and disintegration have been brought about by the action of physical, chemical, and
biological forces, working singly or in combination. Soils are of importance in many different
fields .Out of which engineering construction like road construction, embankment, building big
structures are the major one’s . we will found that sand and clay are being abundantly available all
across the country. Soil mixtures such as silty sands, clayey sands and silty clays are more commonly
found in nature as compared to that of pure clays, sands and silts. so, more emphasise is given to its
combined property. As clay is having more abundantly being found as compared to sand. Therefore
there is a need to focus on its improvement for using in different purposes.

For of all kinds of infrastructural work there is a must need of soil characteristics study is having of
great importance. At present scenario as good quality of soil is not being available every-where and
also single soil does not have all the properties in proper manner means different soils are lack in
different properties. so there is a need to improve the soil property by adding it with other soil type
where only pure clay or sand is only available. if we focus on sector-wise problems there is huge
importance in the construction of highways where the sub-grade quality maters on the road stability
needs. similarily if we look into building construction we will find that if clay soil is there then also
construction cannot be done as there is a chance of uneven settlement may occur or if sand soil
fraction is more then also it is being difficult to construct. In addition, the shape and composition of
the particles and percentage of voids are also important factors, bearing on such soil characteristics
as porosity, cohesion, plasticity, shrinkage, shear resistance, elasticity and strength properties of the
soil.

Most of the engineering design methods and parameters of soil have been developed for ideal soils
such as pure sand or pure clays and most of the previous studies were mostly concerned with the
granular sandy and /or clayey soil. However, field observations showed that in fact these soils can be
found in nature of clay/sand/silt mixture. And it will be quite difficult to establish the characteristics
of the soil since it possesses both the properties of clay, sand and silt. Now-days state highway
department also have taken great strides toward realization of the tremendous benefits to be
obtained and the economies that can be effected by studying and testing the soil mixture on the
sub-grade quality improvement.

Also, now-days there is a big problem of impurities being found in different areas due to rapid
industrialisation. Impurity like red mud (Produced during conversion of bauxite to alumina) are being
produced in large numbers. so, there is a need to effectively utilization of these impurities by using
these materials along with the combination of other soils in construction sector and other sectors
also.

There is a need of study to improve the properties of the soil i.e. clay and sand. Effects of sand
admixtures on clay also know that how impurities like red-mud improves the clay-sand mixture
which will be a environmental friendly way of utilizing the soil material for construction purpose.

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2. OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK

The objective of the work is to summarize the ideas presented by previous researchers on the
strength, compaction, frictional angle ,cohesion and consolidation characteristics of clay and sand
mixture . It is known that some previous work along this sector has been done by some of the
researchers by taking clay and sand but the results have been non conclusive and furthermore very
little has been published. Many tests have been done with several different kinds of soils to
determine the physical properties of soils but hardly very few work have done a been made with fine
sand and to determine the effects of sands of having fine grain sizes and shapes on the physical
properties of clay. Along with this my aim is to increase the research area by including the red mud
which is a by product of bauxite i.e. impurity . so, as to increase the utilization of red mud.

3. SCOPE OF THE WORK

As very few have been done on clay and sand fraction and also the all type tests which have not be
covered up by the researchers taking single clay and different proportion of sand .so, there will be
much scope for doing the work single clay and different proportion of sand . again taking red mud
and no such study has been undertaken by an researcher to look into the effect of red mud to the
clay and sand mixture and till now very less work has been done that is also by taking clay only but
not with clay and sand combination in this sector so as to make proper and wide spread utilization of
red mud in a environmental friendly way. so, as to reduce the negative impact of the red mud.

4. BRIEF IDEAS ABOUT THE MATERIALS TO BE USED IN THE STUDY

4.1 CLAY

Clay is a fine- grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay
minerals with traces of metal oxides and organic matter. Clays are plastic due to their
water content and become hard, brittle and non–plastic upon heating. Generally the size
of the clay is less than 0.002mm.Clay is a general term including many combinations of
one or more clay minerals with traces of metal oxides and organic matter Clay soils co
Clay soils can be identified by touching as Clays feel slightly sticky and dense. They feel
smooth (not gritty) when a piece is rubbed between finger and thumb.Clay soils contain
more than 30 percent fine clay particles. Clays swell and shrink as they wet and dry,
effectively cultivating themselves. Clay soils take longer to warm up in spring.

Fig 1-clay structure

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 4.2 LOCATION OF CLAY IN INDIA

 From the above map we will get to know that most part of india which is covered
with laterite soil, black soil and sub-mountanious soil and in all these soils clay is a
part of it.

 The overall idea we get by looking at the map is that in major portion of india we
will find clayey soil.

4.3 OCCURANCE OF CLAY

Soils cover most of the earth’s surface.  It’s depth varies from a few inches to hundreds of feet.  Clay
is the major constituent of soil   70% of all rock on the earth’s surface is sedimentary. Clay minerals
make up 40% of sedimentary rock.    This means that wherever people build roads, runways,

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carparks, or buildings they are likely to be building over in situ sub grade materials which contains
clay.  The presence of, and the properties of, clays are therefore critical in the foundations of
construction and the use or local or in‐situ materials.   To varying degrees clays are able to hydrate
and expand, and exhibit properties of plasticity and cohesion.   

4.4 CLAY MINERALOGY

Clay minerals, an important group of sheet silicate family of minerals, which are distinguished by
layered structures composed of polymeric sheets of SiO4tetrahedra linked to sheets of (Al, Mg, Fe)
(O,OH)6octahedra. The geotechnical importance of clay minerals stains from their ubiquity in soils
and sediments, high specific surface area, and ion exchange capacities. Clay minerals tend to
dominate the surface chemistry of soils and sediments. The clay minerals form a difficult group of
minerals to study due to their small size, variable structural composition, and relative slow kinetics
of formation and alteration.

Structure of clay minerals Clay minerals are primarily the end product produced by chemical
weathering of feldspathic rock. Chemically, these minerals are basically hydrous aluminum silicates,
although often the aluminum atoms are replaced with atoms of 5other elements, such as
magnesium, iron, potassium, or sodium . The atomic structure of a clay mineral is very complex, and
consists of a variety of combinations and arrangements of two basic building blocks called the silica
tetrahedron and the alumina octahedron as shown in Figure 1.

The various building blocks those make a clay mineral are arranged in orderly sheets are shown in
fig 1. The particular arrangement and chemical compositions of these building blocks determines the
type of clay mineral and its general characteristics.

4.5 MAJOR CLAY GROUPS

Clay minerals are grouped according to chemistry, and its interaction with water. The three main
groups of clay are:

a) KAOLINITE b) ILLITE c) MONTMORILLONITE.

a) Kaolinite - The kaolinite group of clay in which the mineral kaolinite [Al4 Si4O10 (OH)8] is the
principal member, are the most common of all clays. Figure 2 shows kaolinite mineral composed of
two sheets, one consisting of silica tetrahedrons and the other one consisting alumina octahedrons.
These sheets are very strongly bonded together. Kaolinite, therefore, is very stable and it has little
tendency to change in volume when exposed to water or to drought. Kaolinite contains no interlayer
water because of the way the sheets fit together. However, it has the ability to absorb sufficient
water to develop plasticity. The lateral dimensions of kaolinite platelets are about 1000-20,000 Å
with thickness of 100-1000 Å.

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Figure 2. Structure of Kaolinite

b) Illite -The illite group of clays does not have a principal mineral and this name refers to a group of
mica like clay minerals. The basic structural unit of illite clay is composed of two silica tetrahedral
sheets with a central octahedral sheet as shown in Figure 3. where potassium is the primary element
with in the central sheet. The negative charge to balance the potassium ions comes from the
substitution of aluminium for some silicon in tetrahedral sheets. Illite particles have lateral
dimensions of 1000-5000 Å and thickness of 50-500 Å. The specific surface of montmorillonite is
about 90m2/g. Illite shows more plasticity than kaolinite, and it has little tendency to change in
volume when exposed to a change in moisture content unless there is a deficiency in potassium, in
which case the illite particle will exhibit an increased tendency for volume change.

Fig 3.structure of illite

c) Montmorillonite [Si8 Al4 O20 (OH)4.nH2O] is clay mineral group which has expansive structures,
and also the name of the principal mineral of the clay group. The structure of montmorillonite
consists of an alumina sheet placed between two silica sheets form a weak bond, three sheet layers .
This mineral exhibits considerable variation in characteristics because of the interchange between
elements within each sheet. Considering iron or aluminum, for example, may replace the aluminum
in the alumina sheet, and aluminum replaces some of the silicon in the silica sheet. Montmorillonite
has lateral dimension of 1000-5000 Å with thickness of 10-50 Å. The specific surface of
montmorillonite is about 800m2/g.

This mineral shows highly undesirable characteristics by undergoing considerable change in volume
when soil comes in contact with moisture or when water goes from the soil mass. This characteristic
may lead to the very serious issue of heaving or of settlement.

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Fig-4 structure of montomorillonite

4.6 DIFFERENT TYPE OF CLAY CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE PROPERTY OF CLAY

GROUP TYPE NAME CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA

CL Inorganic clays Liquid limit 50‰ or less
CH Organic clay with medium to Liquid limit 50‰ or more
high plasticity

5. SAND
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided and mineral
particles. It is defined by size, being finer than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also
refer to a texture of soil or soil type; i.e. a soil containing more than 85% sand-sized
particles (by mass).when soil pass through 4.75mm and retained on 0.075mm ,then it is
called as sand.The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and
conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and
non-tropical situation settings is silica(silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of
quatz. The second most common type of sand is calcium carbonate.

5.1 OCCURANCE OF SAND

The most common natural process of sand formation is called weathering. Majority of sand comes
from chemical and mechanical breakdown (weathering) of bedrocks. Such process can take
hundreds or even millions of years depending on other mechanical processes such as temperature
changes, wedging by plant roots or salt crystals, and ice gouging underneath glaciers. A waterfall
continuously pounding on a huge rock would cause little bits and pieces of the rock to be detached.

Formation and composition of sand is depends largely on the source material. Sand that is found on
the beach are mostly composed of quartz which is the most common material found in sand, or
possibly some amounts of feldspar which is more prone to chemical breakdown.

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5.2 SANDS STANDARD SIZE(ACCORDING TO IS SPECIFICATION)

1. Coarse type- 2mm to 4.75mm

2. Medium type-0.425to 2mm

3. Fine type-0.075 to 0.425mm

5.3 TYPES OF SAND

GROU NAME CLASSIFICATIO

P TYPE N CRITERIA PERCENT FINES
SW well graded sand cᵤ>6.c=1 to 3 <5%passing
sieve size 200
SP poorly graded sand Not meeting <5%passing
the above sieve size 200
criteria
SC Clay sand Pi>7 and >12%passing
attenbergs limit sieve size 200
above a-line
SM Silty sand Pi<4 and >12%passing
attenbergs limit sieve size 200
above a-line

6. NEED OF STUDY OF CLAY- SAND MIXTURE

Most of the engineering design methods and parameters of soil have been developed for ideal soils
such as pure sand or pure clays and most of the previous studies were mostly concerned with the
granular sandy and /or clayey soil. However, field observations showed that in fact these soils can be
found in nature of clay/sand/silt mixture.Some field data of bore-well test is shown below :

Fig a)-Bore hole data of Purba Medinipur, region in west bengal

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The data is collected from a report by GGL Hotel and Resort Company Limited for APPLICATION FOR
CRZ CLEARANCE given to govt.of india.

The main purpose of showing this data is to check that clay-sand mix is present in that region having
more percentage of clay is there according to the report. This shows that There is a chance of getting
clay-sand mixture combination in a smaller depth also and when this type of situation encountered.
There will be a need of knowing about mixtures property.so, that it will be helpful in utilizing that
soil mixture in other work depending upon its characteristics and property and if needed we can go
for its improvement then utilizing it.So,that there will be effective utilization of the soil in a
environment friendly manner.

Fig b) borelog sample figure from a Study report on Geophysical and Geochemical Approach for
Seawater Intrusion Assessment in the Godavari Delta Basin, A.P.

7. BENIFITS OF MIXING THE SAND AND THE CLAY

Sand

1. Coarse grained soil exhibit a good load bearing capacity.

2. Coarse grained soil posse’s good drainage qualities.
3. There is no volume change with change in moisture condition.

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 4. There is no appreciable amount of change in strength characteristic by change in
moisture condition.
5. Vibration accentuates volume change in loose state, by arranging the soil fabric.
6. Engineering properties are controlled by the grain size of the particles and their
structural arrangement.
7. When touched by hand it feels gritty.

clay

1. Fine grained soil exhibit a poor load bearing capacity.

2. Fine grained soil is practically impermeable in nature because of its small particles
size.
3. Volume change occurs with change in moisture content.
4. Strength changes with change in moisture condition.
5. Fine grained soil is susceptible to frost action.
6. Engineering properties are controlled by mineralogical factors.
7. When touched by hand it feels smooth, greasy and sticky.

8. CLAY-SAND COMBINATION MECHANISM

When sand is mixed with plastic soil in the presence of water, many reactions occur. Two immediate
reactions: densification an particle size effect modifies plasticity and shrinkage and swelling
characteristics. . The reduction is however slightly affected by the granularity of the sand. Plasticity
is relatively more important when the sand added is finer as compared to coarse sand, this
behaviour due to clay content decrease and the soil becomes less plastic. Long-term reaction:
strength parameters and compaction is mainly responsible for strength gain. Sand(both coarse and
fine type) is widely used to change the geo-engineering properties of clayey soils. There is a
reduction in the demand of water due to lower quantity of water required to lubricate the sand
particles which are coarser compared with clay particles which ultimately leads to lower optimum
moisture content requirement and also indirectly helpful in increasing the other strength
characteristics. Due to this reason there will be less consolidation takes place. Coefficient of volume
compressibility reduced and compression index decreased. the overall strength of soil depends on
the soil type, sand type, compaction condition and way of compaction. The permeability will also be
improved due to porosity and void ratio properties of the mixture soil .

9. APPLICATION OF CLAY AND SAND MIXTURE

The influence of clay-sand on engineering properties of soils can be classified as immediate and long-
term improvement in soil mixture. Immediate modification involves reduction in void ratio
densification which modifies soil texture and reduces plasticity, swell and shrink properties. Long-
term like strength properties and consolidation property increases the strength and durability. The
combined mixture form can be iused for various constructions including:

1. Highway construction, airfield pavement and roadways

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 2. Embankment construction

3. Rural roadways

4. Early & late season construction

5. Parking areas development

6. Slope and levee repair works.

10. RED MUD

Mostly the generation in alumina is done from the raw material bauxite. But after processing
bauxite we get the impurity in the form of red mud as a by-product. Red mud is composed of a
mixture of solid and metallic oxides. Red mud is a reddish brown coloured solid waste produced
during the physical and chemical processing of bauxite. Bauxite is composed of aluminum hydroxide
minerals, including primarily gibbsite (Al(OH) 3), boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)), diaspore (α-AlO(OH)),
hematite (Fe2O3) and goethite (FeO(OH)) . The red colour arises from iron oxides which comprise up
to 60% of the mass of the red mud. The mud is highly basic with a pH ranging from 10 to 13. In
addition to iron, the other dominant components include silica, unleached residual alumina,
and titanium oxide. Nowadays, red mud is used in the manufacture of bricks, roads & embankments,
in the works of mine filling and reclamations, etc.

10.1. NEED TO ADD RED MUD WITH CLAY-SAND MIXTURE

The sole purpose of studying about red mud in combination with the sand and clay mixture is to
further to see any change in geo-technical properties of the combined mixture and utilization of the
red mud in a proper manner and in environmental friendly way. As we know at present very few
works have been done in this regard and the production of red mud is at very amount nearly about
5.5 million tonnes in india in year 2010-11 as per the government record. Globally, the total amount
of red mud produced every year is between 60 and 120 million tons, about 30 million tons of which
is produced in China, and the accumulated quantity can reach to 200 million tons in China. Reports
say that only 35 to 40% are being utilized that is also in limited work and in nearby areas of its
generation and rest are remaining unutilized. Thus, a large percentage red mud produced still
remains unutilized giving rise to the need of producing a large number of different ways for its
effective utilization. For the purpose of better comprehension utilization of red mud this study will
be immensely helpful in solving out the utilization of these impuities and improving properties of the
soil mass and utilize this study in public welfare.

11. WHAT IS THE NEED OF CORRELATING THE TEST RESULTS OF DIFFERENT SOIL MIXTURE

Our basic aim while correlating the soil test results is to check which property of the soil mixture is
being improved or have decreased and upto what extend a particular property has been increased
or decreased and also correlation helps in determining the application part of that mixture after
knowing its property and relate it to the available data present related to the combined mixture
property of the soil. While correlating if we find that the test results done before and the results
what we get will show a big variation. Then we can cross verify by repeating the tests or with
some more results that is being available.

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12.LITERATURE REVIEW
12.1 INTRODUCTION

Various works have been done in geotechnical characterization of clay and sand combined
properties, some of those paper review have been presented below but very few work have been
made in geotechnical property characterization of clay and coarse sand and also the clay and fine
sand combination. some of those paper review have been presented below . As discussed in earlier,
the reason behind the study of use of clay and sand(both fine and coarse aggregate) in different
construction purposes . In this section details about the different investigation done by the
researchers on different geotechnical properties of soil i.e. clay-sand mixture have been made.
Thereafter, specific literature related to sand-red mud and clay is also presented. The literature
pertaining to geotechnical investigation on only sand , clay is also presented in a brief manner to
know the basic characteristics of these soils.

12.2 LITERATURE RELATED TO SAND

COMPACTION

Gazzellone A., Chiaro G.(2012) They had investigated on the compactibility of clean sands .
Tested material consists of quartz sand deposited by marine agents near the coastline in
southern Italy. IT was divided into 3 parts i.e coarse, medium, fine then mixed in different
proportion. From the test results it was found that conventional standard Proctor test energy
(Estd = 596 kJ/m3), relative density Dr falls in the range of 37.7-46.2% for all tested sands is
interesting to note that, when the compactive energy is increased i.e 2681 kJ/m3(modified
proctor test) the relative density Dr increases much for the uniform finer sand . It was
concluded that fine sand gives better result for compaction.

SHEAR STRENGTH

Aboubekr N. , Kara A.(2013) They had studied on Contribution of Particles Size Ranges to Sand
Friction. samples taken Were tergha sand having gap graded type sand and other sands having
size range of ([1,0,8], [0.8, 0.63], [0.63, 0.5], [0. 5,0.315], [0.315, 0.2], [0.2,0.160] and [0.160,
0.125]) [mm] had been taken. Direct shear test was being conducted on the samples. The test
was being carried out in dry and dense state the results showed that Peak friction angle
increases when the size of particles increases. But the grains size does not have a significant
influence on internal friction angle.

Iskander M.(2010) He had studied the geotechnical Properties of the Testing Sand. shear
strength test was conducted on the samples. samples taken were Texblast SIL sand which is of
poorly graded type-CO-SIL sand having well-graded type and Okhalama Sand which was of poorly
graded type. The conclusion what he had draw that Friction angles ranged between 37°–41° for
low stress levels and 26°–31° for higher stress levels. Variations of density resulted in minor
changes in the friction angle. The angle of internal friction was stress dependent.

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 PERMEABILITY

Iskander M.(2010) Investigated that the hydraulic conductivity was determined for a number of
specimens compacted at a density of 110 pcf. Both flexible wall and fixed wall permeameters
were used.The measured hydraulic conductivity averaged 1*10^-3–1*10^-4cm/s.A

.Ocabaue C.A.(1990) Investigates about thenPermeability of stratified sands. Samples used for
the experiment were collected from a gravel/sand pit in Eppleheim , germany. Falling head test
was done over the sand portion permeability of the sand. The following conclusions he drawn
from the study Permeability of graded sands is controlled by the fine fraction of the sand. The
order of stratification of a graded sand does not affect the order of magnitude of In other words,
the order of magnitude of permeability remains the same irrespective of the sequential
arrangement of the size fractions. However, the size arrangement clearly affects the finer details
(variations within the same order of magnitude) of permeability. In this regard, the unsorted sand
(all fractions mixed together) has the lowest permeability while the sorted one that has the fine
fraction at the end of the sequence has the highest permeability. Permeability increases with the
degree of saturation but only after the sand has attained a high degree of saturation (greater
than 78%). At lower levels, permeability appears to decrease with increasing saturation.

12.3 LITERATURE RELATED TO CLAY

INDEX PROPERTY

Kuriakose B.,Abraham B.M.,Sridharan A.(2014)- Reviewed on Liquid Limit – Plasticity Index

Relationships. sample collected from different beach areas of Cochin and reviewed other
regions clay behaviour of Liquid Limit – Plasticity Index Relationships Liquid limit and plasticity
index will not yield a straight line relationship. Clays from different regions yield different
relationships between liquid limit and plasticity index. Data for some of the clays give plots very
close to A line (eg:: Japan clays and Cochin marine clays), but some other plots deviate very
much from the Casagrande‘s A-line((eg: Kuttanad clays). The Casagrande‘s A-line cannot be
taken as a general relationship between the liquid limit and plasticity index for all soils
.
STRENGTH PARAMETER

Awoleye O.A , Bouazza A., Rao R. R.(1991)Investigated on the Time effects on the unconfined
compressive strength and sensitivity of a clay . Unconfined compression tests have been carried
out on a highly plastic clay using three different strain rates: fast, medium and slow. The
material chosen for this investigation was a normally consolidated soft to medium silty clay
from southwest of Nigeria. Results of the tests showed an increase in strength with increased
strain rate for both the undisturbed and remoulded soil, although the increase was more
pronounced in the undisturbed cases than in the remoulded, thus leading to an increase in
sensitivity. Since the geometric structure or the particle orientation of the soil tends towards
parallelism (due to remoulding), the increase in strain rate is not as large as in the case of
undisturbed soil. The failure strain decreases (though slightly) with increase in the rate of strain
for both undisturbed and remoulded soils.

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 Bro A.D., Stewart P.J(2008) Carried out test to Estimate Undrained Strength of Clays from Direct
Shear Testing at Fast Displacement Rates. The data were developed from testing of two clays
composed of pure kaolinite (normally consolidated and lightly overconsolidated) and a kaolinite
- bentonite mixture (normally consolidated).Result shows that the vertical strain at failure
measured in 3 sample tests was observed to become small, but does not reach zero. For normally
consolidated or lightly over consolidated materials such as those tested in the current study,
drained soil strength would be under-predicted. However, for heavily over consolidated materials
exhibiting dilatants behavior during shear, drained soil strength would be over- predicted. The
strength ratio determined was found to be insignificantly small.

CONSOLIDATION

Sohail S., Aadil N., Khan M. S. (2012) Conducted Analysis of Geotechnical and
ConsolidationCharacteristics: A Case Study of UET, Kala Shah Kaku Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
Undisturbed block samples at 2ft, 3ft, 4ft and 5ft depths .collected samples were of cl and cl-ml
type. The soil of the study area is classified as silty clay (CL-ML) up to 5ft . Void ratio varies from
0.70 to 0.96 for undisturbed samples and 0.60 to 0.90 for disturbed samples. The coefficient of
primary consolidation , decreases with increase in applied pressure and tends to be more or less
constant at higher pressures. The coefficient of secondary consolidation , first increases with
increase in applied pressure and tends to be more or less constant at higher pressures in both the
soil type.

12.4 CLAY – SAND(FINE SAND) MIXTURE

INDEX PROPERTIES

Akanji S.A., Nathan C., Wadai J.(2015) Investigated on 5 different clay type along with
different fine sand proportion in the range of 5 to 35% for making glazed tiles. It was
observed that products made from clay sample A have a slight decrease in the percentage
shrinkage from 6.25, 5.9, 5.0, 4.9, and 4.1 with increase of the sand of 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%,
and 35% respectively. While for tiles produced with clay sample B, the percentage shrinkage
shows an initial increase in the value of 4.6, 4.7, 4.9 at 5%, 10% and 15% sand addition, then
maintains a constant value of 4.9 with increase of sand from 15%, 20% and 25%. Sample C
tiles indicate slight increase in percentage shrinkage of 4.2, 4.4, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9 with increase of
silica sand addition from 5% to 35%. Clay sample D showed initial constant shrinkage value
at 3.6% at 5%, 10%, and 15% silica sand addition before decreasing in value to 3.3% and
3.2% at 20% and 25% silica sand addition.

Phanikumar B.R., Amshumalini C., Karthika, R.(2010)- Investigated on CH soil having

its LL and Pl were 100% and 27% respectively. Fine sand, used as the blend material, had the
particle size between 0.075 mm and 0.425 mm. Fine sand content was varied as 0%, 10%,
20% and 30%. As the sand content in the blends increased from 0% to 30%, swell potential
decreased by 71% and 50% and swelling pressure decreased by 67% and 57% respectively
for 425 µm and 75 µm fractions.

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 Fatahi et al. (2011) Investigated the effect fine sand content on liquid limit of clay soil.
Samples kaolinite clay and fine grained sand. From the result it was found that liquid limit
of Kaolinite clay decreases by increasing fine sand content . The increase in the fine sand
content from 0% to 20% induces a 16% decrease in the liquid limit.

Mekkiyah, H. M., Al-Khazragie, A. (2015) From his experiment found that fine sand content
increase the swelling potential and swelling pressure decrease and free swelling index
decreases. As the fine sand is added to the clay soil, it occupies the voids and this caused a

reduction in the void ratio with increasing the fine sand content until the fine sand content
reach up to 60%.

Shahein M.M. , Abdelrahman G.E.(2007) Investigated on different properties of clay. The

liquid limit and plastic limit reduced by using fine sand. shrinkage limit slightly increased in both
the cases. Addition of 40% fine sand reduces the free swell from 100% to 50%.There was no
major influence of sand.

Wilamowska B.(2004)-Conducted Tests to determine basic soil properties when clay which is
being obtained and sand contents are mixed together. samples taken are brown clay(CL-CH)
and fine dune sand. After the test result shows that Values of parameters of plasticity, swelling,
and shrinkage decrease along with the increasing content of sand in soil mixtures. This happens
due to soil mixture gives much lower values of void ratio and porosity.

Louafi B., Bahar R(2012)- illustrate the variation of liquid limit and plasticity index based
on the percentage of sand. The results obtained show that the addition of sand to low
compressible clay had influence on the liquid limit and plasticity index, it is observed
that fine fraction lower values of liquid limit and plasticity index with increasing the
amount of sand in the mixtures . Reason is the number of bonds between the clay
particles is reduced with increased sand-clay particle (sand-clay) bonds or sand-sand
particle bonds . The fine sand showed an influence on observation of the variation of
plasticity (liquid limit and plasticity index) . This may be due to the total specific surface
area of water adsorption of the sample which depends on the size of grains of sand
which is more important when the sand particles are finer allowing mixtures to absorb
water in greater quantities and provide a relatively greater plasticity.

COMPACTION

Shahein M.M., Abdelrahman G.E.(2007) Investigated as the sand content increases

(10%,25%,40%) in the mixture there is reduction in maximum dry density and lower optimum

Page | 16
 moisture content. Unit weight of clay treated with fine-graded sand is lower as compared to mix
with well graded sample.

Sharma R.K, Singh B.(2013) Had investigated on the effect of sand proportion on engineering
properties of clay. CL type clay and the sand is fine type which is being collected from river.
sand proportion taken in between 10 to 40%.when sand added initially the soil which have been
taken as mdd increases there after it decreases. Highest omc and mdd obtained at 70%clay and
30%sand. On mixing the clay with sand from 10% to 40% in the increments of 10%, the
maximum dry density of the mix increases from 1.910 g/cm3 to 2.056 g/cm3 up to 30% sand
content while it decreases from 2.056 g/cm3 to 1.967 g/cm3 for 40% sand content. It occurred
because initially the void spaces created in the mix on adding sand was filled with the fine clay
particles up to a certain percentage of sand causing increase in the maximum dry densities and
after that, the extra amount of sand added leads to the segregation resulting in the decrease of
maximum dry density.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

Roy T.K. (2014) Investigated on strength properties, the CBR values observed for mixing of
fine sand, and such value in unsoaked condition become nearly doubled for addition of fine
sand upto 15% compare to that of tested soils. it was that CBR value of the tested soil in
unsoaked condition is 4.65% and 5.35% respectively. But for mixing of various types of sand
with their increasing quantity, this value has been improved to a much higher values in both
the cases. Significant observation is made for the addition of fine sand . The CBR value
increases from 4.65% to 9.28% and 5.35% to 9.84% for addition of fine sand upto 15% with
the soil of two type i.e CL & CH type respectively. This change possibly occurred due to
achieving the better particle arrangement of the mixed soil sample.

Roy, T.K. , Chattopadhya B.C. ,Roy, S.K.(2010) Conducted California bearing ratio(CBR) on the
clayey soil to check the load bearing capacity of soil and its improvement for road construction
purpose .. Soaked CBR test was being conducted on soil .The test result shows that for the CL ,
CH TYPE of soil is having the values 3.55,4.0 respectively. But the estimated result according
to the code varies from 4 to 5%. By using Nomograph of IRC:SP:72-2007, the difference
between the reported and predicted soaked CBR values exceeds 20%, when very small
amount of sand content added and suggested that CBR value can be improved by adding fine
sand content with clay type soil.

CONSOLIDATION

Mekkiyah, H. M., Al-Khazragie, A. (2015)found that the results of compressibility behaviour of

natural soil and/or soil mixed with fine sand content, they conclude that as the fine sand
content increase the compression index decreases. From the e-log p curves of clay soil and/or
soil mixed with fine sand content, they noticed that the void ratio decrease with increasing

Page | 17
 fine sand content until it reach up to 60% fine sand content and then start to increase and also
it can be noticed that the maximum and minimum void ratio firstly decreased with increasing
fine sand content and then increased because extra percentage may end up between the
surfaces of adjacent fine sand particles, such particles would tend to cause an increase in void
ratio, as they do not occupy any voids in the clay soil matrix.

PERMEABILITY

Fatahi B., Basack S.(2011) Investigated the increase in the fine sand content from 0% to
20% .For hydraulic conductivity test it was found that there is increase in permeability
linearly with sand content . The hydraulic conductivity increases from 11 x 10-6 m/s to 20 x
10-6 m/s due to having larger inter granular pores.

Wilamowska B.U.(2004) Values of the coefficient of permeability of soil mixtures by

maximum compacting, determined consolidometrically and graphically, are within the range
1.83·10^-9 to 2·10^-11 m·s-1. Instead of increasing there will be decrease in value. The lowest
permeability exhibits at M 80s .

Sharma R.K., Singh B.(2013) When sand is added the permeability of the mix is increased nearly
5 times more as compared to that of clay only. The values increases from 1.445*10^-7cm/s
and 6.55*10^-7cm/s respectively which is nearly about more than 200% .

Abiodun R.O.(2013) The permeability property increases with increase in sand content. Best
results are found in sand having range of 30%. permeability increase as the fine sand content
increases. permeability of clay-sand mixture which indicates that permeability increases as
percentage of sand increases.. This was due to the higher percentage of void in the mixture.

12.5 CLAY – SAND(OTHER THAN FINE GRAIN SAND) MIXTURE

INDEX PROPERTY

Kanatsiz N.(1980) Conducted a study on sand admixes with clay that effect various properties of
clay. Experiment has been done on less swelling type clay. From the test it was found that
addition of sand to the Clayey soil results with a regular decrease in the liquid limit values, from
41.17 % to 24.45% .Again addition of sand to the Clayey soil results with a regular decrease in
the plastic limit values from 18.01% to 8.10 %. Similarily addition of sand to the Clayey soil
results with a regular decrease in the liquid limit values, from 75.00% to 49.26 %. Also there is a
decrease in the shrinkage limit values, from l4.2 % to 11.95 %. As the amount of sand added
increases the percentage of void decreases and as a result bonding between clay decreases. so,
there will be reduction in cohesion which ultimately leads to decrease in liquid limit and plastic
limit.

Page | 18
 Shahein M.M. , Abdelrahman G.E.(2007) Investigated on different properties of clay. The liquid
limit and plastic limit reduced by using fine sand. shrinkage limit slightly increased with addition
of 40% well graded-sand also there will be reduction in the free swell from 100% to 30%.

Louafi B., Bahar R. (2012) Illustrate the variation of liquid limit and plasticity index based on the
percentage of sand. The results obtained show that the addition of sand has a direct influence on
the liquid limit and plasticity index, it is observed that lower values of liquid limit and plasticity
index are obtained with increasing the amount of sand in the mixtures . This is explained by the
decrease in content of fines that contribute to plasticity. Thus the number of bonds between the
clay particles is reduced with increased sand-clay particle (sand-clay) bonds or sand-sand particle
bonds. The observation of the variation of plasticity (liquid limit and plasticity index) for the
granular fractions of sand. This may be due to the total specific surface area of water adsorption
of the sample which depends on the size of grains of sand.

GOKALP Z.(2009) Based on the results from experimental trials he found that addition of 30%
poorly –graded sand content appears to be the optimum value and gives the better result. All
the Consistency limits decreased with increasing poorly-graded sand contents.

COMPACTION

Roy T.K.(2014) Compaction characteristics MDD values of all the two types of alluvial soils shows
a significant increases in the values of MDD with addition of coarse type of sand used. Conversely
OMC values clayey soil indicated a gradual decrease with increasing in the values of sand
percentages added. This indicates lesser demand of water for achieving the desired density in
the field.

Shahein M.M., Abdelrahman G.E.(2007) concludes that when the well-graded sand
content(10%,25%,40%) increases in the mixture there is reduction in maximum dry density and
lower optimum moisture content. unit weight of clay treated with well- graded sand is better as
compared to mix with fine.

Gokalp Z.(2009) Investigated on the compaction characteristics of mixtures and found that there
was a change in optimum. While optimum moisture contents decreased with increasing sand
inclusion rates, maximum dry-unit weights increased with increasing sand rates. It was found that
30% sand-inclusion rate had the distinctive characteristic of presenting a sharp increase in
maximum dry-unit weight, indicating it to the best compaction figure.

Sreenivasulu C., Sravani T .(2014) They study the influence of coarse grain sample on fine grain
soil . From the results, it was found that OMC has been gradually decreased with the increased
percentage of poorly grained sand till some level and thereafter OMC has increased. Whereas,
MDD has been increased with the increased percentage of coarse fraction till some level and
thereafter this value has decreased. It is noted that the CBR value of 2.5 mm penetration is
greater than or equal to 5mm penetration for all the mixes. OMC is observed to decrease

Page | 19
 uniformly with fine fraction level but it is increased at 40% of fine fraction amount. MDD is
observed to increase initially with sand fraction up to 20% beyond which there is decrease in
MDD proportion and gives the better result. compaction curve is having the sharpest point when
30% sand is added.

Manas B. , Malaya C.,   Sridharan A.(2014)- Had conducted a comparative study on the
compaction characteristics of clay-sand mix .the soil samples used for the experimental study are
locally available clay and  additive soil sample, sand. cohesionless soil samples are poorly
graded (sp) and clay sample is inorganic clay of medium compressibility (ci).the maximum dry
density (mdd) of c-s mixes increases with the increase in sand content. The optimum moisture
content (omc) of c-s  Shows that the increase in sand content in the C-S mix increases the
maximum dry density and reduces the optimum moisture content up to a sand content of 30%. In
case of the mix C-S (60:40), an increase in optimum moisture content was found with a slight
increase in the maximum dry density than the mix C-S (70:30).

Raghunandan M.E., Clark R.(2014) Investigated and find that The Clay showed a maximum dry
density of 1.52g/cm3 at an optimum water content(𝑤opt)of27%which is close to the plastic
limit(28%). Marinho and Oliveira[13] reported that for cohesive soils the optimum water content
is within±5% of the plastic limit. The corresponding values of dry density and optimum water
content were 1.60g/cm3 at 22% for Clay-sand mixture-1 and 1.65g/cm3 at 20%forclay-sand
mixture-II. The upward and leftward shift of the curves for increased sand content(reduced clay
content)is attributed to a decreased void ratio along with a lower water requirement to lubricate
the large specific surface area . Conversely, the increase in the maximum dry density values with
an increase in sand content is due to an decreased void ratio of the clay phase and a low water
demand for sand particles lubrication.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES

Roy T.K.(2014) In strength properties, the CBR values observed for mixing of COARSE sand, and
such value in unsoaked condition become nearly more than 20% improvement will be there But
for mixing of medium types of sand with their increasing quantity, this value has been improved
to a much higher values .This change is due to better packing efficiency.

Wang L. et. al.(2014) Investigated on water content proportion and sand content to study the
strength character. The tests are conducted with vertical loads of (100kPa, 200kPa, 300kPa,
400kPa). The results show that the cohesion and angle of internal friction decrease with
increasing of moisture content and sand content. To this clay membrane thickens and layers get
detached which results in reduction in angle of internal friction. In case of sand content it
reduces compactness and specific surface area which results in decrease of frictional angle value.

Page | 20
Sharma R.K, Singh B.(2013) Strength of clayey soil improved on addition of sand appropriate
proportions. As the sand content increases the unconfined compressive strength property increases
rapidly. strength property increases from 246.4KN/m^2 to 349.2 KN/m^2 by addition of sand. This
may be due to more dry density of the clay- sand mixture.

Raghunandan M.E., Clark R.(2014) Investigated that compressive strength increased with an
increase in density following a power function. Conversely, the compressive strength increased
with decreasing water content of the material following a similar function. Finally, the
compressive strength decreased with an increase in sand content(20% and 40%) because of
increased material heterogeneity and loss of sand grains from the sides during shearing CS-I and
CS-II samples. This is attributed to the combined effect of the enhanced sample heterogeneity
due to increased sand content; and (iii) loss of sand grains from the sample sides during shearing
that resulted in higher strains .The compressive strength (half the peak axial stress) with respect
to dry density and water content . The compressive strength increased with an increase in dry
density in each of the materials. NC exhibited the highest increase in compressive strength
followed by CS-I and then by CS-II. The compressive strength increased from 220kPa at a dry
density of 1.2g/cm3 to 4000kPa at 1.5g/cm3. NC exhibited the highest increase in compressive
strength with a decrease in water content followed by CS-I and then by CS-II. Overall, the data
points exhibited scatter, especially for NC and CS-I for high compressive strength (dry side of
optimum water content).

Khayat N. Alboshoke S.M.(2014) Founded Most of the samples showed a dilatancy behaviour
during the shear and the tendency for dilatancy increased with the increase in sand proportion.
According to the results obtained from direct shear test stress – strain relationship of compacted
samples of clay sand mixtures at optimum water content looks like a ductile material. All samples
showed dilatancy behavior during shear displacement. The cohesion decreases with the increase in
the percentage of sand. The angle of internal friction increases with the increase in the percentage
of sand.

Wilamowska B.(2004) investigated the result from direct shear test by higher values of normal
stress (σn > 150 kPa), the shearing resistance increases along with the increasing content of sand in
soil mixtures.

GOKALP Z.(2009) Cohesion forces and internal angles of friction were determined in order to
investigate the stress strain relations. While the cohesion forces decreased with increasing sand-
inclusion rates, internal angles of friction increased. When the changes in both figures were
evaluated, it is clear that 30% was again the distinctive ratio.

Page | 21
Sreenivasulu C., Sravani T .(2014). The top most curve corresponds to 0% of sand followed by 5%,
10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 100% respectively. The variation of California Bearing Ratio
values at 2.5 mm penetration with different percentages of sand is plotted in Fig.6. Similarly, the
variation of California Bearing Ratio values at 5.0 mm penetration with different percentages of sand
is plotted in Fig. 7. Figs.6 &7, it is observed that the increased level of coarse fraction decreased
the CBR value. However, the decrease is marginal up to 10% and thereafter the sharp fall in CBR up
to 15%. The rate of fall is significant once again after 15%. It is revealed that coarse fraction beyond
10% has a determined effect on CBR of fine-grained soil.

Sharma R.K., Kumar A. (2013)The California bearing ratio value of clayey soil improved significantly
i.e. from 2.44% to 4% with addition of sand. The improvement in CBR value may be attributed to
better compaction and packing of the mix particles with addition of sand.

Kyambadde S.B. , Kevin J. L.(2010) Result of mixtures with gravel fractions up to 45% shows that the
undrained shear strengths of the mixtures appear to be unaffected by the presence of the gravel,
with only a slight effect being observed for the 45% gravel mixture.

CONSOLIDATION

Khayat N. , Alboshoke (2014 ) investigated and found that e-logp relationships for mixtures having
samples with 0, 10 and 30 percentage of sand after the pressure of about 380 kPa a distinct change
in the slope of the curves is observed but for samples with 50 and 70 percentage of sand is not
clearly seen.

12.6 LITERATURE REVIEW ON CLAY-RED MUD MIXTURE

Kalkan E.(2006) Investigated on the utilization of red mud as a stabilization material for the
preparation of clay liners .The clay (CL) material was supplied from clay deposits in the Oltu–Erzurum
Oligocene sedimentary basin, Northeast Turkey red mud was supplied from Etibank Seydisehir
Aluminum Plant, Konya, Turkey. Tests like hydraulic conductivity, compaction was done. Results
showed that in the same compaction effort the MDD and OMC values of composite samples
increased by adding red mud . Also, the addition of red mud decreased the void ratio values of
composite samples due to increasing the MDD of composite samples.By adding 20% red mud mdd
increased from 13.60 to 13.80 KN/m^3 & 50% red mud case MDD increase from 13.60 to
13.65KN/m^3.
Strength parameter
A significant improvement was obtained on the unconfined compressive strength of the composite
samples containing red mud due to increased MDD values. As the MDD values of composite
samples increased, the composite samples became denser yielding higher unconfined compressive
strength. On the 7th day, the greatest improvement occurred in the unconfined compressive
strength values of composite samples containing red mud Compared to natural clay samples.
Permeability
Permeability values of all the composite samples containing red mud decreased due to the
decreasing void ratio of the composite samples.

Page | 22
Patil, M.R. Quadri, S.S(2010) studied the Effect of Additives on Geotechnical Properties of clay .Red
Mud was collected from Hindalco , belgaum and clayey soil was collected from Belagum, Karnataka.
Red mud can be effectively used as the land fill material along with other soils. reduce the
permeability of to the desired range . It has been observed that the permeability of these materials
decreases with increase in red mud when water (pH =7) is used as a pore fluid.

Sabat A.K., Pati S.( 2014) Both of them Reviewed the Literature on Stabilization of Expansive Soil
Using Solid Wastes and found that expansive clay had stabilized with red mud (a waste material
generated during the production of alumina) found increase in strength and decrease in swelling
percentage and permeability in both the cases.

12.7 KEY FINDINGS OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW

 Gradation of sand is having a big effect on clayey soil property. But it is more in fine sand as
compared to other type of sand.

 When we look into clay and fine sand the decrease in void ratio and difference in OMC and
MDD is having great impact on the strength parameters of the clayey soil.

 Better results are being found when there is 30% sand content being added to the clayey
soil.

 Particles packing and inter-particle arrangement has a impact on consolidation and strength
of the mixture of clay-sand.

13. MATERIAL AND METHODS

13.1 INTRODUCTION

This section discusses about the materials used in the present study done till now. The main

materials characterized in the present study are sand . Experimental methodologies followed for
characterization of these materials are discussed. A brief introduction about the above materials and
methodology is presented below.

13.2 COLLECTION OF SAMPLE

The clay used in the research study is collected from VSS MEDICAL COLLEGE CAMPUS, BURLA,
SAMBALPUR.

13.3 TESTS CONDUCTED

a) liquid limit c) shrinkage limit e)compaction test

b)plastic limit d) free swell index test f)direct shear test

Page | 23
 g) unconfined compressive test h)CBR test

13.2 METHODS
13.1.1 Procedure for liquid limit test

Taken 160g of soil which passes through through IS sieve 425 micron and mix it thoroughly
with water in the evaporating dish. After mixing for near about 10 to 15 minutes leave it for
some time. Taken a portion of the paste with the help of spatula and placed it on the centre of
cup in a way that it is half filled. Level the top of the soil and the maximum depth of soil
should be 1cm. the casagrande grooving tool,used to determine the liquid limit ofsoil the
liquid limit is the water content at which a soil changes from plastic to liquid state . soil is
placed into the metal cup and the groove is made at its center with a standard tool of 13.5mm
width . the cup is repeatedly droped at the rate of 120 blows per minutepaste during which
groove closes up slowly. The number of blows in which groove is to close is recorded in the
cup is divided through the centre in such a way that it will form v shape of 2mm wide. Rotate
the handle of the apparatus , so that the two parts of soil come in contact with each other.
Recorded the number of blows required to cause the groove close for approx length of 10mm.
After this soil sample is collected at right angle to the groove. Remove soil paste from the cup
and mix it with the soil left on evaporating dish.Then add some more water to the soil paste
and again repeat from step 2 to step 9. Finally recorded all the data in observation table and
plotted the flow curve.

13.1.2 Procedure for determining plastic limit of soil

Took 50g of oven dried soil sample passing through 425 micron. Added sufficient distilled
water to make it plastic enough to be shaped like a ball. Took small amount of soil and then
rolled to form a ball.the plastic limit is determined by rolling out a thread of the fine portion
of asoil on a non-porous surface .Then rolled that ball on glass plate to form like a thread at
larger diameter. The plastic limit is defined as the moisture content where the thread breaks
apart at diameter 3mm .which small cracks are formed. Repeat the process from step 2 to 4
again.Then take the data into data sheet.

13.1.3 Procedure for determining the shrinkage limit

Took 100g of soil sample which passes through 425 micron sieve.Then placed above 50g of
soil sample in evaporating dish and mixed it thoroughly with distilled water Took the weight
of the shrinkage dish in digital weighting meter.Then determined the volume of shrinkage
dish, placed it in the evaporating dish and filling the dish with mercury.Removed the excess
mercury by placing the glass plate over shrinkage dish top. Transferred the mercury of
shrinkage dish to other evaporating dish and took the weight. Coated the inside of shrinkage
dish with jelly substance and then the soil is placed and then compact it to remove
entrapped air.Weighted the shrinkage dish along with wet soil. Then kept the soil in oven
and then take the weight.Kept the glass cup in evaporating dish and fill with mercury, then it
to another dish. Then placed the dry soil on the surface of mercury in the cup and collected

Page | 24
 displaced mercury and weighted it. Volume of dry soil pat is then determined by dividing
mass by density of mercury.

13.1.4 Procedure for getting MDD and OMC by compaction

Took 12kg of oven dry soil sample which passes through 4.75mm sieve. Added 8% water i.e
(plasticity index – 10) as per IS code.Mixed the soil sample uniformly and kept it in the air
tight container for about 20 hours. Clean the compaction mould ,then take the weight of it
along with the base plate. Then attached the collar to the mould and greased the inside of
the mould.After this divided the soil mass into 5 parts having weight of 2.5 kg each.Took one
part and put it inside the mould into 3 different layers, each layer had be given 25 blows
using light rammer of 2.6kg.Then remove the collar and trim the excess soil portion and took
the weight of the mould with wet soil. Ejected the soil from mould from upper part, then
took small fraction of soil from middle for water content determination.Again repeat the
step 7 , 8 and 9 by adding more water. Tabulated all data in observation sheet and plotted
graph in between moisture content and dry density.

13.1.5 Procedure for direct shear test

Taken 2.5kg of clayey soil and then compacted using optimum water content as per the
procedure. Using sample collector collect sample from top, middle and bottom of the
mould. Placed the plain grid plate at the bottom of the specimen. Then after place the
collected clay sample in the specimen above this place another plane grid plate. Then
placed the loading pad on the plain grid plate,then both the parts tightened by using
fixing screws. Then mounted the shear box on the load frame. The proving ring set to
zero and put the loading yoke on the loading pad . Putting the normal weight on the
hanger as 0.5kg,1kg and 1.5kg.Removed the locking screw so, that parts can easily be
able to move. Then applied the horizontal shear load .the rate of strain vary from 1 to
2.5mm per minute and took the reading of proving ring when there is no further
movement is found in the proving ring. Then plotted graph between shear stress and
normal stress to get cohesion and angle of internal friction and vertical displacement and
horizontal displacement.

13.1.7 Procedure for determining CBR of the soil

Took 5kg of sample and added water at optimum moisture content and maximum dry
density which has been found out from standard proctor test and mix it uniformly. Fixed
the extension collar on the top of the mould and the base plate to its bottom. Then
inserted the spacer disc over the base .then placed a filter paper on the top of the
disc.Then compacted the soil using light compaction, having 3 layers, each layer had been
given 56 blows.Weighted the mould with soil, then again put the filter paper on soil(collar
side) and clamped the base plate to it. Put it on the CBR testing machine. Set the dial

Page | 25
 gauge to zero. recorded load reading at penetration of 0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2,2.5,3,4,5,7.5,10
and 12.5mm. Plotted graph between penetration and load on piston (in kg).

13.1.7 procedure for determining unconfined compressive strength

Taken clay soil and then compacted using optimum water content as per the procedure
of standard proctor test. Then by using the sampling tube extractor extract the
compacted soil from the middle portion. Measured the initial length and diameter of the
specimen. Kept the specimen on the bottom plate of the loading device. Set the load dial
gauge and strain dial gauge to zero. Compressed the specimen until cracks were
developed. Taken the load readings approximately at every 1mm deformation of the
specimen.

13.8.8 procedure for free swelling test

Taken two specimens of 10g each of oven dry soil passing through 425µm IS Sieve and
oven-dry. Poured each soil specimen into a graduated glass cylinder of 100ml capacity.
Poured distilled water in one and kerosene oil in the other cylinder upto 100ml mark.
Remove entrapped air by gently shaking or stirring with a glass rod. Allowed the
suspension to attain the state of equilibrium (for not less than 24hours). Final volume of
soil in each of the cylinder taken.

14. RESULTS

LIQUID LIMIT TEST

DATA TABLE

Sl.n No.of Moisture Wt.of Wt.of Wt.of Wt.of Moisture Wt.

o blow tin no. moistur moistur moistur water content Of
e tin e e tin+dry evaporate Dry
tin+wet soil d soil
soil
1 48 241 15.18 23.02 21.37 2.03 6.19 32.11
2 38 201 13.80 22.95 20.67 2.28 6.87 33.18
3 27 228 12.78 34.81 29.06 5.75 16.28 35.31
4 20 230 18.73 28.29 25.74 3.56 7.01 36.37

Page | 26
FINDING

The liquid limit is 35.30%

PLASTIC LIMIT

DATA TABLE

Sl.no Moisture Wt.of Wt.of Wt.of Wt.of dry Moisture

tin no. moisture moisture moisture soil content
tin tin+wet tin+dry
soil soil
1 207 13.48 28.06 25.94 2.12 16.92
2 203 12.28 32.36 28.93 3.43 16.64

FINDING

The plastic limit is 16.74%

COMPACTION TEST

TABLE

SL.NO VOL.OF Wt.of Wt.of Bulk Bulk Dry density

MOULD mould mould density density
with wet with wet Wt.of wet
soil soil soil
1 1000 3840 5850 2010 2.010 1.85
2 1000 3840 5970 2130 2.130 1.93
3 1000 3840 6020 2190 2.196 1.96
4 1000 3840 5910 2070 2.070 1.83
5 1000 3840 5808 1965 1.965 1.72

Table-2 MOISTURE TIN BOX READINGS

Page | 27
Sl.no Moisture tin Wt. Of Wt. Of Wt. Of Weight loss
no. moisture tin moisture tin moisture tin
with wet soil with dry soil
1 237 16.41 43.87 41.47 2.46
2 202 16.21 44.67 41.30 3.37
3 227 13.86 44.79 41.50 3.29
4 236 16.18 45.46 41.72 3.74
5 238 13.71 44.69 41.47 3.22

FINDINGS

Maximum dry density=1.97gm/cm^3

Optimum moisture content=11.55%

DIRECT SHEAR TEST RESULT

TABLE

Sl.no Proving ring Shear force(kg) Shear stress Normal stress

reading Kg/cm^2 Kg/cm^2
1. 0 130 29.71 0.82 0.5
2. 0 160 36.57 1.02 1.0
3. 0 190 43.42 1.2 1.5

FINDINGS

The cohesion value = 0.61

Frictional angle=30˚

Data of free swell test, shrinkage limit, ucs test and cbr will be included before
final report submission.

15. DATA VALIDATION

Data obtained Data given in reference journal

Liquid limit=35.60 Liquid limit =40.00
Plastic limit= 16.74 Plastic limit= 24.90
Plasticity index=18.86 Plasticity index=15.10
Compaction Compaction

Page | 28
 Maximum dry density=1.97gm/cm^3
Optimum moisture content=11.55
Direct shear test
Angle of internal friction=32˚
Cohesion=0.61
Maximum dry density=1.52gm/cm^3
Optimum moisture content=18.5
Direct shear test
Angle of internal friction=34.50˚
Cohesion=0.88

16. GRAPHS

B
40
35.30
35

30
n o . o f b lo w s

25

20

15

10

0
10
moisture content

Fig a) liquid limit graph

Page | 29
 B
2.00
(11.55,1.97)
1.95

1.90
(kg/cm^3) ----->
1.85
DRY DENSITY(kg/cm^3)
1.80

1.75

1.70
0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
MOISTURE CONTENT
---->

Fig b) OMC AND MDD graph

1.2
s h e a r s tre s s (k g /c m ^2 )---->

1.0

0.8
32

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
normal stress(kg/cm^2)---->

Fig c) direct shear test

I will include Graph of cbr test and data of free swelling test,ucs and cbr before 9
december.

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17. PROJECT PLAN
GREEN = WORK IS COMPLETED .

RED = WORK WILL START

SL.NO WORK DONE/ TO BE TIMELINE TESTS DONE DATA

DONE SOURCE
AND ITS
EVALUATION
1. PROPERTIES OF CLAY 1.Compaction, Journals and
NOVEMBE 2.liquid limit evaluation is
R test, done from
3.plastic limit reference
test, papers result.
4.shrinkage
test
5.free swell
test
6.direct shear
test
7.unconfined
8.compaction
test
9.California
bering test
(unsoaked
condition)

.2. FINE SAND JANUARY Particle size Journals and

PROPERTIES AND distribution evaluation is
CLAY SAND MIXTURE curve,specific done from
TEST gravity reference
test,direct papers result.
shear test for
sand.
For clay-sand
Above
mentioned
test including
consolidation
test.
3. CLAY-SAND FEBRUARY For clay Journals and
MIXTURE TESTS Above evaluation is
mentioned done from
test reference
mentioned in papers result.
sl.no.1
4. TEST ON CLAY-SAND MARCH Tests
AND RED MUD AND mentioned in
sl.no.1

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 APRIL

18. CLOSING REMARK

The literature review have be done till now is being fruitful and helpful in knowing the
characteristics of the clay-sand mixture also about the red mud effect on soil property and
the tests done till now on the clay and the results have been validated successfully and
being found satisfactory.

19. REFERENCES
1. IS 2720-3-1 (1980): Methods of test for soils, Part 3: Determination of specific gravity,
Section 1: Fine grained Soils.

2. IS 2720-4 (1985): Methods of test for soils, Part 4: Grain size analysis.

3. IS 2720-7 (1980): Methods of test for soils, Part 7: Determination of water content-dry
density relation using light compaction.

4. IS 2720-10 (1991): Methods of test for soils, Part 10: Determination of unconfined
compressive strength.

5. IS 2720-13 (1986): Methods of test for soils, Part 13: DIRECT shear test.

6. IS 2720-16 (1987): Methods of test for soils, Part 16: Laboratory determination of CBR.

7. IS 2720-17 (1986): Methods of test for soils, Part 17: Laboratory determination of
permeability.

8. Soil mechanics and foundations by B.C PUNMIA.

9. Roy T.K. “ Influence of sand on strength characteristics of cohesive Soil for
10. using as Subgrade of road” 2nd Conference of Transportation Research Group of
India,2014.
11. Shaein M.M., Abdelrahman G.E .”Swelling treatment by using sand for
tamia swelling soil” proceedings of 4th international conference on expansive
soil, 1980.

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 12. Louafi B. , Bahar R. “ SAND: An Additive for Stabilzation of Swelling Clay Soils”
International Journal of Geosciences, 2012, 3,pp 719-725.

13. Khan F.S., Azam S “Compressive Strength of Compacted Clay-

Sand Mixes” . Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 2014,
pp1-6.

14. Mekkiyah H. M., Khazragie, A. “behavior of clay soil mixed with fine sand during
consolidation” Applied Research Journal,Vol.1, Issue, 8, pp.437-443, October, 2015.

15. Abiodun R.O. “ Determination Of Mechanical, Thermo-Physical And Filtration

Properties Of Dried Clay Mixtures Of Different Sand Concentrations For Water
Storage Vessel” international journal of scientific & technology research, volume 2,
Issue 12, December 2013.
16. Wang L.C. “Effect of moisture content,void ratio, compacted sand content on the
shear strength of remoulded unsaturated clay” EJGE ,Vol. 19,2014,pp 4413-4426.

17.Mousavi S. Won L.S.” Performance of Compacted and Stabilize Clay with Cement,Peat Ash
and Silica Sand” Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 9, No. 1, 2015.

18.Navid Khayat N., Alboshoke S.M.”Effect of Fine Content on Drained Shear

Strength of Mix Materials” Environmental Biology, 8(1) January 2014,
Pages 47-51.
Wilamowska B.U.” Basic Soil Properties of a Numberof Artificial Clay – Sand
Mixtures Determined as a Function of Sand Content” Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg, 2004,pp 308-315.

Sharma R.K., Singh B.” modification of clayey soil using sand and fly ash”
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ,OCT-
2013,pp356-361.

Roy T.K., Chattopadhyay B.C., Roy S.K. “California Bearing Ratio, Evaluation
and Estimation:A Study on Comparisons” Indian Geotechnical Conference ,
2010,pp 19-21.

“
Gokalp Z. Engineering characteristics of sand-clay mixtures used for clay
cores of earth-fill dams”, Clay Minerals, 2009- 44, 319–326.

Sreenivasulu C. Et. Al.” influence of coarse fraction on compaction

characteristics and cbr strength of a fine grained soil” International Journal of
Advances in Engineering & Technology, Sept., 2014. Vol. 7, Issue 4, pp. 1217-
1226.

Sharma R.K., Kumar A. “Compaction and Sub-grade Characteristics of Clayey

Soil Mixed with Foundry Sand and Fly Ash” International Journal of Engineering
Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 2 Issue 10, October – 2013.pp 1504-1509.

Page | 33
 Akanji S.A., Nathan C., Wadai J. “Physical and Mechanical Property
Evaluation of Some Clay Deposits in Mubi for Production of Glazed Roofing
Tiles” International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research, 2015,pp
8-14.
Kanatsiz N., “Effects of sand admixtures on the physical properties of soils ”,
thesis work ,Student Research & Creative Works,1995,pp1-59.

1.

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