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Kumamaru2017mohem2 PDF
Kumamaru2017mohem2 PDF
Hiroshige Kumamaru
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Download by: [University of New England] Date: 19 December 2017, At: 20:40
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
VOL. , NO. , –
https://doi.org/./..
ARTICLE
tion, and the induction equation were solved numerically. In the sudden contraction in the direc- fusion reactor; CFD
tion perpendicular to applied magnetic field, the loss coefficient takes a positive value in all the
cases performed in this study, contrary to the expectation. This result is in contrast to that in the
sudden expansion in the direction perpendicular to applied magnetic field, where the loss coef-
ficient generally takes a negative value due to the MHD effect. In the sudden contraction in the
direction of applied magnetic field, the loss coefficient takes a positive and large value in all the
cases performed in this study. The loss coefficient generally becomes larger than that in the case
of corresponding channel expansion in the direction of applied magnetic field.
is in the direction perpendicular to applied magnetic fully developed MHD flow appears except for the region
field, and the contraction is in one direction (not in near to the contraction. In the fully developed MHD
both directions). He showed flow behavior, however, flow regions, the induced electric current, which is gen-
did not present the pressure drop through the contrac- erated by the vector product of flow velocity and applied
tion clearly. magnetic field, flows in the negative y-direction in fluid
In this study, three-dimensional numerical calcula- bulk region. The induced current returns in the posi-
tions are performed on MHD flows through a rect- tive y-direction by flowing in thin region very near to
angular channel with sudden contraction, particularly the top wall (having nearly zero velocity and large elec-
in order to estimate the pressure drop through the tric resistance), within a y–z plane at the same x. (The
sudden contraction. The sudden contraction is in the induced current can also flow in the wall in the case
directions perpendicular to and parallel to the applied of electrically conducting wall.) This induced current
magnetic field. The channel walls are assumed to be loop has a relatively large electrical resistance, since the
electrically insulating (non-conducting). In simulating induced current needs to pass through the thin region
laboratory conditions, the Ha and the Re numbers are very near to the top wall. The Lorentz force (indicated
mainly set to 100 and 1000, respectively, and in some by an orange arrow or a gray arrow), which is generated
cases, reach up to 500 and 5000, respectively. To date, by the vector product of induced current and applied
because of numerical instability program arising from magnetic field, is exerted in the negative x-direction in
sharp velocity changes near channel walls, numerical fluid bulk region, and a large MHD pressure drop is gen-
solutions have not been obtained for fusion power plant erated. The uniform-induced currents along the x-axis
conditions. produce uniform velocity distribution and a constant
MHD pressure drop along x-axis in the fully developed
regions.
2. Numerical calculations
On the other hand, in the region just downstream
of the contraction, the induced electric current flows in
2.1. Calculation models
the negative y-direction, as was the case of fully devel-
Figure 1 shows the calculation model in Case A, oped region. However, the induced current may possi-
i.e. the contraction in the direction perpendicular to bly return in the positive y-direction through the large
the applied magnetic field. The vectors v, B0, and j region (having small electric resistance) just upstream
represent the main flow velocity, the applied mag- of the contraction (in an x–y plane with the same z),
netic field, and the induced electric current, respec- as shown in Figure 1. Thus, the Lorentz force may pos-
tively. Considering symmetry, the calculations are sibly be exerted in the positive x-direction and a pres-
performed only for 1/4 of the channel cross-section. sure recovery (increase) may possibly happen in the
(The actual flow channel is from −ly2 to + ly2 before region just upstream of the contraction. The hatching
the contraction and from −ly1 to + ly1 after the contrac- region indicates a low-flow or reverse-flow region just
tion, and from −lz to + lz before and after the contrac- upstream of the contraction.
tion.) The sudden contraction is located at x = lx1 . The Figure 2 shows the calculation model in Case B, i.e.
applied magnetic field is imposed in the z-direction. the contraction in the direction of the applied magnetic
The channel walls are assumed to be electrically insu- field. Considering symmetry, the calculations are per-
lating (non-conducting). The channels upstream and formed only for 1/4 of the channel cross-section. (The
1302 H. KUMAMARU
actual flow channel is from −ly to + ly before and after and the electric conductivity, respectively. The induced
the contraction, and from −lz2 to + lz2 before the con- magnetic field (B) produced by the induced electric cur-
traction and from −lz1 to + lz1 after the contraction.) rent is treated as an unknown variable together with
The sudden contraction is located at x = lx1 . The applied the velocity (v) and the pressure (p). The third term
magnetic field is imposed in the z-direction. The chan- in the right-hand side of Equation (2) represents the
nel walls are assumed to be electrically insulating (non- Lorentz force. The induction equation, i.e. Equation (3),
conducting). In the fully developed MHD flow region is derived from Ohm’s law, Faraday’s law, and Ampere’s
upstream of the contraction, the flow differs between law in electromagnetism.
Case B (Figure 2) and Case A (Figure 1), since the thick- The basic equations are transformed into non-
ness of flow region in the direction parallel to or per- dimensional expressions by introducing non-
pendicular to the applied magnetic field differs between dimensional variables and numbers presented below.
Case B and Case A. However, the flow in the fully devel- The characteristic length is the half width of the chan-
oped MHD flow region downstream of the contraction nel in the direction of the applied magnetic field in the
in Case B is exactly the same as that in Case A. The small channel, i.e. lz in Case A (Figure 1) or lz1 in Case
Lorentz force (indicated by an orange arrow or a gray B (Figure 2). The characteristic velocity is the average
arrow) acts in the negative x-direction in the fluid bulk velocity in the x-direction through the small channel.
region, and a large MHD pressure drop along the x-axis
is produced in the fully developed MHD flow regions.
Downloaded by [University of New England] at 20:40 19 December 2017
∂v
+ (v · ∇ ) v
2.2. Calculation methods ∂t
1 1
Formulation by using induced magnetic field has been = −∇ p + ∇ 2 v + (∇ × B) × Ha (7)
Re Re
adopted in the present numerical calculations. The con-
tinuity equation, the momentum equation, and the
∂B 1 1 2
induction equation are expressed, respectively by = ∇ × (v × Ha) + ∇ B (8)
∂t Rm Rm
For simplification, star (∗ ) is omitted in Equation (6)
through Equation (8) and in the following description.
∇ ·v =0 (1)
Note that the Hartmann number Ha = (0, 0, Ha) is a
vector with only known and constant z-component.
Regarding the boundary condition on the flow veloc-
∂v
ρ + (v · ∇ ) v ities, the inflow boundary condition is applied at the
∂t
1 flow inlet, i.e. at x = 0, by giving the fully developed
= −∇ p + η∇ 2 v + (∇ × B) × B0 (2) MHD flow velocity distribution obtained by the author
μ
[8]. The outflow boundary condition is adopted at the
flow outlet, i.e. at x = lx2 , by giving the reference pres-
∂B 1 2
= ∇ × (v × B0 ) + ∇ B (3) sure.
∂t σμ Regarding the boundary condition on the induced
where t, v, B, p, and B0 are the time, the velocity vec- magnetic fields, ∂B/∂x = 0 is applied at the flow inlet
tor, the induced magnetic field vector, the pressure, and and the flow outlet. This means that the induced cur-
the applied magnetic field vector, respectively, and η, rent does not change in the x-direction. Also, B = 0
μ, and σ are the viscosity, the magnetic permeability, is adopted at the walls by assuming that the walls are
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1303
u
z = 0 : A(−z) = −A(z),
B(−z) = −B(z), C(−z) = C(z) 0.4
0.2
where A, B, and C are the x, y, and z components of B,
respectively. Note that A and B are odd functions of z
0.0
though C is an even function of z. (At the symmetry 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
(a)
plane of y = 0, A, B, and C are all even functions of y.) y
The calculations are carried out using a 30 × 35 × 1.2
15 grid (Case A, i.e. Figure 1) or a 30 × 15 × 35 grid
(Case B, i.e. Figure 2) (in x-, y-, and z-directions) in the
Downloaded by [University of New England] at 20:40 19 December 2017
1.0
large channel and a 30 × 15 × 15 grid (in x-, y-, and
z-directions) in the small channel, with gird elements 0.8
closely spaced near the channel walls, particularly near u Present Calc.
the walls perpendicular to the applied magnetic field, u Shercliff
0.6
u
Table . Comparison of pressure drop in fully developed region between present calculation and
Shercliff.
Re
Ha
A -dp/dx (Present Calc.) . . . . . . .
B -dp/dx (Shercliff) . . . . . . .
(A-B)/B . . . . −. . .
2.0 2.0
p Calculated Pressure
y
p
1.0 2
p2
Downloaded by [University of New England] at 20:40 19 December 2017
0.5
0.5
For Fully-Developed Flow
Hydraulic Grade Line
Energy Grade Line
0.0
0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 5 10 15 x
x
Figure . Velocity (u, v) distribution in x–y plane at z = ., Case
Figure . Pressure along x-axis in Case A, Re = , Ha = ,
A, Re = , Ha = , Rm = ., CR = /, and AR = .
Rm = ., CR = /, and AR = .
in the present calculation agrees well with that derived contraction, agree with those obtained by the author for
by Shercliff, as shown in Figure 3(b). Simple expression the fully developed MHD flows [8]. This is also true for
on the velocity distribution u(y) is not given by Sher- all the calculations presented in this paper. The dotted
cliff. Table 1 gives comparison of the pressure drops line indicates the energy grade line (representing the
−∂ p/∂x between the present calculation and Sher- static pressure energy plus the kinematic energy, refer
cliff ’s analytical solution for several combinations of Re to Equations (9) and (10)). The difference in the energy
and Ha in the case of AR = 1. The present calcula- grade lines at the contraction (at x = lx1 ( = 7.5)), i.e.
tion results agree with Shercliff ’s analytical solutions p1 ’ − p2 ’, corresponds to the energy loss due to the con-
within 0.2%. traction, i.e. (1/2) ζ in non-dimensional form (refer to
Equations (9) and (10)). The loss coefficient obtained
from Figure 4 is 0.32, i.e. a positive value. This means
3.3. Contraction in direction perpendicular to
that the pressure recovery (increase) does not appear
applied magnetic field (Case A)
through the sudden channel contraction.
... Base case Figure 5 shows the velocity vector (u, v) distribu-
For the contraction in the direction perpendicular to tion in the x–y plane at z = 0.05. Except for the region
applied magnetic field (i.e. Case A), a base case calcula- near to the contraction, a fully developed flow veloc-
tion, Case A1, was carried out for Ha = 100, Re = 1000, ity profile appears in both the large channel and the
and Rm = 0.001. These non-dimensional parameters small channel. The velocity profiles in the fully devel-
simulate laboratory condition, i.e. a liquid-metal flow oped regions in the large channel and in the small chan-
with a velocity of ∼10 cm/s in a channel with ∼1 cm nel agree with corresponding profiles obtained by the
width under an applied magnetic field of ∼1 T. The author for fully developed MHD flows [8]. This is also
other parameters are set as follows: lz = 1, ly1 = 1, ly2 = true for all the calculations presented in this paper. The
2, lx1 = 7.5 and lx2 = 15 (i.e. AR = 1 and CR = 1/2). separation region (i.e. low-flow or reverse-flow region)
Figure 4 shows the pressure along the x axis in just upstream of the contraction is quite small, and the
the base case (Case A1). The solid line indicates the flow contraction just downstream of the contraction
hydraulic grade line (representing the static pressure does not appear.
energy, refer to Equations (9) and (10)). The pressure Figure 6(a–c) shows the induced electric current vec-
drops, i.e. the gradients of the hydraulic grade lines, for tor (jx , jy ) distribution in the x–y plane at z = 0.05,
the fully developed MHD flows in the large channel and 0.65, and 0.9975, respectively. In a fully developed flow
in the small channel, except for the region near to the regions except for the region near to the contraction, the
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1305
2.0
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
1.5
Downloaded by [University of New England] at 20:40 19 December 2017
0.6 0.6
jy
ζ
0.4 0.4
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.0
ζ
ζ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.4
(b) x 0.2 0.2
2.0 0.0 0.0
1/2 1/3 1/4 1/4 1/2 1 2 4
(c) CR (d) AR
1.5 Figure . Effects of Re, Ha, CR, and AR on loss coefficient (ζ ), Case
jy A. (a) ζ vs. Re, (b) ζ vs. Ha, (c) ζ vs. CR, and (d) ζ vs. AR.
1.0 60
jx
y
2.5 2.0
p
Calculated Pressure
2.0
p1 ' 1.5
p1
w
1.5
p2 ' 1.0 0.2 u
z
p
2
1.0
p2
0.5
For Fully-Developed Flow
0.5
Hydraulic Grade Line
Energy Grade Line 0.0
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 5 10 15 x
x
Figure . Velocity (u, w) distribution in x–z plane at y = .,
Figure . Pressure along x-axis in Case B, Re = , Ha = , Case B, Re = , Ha = , Rm = ., CR = /, and
Rm = ., CR = /, and AR = . AR = .
Downloaded by [University of New England] at 20:40 19 December 2017
that the loss coefficients generally take negative values flow in negative y-direction in the fluid bulk region.
due to the MHD effect in the case of the channel expan- These uniform-induced currents along the x-axis pro-
sion in the direction perpendicular to applied magnetic duce uniform velocity distributions and constant MHD
field [5]. pressure drops in the fully developed flow regions.
On the other hand, in the region close to the con-
traction, the induced electric currents flow largely in
3.4. Contraction in direction of applied magnetic negative y-direction in the fluid bulk region from x =
field (Case B) 7 to x = 8.5 comparing with the corresponding fully
... Base case developed flow regions, as shown in Figure 10(a), and
A base case calculation, Case B1, was carried out for the induced currents flow largely in positive y-direction
Ha = 100, Re = 1000, and Rm = 0.001. The other in the low-flow or reverse-flow region from x = 6 to
parameters are set as follows: ly = 1, lz1 = 1, lz2 = 2, x = 7.5, as shown in Figure 10(b). The reason of these
lx1 = 7.5 and lx2 = 15 (i.e. AR = 1 and CR = 1/2). increases in the induced currents is mentioned in detail
Figure 8 shows the pressure along the x-axis in the in Section 2.1 in explaining Figure 2 (i.e. Case B). The
base case. The difference in the energy grade lines at former increases in the induced current in the fluid bulk
the contraction (at x = lx1 ( = 7.5)), i.e. p1 ’ − p2 ’, region from x = 7 to x = 8.5, shown in Figure 10(a),
corresponds to the energy loss due to the contrac- result in the increase in the Lorentz force and thus the
tion. The loss coefficient (ζ ) obtained from Figure 8 MHD pressure drop. As shown in Figure 10(c), in the
is 1.25. This is larger than the corresponding value thin region close to the upper wall upstream of the con-
in the case of channel expansion, calculated by the traction, the induced currents are uniform along the x-
author [5]. axis and flow largely in positive y-direction in the fully
Figure 9 gives the velocity vector (u, w) distribution developed flow region except for the region near to the
in the x–z plane at y = 0.05. Except for the region near to contraction. (Note that the scale size of vector is differ-
the contraction, a flat velocity profile typical to the fully ent between Figure 10(a,b)and Figure 10(c).)
developed MHD flow appears in both the large chan-
nel and the small channel. The velocity profile along ... Case of large Hartmann number
the z-axis (i.e. in the direction of applied magnetic field) Figure 11 shows the pressure along the x-axis for the
shown in Figure 9 is much flatter than that along the y- case of Ha = 500 (Case B7) which gives the largest loss
axis (i.e. in the direction perpendicular to applied mag- coefficient (ζ ). The other parameters are the same as
netic field) given in Figure 5. In the region just upstream those for the base case (B1). Even in the fully developed
of the contraction, the low-flow (in the x-direction) or regions upstream and downstream of the contraction,
reverse-flow region appears in the range of 1 < z < 2. because of a large Ha number, the pressure gradient in
Figure 10(a–c) shows the induced electric current Case B7 is much larger than that in Case B1 (the base
vector (jx , jy ) distribution in the x–y plane at z = case, Figure 8). (Note that the difference in the scale of
0.05, 1.875, and 1.9975, respectively. As shown in y-axis between Figures 8 and 11.) The decrease in the
Figure 10(a,b), in the fully developed flow regions energy grade line at the contraction (at x = lx1 ( = 7.5)),
except for the region near to the contraction, the i.e. p1 ’ − p2 ’, is approximately 7.3, resulting in a loss coef-
induced currents are uniform along the x-axis and ficient of 13.8.
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1307
1.0 20
p
Calculated Pressure
15
jy
2 p1 '
0.5 jx
y
p1
10 10
p
5 p2 '
For Fully-Developed Flow p2
0.0 Hydraulic Grade Line
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Energy Grade Line
0
(a) x 0 5 10 15
x
1.0
Figure . Pressure along x-axis in Case B, Re = , Ha = ,
Rm = ., CR = /, and AR = .
Downloaded by [University of New England] at 20:40 19 December 2017
jy 2.0
0.5 2
jx
y
10
1.5
w
1.0 0.2 u
z
2
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
(b) 0.5
x
1.0
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
x
jy Figure . Velocity (u, w) distribution in x–z plane at y = .,
20 Case B, Re = , Ha = , Rm = ., CR = /, and AR = .
0.5 jx
y
40
(a)
x ∗ AR: the aspect ratio in the small channel after the contraction.
6 14
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1.0 5 13
4 4
3 3
ζ
ζ
2 2
jy 1 1
0 0
0.5 5 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 100 200 300 400 500
jx
y
Re Ha
25 (a) (b)
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
ζ
0.0 2 ζ 2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 1
(b) x 0 0
1/2 1/3 1/4 1/4 1/2 1 2 4
CR AR
(c) (d)
jy
the x-axis and flow largely in positive y-direction in the
0.5 50
jx
y
nel expansion.
In the sudden contraction in the direction of applied
magnetic field, the loss coefficient takes a positive Disclosure statement
and large value in all the cases performed in this No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
study, meaning that the pressure drop through the con-
traction becomes large. In particular, the loss coeffi- References
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