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2017 IEEE 15th Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, 15th Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence

and Computing, 3rd Intl Conf on Big Data Intelligence and Computing and Cyber Science and Technology Congress

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978-1-5386-1956-8/17 $31.00 © 2017 IEEE 1186


DOI 10.1109/DASC-PICom-DataCom-CyberSciTec.2017.190
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