Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5(&2*1,7,217+5(6+2/'2)7+(+80$19,68$/6<67(05
*DEULHO3ULHWR0DUJDULWD&KHYDOLHU(GXDUGR*XLEHODOGH
'HSW5DGLRORJtD)DF0HGLFLQD8QLYHUVLGDG&RPSOXWHQVHGH0DGULG
0DGULG 6SDLQ
$%675$&7 7RGHWHFWWKHGLVNVLQWKH&'0$0SKDQWRPLPDJH&'&20
XVHV D SHUFHSWXDO 1RQ 3UHZKLWHQLQJ 0DWFKHG )LOWHU PRGHO
$ VRIWZDUH WRRO LV SUHVHQWHG IRU WKH DXWRPDWLF HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH 13:0) >@ >@ ZKLFK KDV EHHQ XVHG LQ RWKHU SURJUDPV >@ ,Q
&'0$0 SKDQWRP LPDJHV WKDW DUH FXUUHQWO\ XVHG IRU WKH TXDOLW\ WKLV SHUFHSWXDO PRGHO WKH KXPDQ REVHUYHU FDQQRW SUHZKLWHQ WKH
DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH LPDJH TXDOLW\ LQ PDPPRJUDSK\ 7KLV VRIWZDUH FRUUHODWHGQRLVHRIWKHLPDJH
WRROLVEDVHGRQWKHXVHRIWKHFURVVFRUUHODWLRQFRPSRQHQWRIWKH ,QWKHSHUFHSWXDOYLVXDOWKHRU\SURSRVHGE\:DQJHWDO>@WKH
LQGH[ 0666,0 5 RULHQWHG WR WKH UHFRJQLWLRQ WKUHVKROG RI +XPDQ 9LVXDO 6\VWHP +96 LV FRQVLGHUHG WR EH KLJKO\ DGDSWHG
GLIIHUHQW LPDJH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV *LYHQ DQ LPDJH VHTXHQFH ZKRVH IRUH[WUDFWLQJVWUXFWXUDOLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHVFHQHDQGWKHUHIRUH
LPDJHV EHJLQ DV XQUHFRJQL]DEOH DQG DUH JUDGXDOO\ UHILQHG WR DPHDVXUHRIVWUXFWXUDOVLPLODULW\VKRXOGEHDJRRGDSSUR[LPDWLRQ
LQFOXGHPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQWKHUHFRJQLWLRQWKUHVKROGFRUUHVSRQGVWR RI SHUFHLYHG LPDJH TXDOLW\ $ IDPLO\ RI TXDOLW\ DVVHVVPHQW
ILUVWWKHLPDJHLQWKHVHTXHQFHLQZKLFKDQREVHUYHULQGHQWLILHVWKH DOJRULWKPV KDV EHHQ GHYHORSHG EDVHG RQ WKLV SUHPLVH 7KH\
FRQWHQW HYDOXDWH YLVXDO TXDOLW\ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH UHVHPEODQFH RI D WHVW
:H KDYH YDOLGDWHG RXU VRIWZDUH WRRO E\ FRPSDULQJ RXU LPDJH¶VVWUXFWXUDOLQIRUPDWLRQWRWKDWRIWKHUHIHUHQFHLPDJH7KLV
UHDGRXWVZLWKWKRVHREWDLQHGE\DWRWDORIH[SHUWREVHUYHUVLQWKH IDPLO\ LQFOXGHV 6WUXFWXUDO 6,0LODULW\ LQGH[ 66,0 >@ 0XOWL
HYDOXDWLRQ RI &'0$0 LPDJHV 7KH FRUUHODWLRQV REWDLQHG 6FDOH6WUXFWXUDO6,0LODULW\LQGH[ 0666,0 >@DQGDPRGLILHG
EHWZHHQ ERWK UHDGRXW VHWV DUH EHWWHU WKDQ DQG WKH UDQJH RI YHUVLRQ RI 0666,0 0666,0 >@ 66,0 DQG 0666,0
XVHIXOFRUUHODWLRQFRPSULVHVGLDPHWHUVIURPPPWRPPRI PHDVXUH VLPLODULW\ EHWZHHQ WZR LPDJHV %RWK DOJRULWKPV DUH
WKHJROGGLVNVLQVLGHWKH&'0$0 RULHQWHGIRUWKHVXSUDWKUHVKROGSUREOHPZKLFKLQYDOLGDWHVWKHPWR
EH DSSOLHG WR WKH DQDO\VLV RI LPDJHV ZLWK GHWDLOV LQ WKH OLPLW RI
,QGH[ 7HUPV² +XPDQ YLVXDO V\VWHP PRGHOLQJ GLJLWDO YLVLELOLW\ 7KH FURVVFRUUHODWLRQ FRPSRQHQW RI 0666,0 5
PDPPRJUDSK\ &'0$0 SKDQWRP TXDOLW\ FRQWURO 0666,0 DYRLGV WKLV SUREOHP VLQFH LW LV GHVLJQHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH
LQGH[ UHFRJQLWLRQWKUHVKROGSUREOHP
&'0$0 UHDGRXW FDQ EH LQWHUSUHWHG DV D FRPSDULVRQ DPRQJ
,1752'8&7,21 WKH SKDQWRP LPDJH DQG D UHIHUHQFH LPDJH IRUPHG E\ D V\QWKHWLF
EODFN EDFNJURXQG DQG ZKLWH GLVNV RI GLIIHUHQW GLDPHWHUV 2XU
DSSURDFK WR SHUIRUP WKLV FRPSDULVRQ LV WR XVH WKH 5 LQGH[ DV D
7KH(XURSHDQ*XLGHOLQHVIRUWKHTXDOLW\FRQWURORIPDPPRJUDSK\
KXPDQSHUFHSWXDOPRGHO
>@ LQFOXGH PLQLPXP VWDQGDUGV IRU WKH LPDJH TXDOLW\ RI GLJLWDO
PDPPRJUDSK\ V\VWHPV 7KHVH VWDQGDUGV DUH EDVHG RQ FRQWUDVW
GHWDLOPHDVXUHPHQWVXVLQJWKH&'0$0SKDQWRPLPDJHV YHUVLRQ 0$7(5,$/6$1'0(7+2'6
1LMPHJHQ >@ 7KH REVHUYHU WDVN FRQVLVWV RI GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH
GHWDLO ZLWK PLQLPXP WKLFNQHVV UHFRJQLWLRQ WKUHVKROG ZKLFK LV 7KH&'0$0SKDQWRP )LJ FRQVLVWVRIDQDOXPLQXPEDVHZLWK
DEOH WR GHWHFW IRU D VHULHV RI JROG GLVNV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW GLDPHWHUV JROG GLVNV RI GLIIHUHQW GLDPHWHUV DQG WKLFNQHVVHV 7KH DOXPLQXP
DQGWKLFNQHVVHVLQVHUWHGLQWRWKHSKDQWRP EDVH LV DWWDFKHG WR D SRO\PHWK\OPHWKDFU\ODWH FRYHU 7KH JROG
6FRULQJ &'0$0 LPDJHV E\ REVHUYHUV KDV WZR PDMRU GLVNVDUHDUUDQJHGLQDPDWUL[RIURZVE\FROXPQVIRUPLQJ
GLVDGYDQWDJHV ,W LV D FRQVXPLQJ WLPH WDVN DQG WKH UHVXOWV DUH FHOOV :LWKLQ D URZ WKH GLVN GLDPHWHUV DUH FRQVWDQW ZLWK
KLJKO\ GHSHQGHQW IURP WKH REVHUYHU 7KH PRVW VSUHDG VROXWLRQ WR ORJDULWKPLF LQFUHDVLQJ WKLFNQHVV :LWKLQ HDFK FROXPQ WKH
VROYHWKHVHSUREOHPVLVWKHXVHRIWKH&'&20SURJUDP>@ZKLFK WKLFNQHVV RI WKH GLVNV LV FRQVWDQW EXW WKHUH LV D ORJDULWKPLF
DXWRPDWLFDOO\ VFRUHV WKH &'0$0 LPDJHV 7KH UHVXOWV GHULYHG LQFUHDVLQJ RIWKH GLDPHWHU (DFK FHOOFRQWDLQVWZRLGHQWLFDO GLVNV
IURPWKHXVHRIWKLVVRIWZDUHKDYHGHPRQVWUDWHGDEDGFRUUHODWLRQ RQH LQ WKH FHQWHU DQG RQH LQ D UDQGRPO\ VHOHFWHG FRUQHU 7KH
ZLWK WKRVH IURP KXPDQ REVHUYHUV 6HYHUDO DSSURDFKHV KDV EHHQ REVHUYHU¶VWDVNLVWRGHWHFWWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHHFFHQWULFGLVNV
SURSRVHGWRRYHUFRPHWKLVOLPLWDWLRQ>@>@7KHUHVXOWLQJUHDGRXWV 7KH &'0$0 SKDQWRP LPDJHV XVHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ KDYH EHHQ
FRXOG EH ILWWHG WR SV\FKRPHWULF FXUYHV DQG VPRRWKLQJ PHWKRGV GRZQORDGHGIURPWKH(XURSHDQ5HIHUHQFH2UJDQLVDWLRQIRU4XDOLW\
VRPHRIWKHPYHU\FRPSOH[ WRDGMXVWWKH&'&20UHDGRXWVWRWKH $VVXUHG %UHDVW 6FUHHQLQJ DQG 'LDJQRVWLF 6HUYLFHV (85() VLWH
KXPDQ RQHV KHUH QDPHG SURFHVVHG &'&20 35&'&20 VHFWLRQ &'0$0 5HDGRXW >@ 7KLV VHW RI UDZ LPDJHV ZDV
+RZHYHUWKHVHPHWKRGVFDQQRWEHDSSOLHGWRGLVNVZLWKGLDPHWHUV DFTXLUHGZLWKD6HQRJUDSK'V\VWHP *HQHUDO(OHFWULF DW
ODUJHU WKDQ PP EHFDXVH RI WKH ODFN RI FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ N9SP$VDQGZLWKDGHWHFWRUUHVROXWLRQRISL[HOSHUʅP
WKHLUUHVXOWVDQGWKRVHIURPWKHKXPDQREVHUYHU>@ 7KH LPDJHV ZHUH HYDOXDWHG E\ IRXU KXPDQ H[SHUW REVHUYHUV DQG
2490
IL[ D VDIH UHJLRQ DURXQG WKH WKHRUHWLFDO SRVVLWLRQ RI WKH HFFHQWULF 'HYLDWLRQV RI 5 IURP KXPDQ REVHUYHU
R ZHUH EXW WKH ILWWLQJ
GLVFVWRILQGWKHP7KLVVDIHUHJLRQLVS SL[HOVIRUWKHSKDQWRP IRUVPDOOGLDPHWHUVZDVDOPRVWHHTXDOWRWKRVHVKRZHGLQWKLVVWXG\
LPDJHVXVHGLQWKLVZRUN 7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO SDUDPHWHHUV VXFK DV GLVF PDUJLQ ORZSDVV
:H HVWLPDWH5 LQGH[ LQVLGH HDFKFHOOFFRUQHUIRU GLIIHUHQW ILOWHU YDOXHV HYDOXDWLRQ ZLQGRZ
Z [ \ HWF WKDW FDQ EH DGMXVWHG
SRVLWLRQVDURXQGWKHQRPLQDOSRVLWLRQRIWKHHH[SHFWHGGLVN )LJXUH DQGOLNHO\PLJKWLPSURYHWKH5 SHUIRUPDQFHIRUVPDOOGLDPHWHUV
7KHPD[LPXPYDOXHRI5 IRUHDFKSRVLWWLRQLQVLGHHDFKFRUQHU 7KLVDGMXVWPHQWZLOOFRQVWLWXWHR RXUQH[WOLQHVRIUHVHDUFK
ZDV FKRVHQ DV WKH 5 YDOXH RI WKLV FRUQHHU )LQDOO\ WKH FRUQHU
VHOHFWHGZDVWKDWZLWKWKHPD[LPXPYDOXHR RI5 LQVLGHHDFKFHOO
)ROORZLQJWKLVSURFHGXUH ZH JHW DPDWUL[Z ZLWK WKH GHWHFWHGGLVNV
WKDWLVFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHWUXHGLVNSRVLWLRQV
)LQDOO\ ZH FRPSDUH 5 UHVXOWV ZLWK K WKRVH IURP KXPDQ
&'&20 DQG 35&'&20 E\ FRUUHODWLQJ WK KH WKUHVKROG WKLFNQHVV
IRUHDFKGLVNGLDPHWHU
)LJVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQHUURUEDUVIRUKXPDQ
REVHUYHUUHDGRXWV +2 DQG5 UHDGRXWV
RG
)LJ6HDUFKPHWKR
866,21
5(68/76$1'',6&8
)LJXUH VKRZV WKH WKUHVKROG WKLFNQHVVGLDPHWHU FXUYH IRU
KXPDQREVHUYHUUHDGRXWV +2 DQG5 UHDGR RXWVZLWKHUURUEDUVRI
VHP 5 LV QRW VLJQLILFDQWO\ GLIIHUHQW IURP KXPDQ UHDGRXWV E\
WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH VHP HUURU 7K KH DYHUDJH WKUHVKROG
WKLFNQHVVHV IRU WKH GLIIHUHQW GLVN GLDPHWHHUV WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH
GHYLDWLRQVRI5 IURPKXPDQUHDGRXWVDUHVX XPPDUL]HGLQ7DEOH
7KHVHGHYLDWLRQVDUHDSSDUHQWO\DWUDQGRPZ ZKLFKFDQEHGXHWRWKH
VWRFKDVWLFEHKDYLRXUDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHSHUFFHSWLRQSURFHVV
)LJXUH VKRZV WKH WKUHVKROG WKLFNQHVVGLDPHWHU FXUYH IRU DOO
WKH FRQVLGHUHG PHWKRGV $OWKRXJK DOO PHHWKRGV H[KLELW D JRRG
FRUUHODWLRQ ZLWK WKH +2 UHDGRXWV 3HDUVRQCV FRHIILFLHQW RI
WKH EHKDYLRU LV FRPSOHWHO\ GLIIHUHQW &'& &20 V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ LV
2491
7DEOH$YHUDJHYDOXHVRIWKUHVKROGWKLFNQHVV UHFRJQLWLRQWKUHVKROG IURPKXPDQREVHUYHU +2 5 LQGH[&'&20DQG35&'&20
UHDGRXWV7KHGHYLDWLRQV RIWKHDXWRPDWHGPHWKRGVIURPKXPDQUHDGRXWVDUHDOVRLQFOXGHG
'HYLDWLRQ 'HYLDWLRQ 'HYLDWLRQ
PP +2 5 ,QGH[ 5 +2 &'&20 &'&20+2 35&'&20 35&'&20+2
1$ 1$ 1$ 1$
1$ 1$ 1$ 1$
1$ 1$ 1$ 1$
$YHUDJH
&21&/86,216 UHDGLQJ LPDJHV RI WKH &'0$0 WHVW REMHFW WR DVVHVV GLJLWDO
PDPPRJUDSK\V\VWHPV´3URF63,(&
7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRI5 WRWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIUDGLRORJLFDOLPDJHV
LVDQRYHODSSURDFKDQGFDQSURYLGHDUHOLDEOHDOWHUQDWLYHWRKXPDQ >@5):DJQHU'*%URZQ063DVWHO³$SSOLFDWLRQRI
HYDOXDWLRQ 7KLV DSSURDFK KDV VKRZHG WR EH D YDOLG WRRO IRU WKH LQIRUPDWLRQWKHRU\WRWKHDVVHVVPHQWRIFRPSXWHGWRPRJUDSK\´
DXWRPDWLF UHDGRXW RI LPDJHV ZLWK XQLIRUP EDFNJURXQGV DV WKH 0HG3K\V±
&'0$0 LPDJHV 5HVXOWV VKRZ D YHU\ VWURQJ FRUUHODWLRQ IRU DOO
GLDPHWHUVIURPPPWRPPZLWKRXWDQ\NLQGRIDGGLWLRQDO >@:-+9HOGNDPSHWDO³7KHYDOXHRIVFDWWHUUHPRYDOE\DJULG
DGMXVWPHQW %HVLGHV 5 RXWSHUIRUPV GH IDFWR VWDQGDUG SURJUDPV LQIXOOILHOGGLJLWDOPDPPRJUDSK\´0HG3K\V
DSSOLHGWR&'0$0HYDOXDWLRQ
5()(5(1&(6 >@55LFR6/0XOOHU*3HWHU³$XWRPDWLFVFRULQJRI&'0$1
DGRVHVWXG\´3URF63,(SS
>@=:DQJ$&%RYLNDQG//X³:K\LVLPDJHTXDOLW\
>@ 5 9DQ (QJHQ . & <RXQJ + %RVPDQV 0 7KLMVVHQ 7KH
DVVHVVPHQWVRGLIILFXOW´LQ3URF,(((,QW&RQI$FRXVW6SHHFK
(XURSHDQ SURWRFRO IRU WKH TXDOLW\ FRQWURO RI WKH SK\VLFDO DQG
DQG6LJQDO3URFHVVLQJYRO 2UODQGR SS±0D\
WHFKQLFDO DVSHFWV RI PDPPRJUDSK\ VFUHHQLQJ 3DUW , DQG ,, ,Q
(XURSHDQ *XLGHOLQHV IRU %UHDVW &DQFHU 6FUHHQLQJ WK HGLWLRQ
/X[HPERXUJ(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ
>@=:DQJ$&%RYLN+56KHLNKDQG(36LPRQFHOOL
³,PDJHTXDOLW\DVVHVVPHQW)URPHUURUYLVLELOLW\WRVWUXFWXUDO
>@.5%LMNHUN0$27KLMVVHQ7K-0$UQROGXVVHQ
VLPLODULW\´,(((7UDQV,PDJH3URFHVVLQJYROSS±
³0RGLILFDWLRQRIWKH&'0$1&RQWUDVW'HWDLO3KDQWRPIRU,PDJH
$SU
4XDOLW\(YDOXDWLRQRI)XOO)LHOG'LJLWDO0DPPRJUDSK\6\VWHPV´
3URFHHGLQJVRI,:'0SS<DIIH0HG0HGLFDO
>@=:DQJ(36LPRQFHOOLDQG$&%RYLN³0XOWLVFDOH
3K\VLFV3XEOLVKLQJ0DGLVRQ7RURQWR
VWUXFWXUDOVLPLODULW\IRULPDJHTXDOLW\DVVHVVPHQWLQ3URFRIWKH
WK,((($VLORPDU&RQIRQ6LJ6\VDQG&RPS 3DFLILF*URYH
>@59LVVHUDQG1.DUVVHPHLMHU³&'&200DQXDOVRIWZDUHIRU
&$ 1RY
DXWRPDWHGUHDGRXWRI&'0$0LPDJHV´1RWH&'&20
VRIWZDUHPDQXDODQGVDPSOHLPDJHVDUHSRVWHGDWZZZHXUHIRUJ
>@'05RXVHDQG66+HPDPL$QDO\]LQJWKH5ROHRI
WK-DQXDU\
9LVXDO6WUXFWXUHLQWKH5HFRJQLWLRQRI1DWXUDO,PDJH&RQWHQWZLWK
0XOWL6FDOH66,0´3URF63,(9RO+XPDQ9LVLRQDQG
>@ . & <RXQJ- + &RRN - 0 2GXNR+ %RVPDQV
(OHFWURQLF,PDJLQJ
³&RPSDULVRQ RI VRIWZDUH DQGKXPDQREVHUYHUV LQUHDGLQJ LPDJHV
RI WKH &'0$0 WHVW REMHFW WR DVVHVV GLJLWDO PDPPRJUDSK\
>@&'0$05HDGRXWDWZZZHXUHIRUJWK)HEUXDU\
V\VWHPV´ 0HGLFDO ,PDJLQJ 3K\VLFV RI 0HGLFDO ,PDJLQJ
(GLWHG E\ )O\QQ 0LFKDHO - +VLHK -LDQJ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH
>@*3ULHWR0&KHYDOLHU(*XLEHODOGH³$&'0$0,PDJH
63,(9ROXPHSS
3KDQWRP6RIWZDUH,PSURYHPHQWIRU+XPDQ2EVHUYHU
$VVHVVPHQW´($.UXSLQVNL (G ,:'0/1&6SS
>@ . & <RXQJ $ $OVDJHU - 0 2GXNR + %RVPDQV %
±6SULQJHU9HUODJ%HUOLQ+HLGHOEHUJ
9HUEUXJJH7*HHUWVH59DQ(QJHQ³(YDOXDWLRQRIVRIWZDUHIRU
2492