Japan Sem1 PDF

SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY
DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 1

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1.1 MAP OF THE COUNTRY
NATIONAL FLAG OF THE COUNTRY
AREA
 Total: 377,973.89 km2 (145,936.53 sq mi)

 Land: 364,543.89 km2 (140,751.18 sq mi)
 Water: 13,430 km2 (5,190 sq mi)
 Notes: Includes the Bon-in Islands, Daitō Islands, Minami-Tori-shima, Okinotorishima, the
Ryukyu Islands, and the Volcano Islands. This includes the Senkaku Islands which are
owned by Japan and disputed by the PRC. It excludes the disputed Northern Territories and
Liancourt Rocks
Location: Japan is a long island chain between the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan and the
Philippine Sea. It is in the Pacific Ocean, East Asia and North East Asia. Japan is east of Siberia,
the Korean Peninsula and Taiwan.

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Map references: Asia, East Asia, North East Asia, Pacific Ocean
Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous with about 70% mountainous land (comparable to
Norway).
Land boundaries: the ocean, no land borders.
Coastline: 29,751 km (18,486 mi)
Population: 126,317,000 (2019)
NATIONAL FLAG
The Japanese flag is white with a red circle in the middle. The Japanese commonly refer to this
flag as Hinomaru, or the circle of the sun. The flag was adopted on February 27, 1870 and was
slightly updated on August 13, 1999.
Meaning of the Flag
The flag’s design embodies the country’s nickname, Land of the Rising Sun. The basic design is
called Nisshoki officially, which translates to “sun-mark flag.” Many Japanese people also call
the flag Hi no maru, or “circle of the sun.” When looking at the design, it is easy to see how this
design represents the sun.
Colors of the Flag
The Japanese flag has a very simple design with lots of meaning behind it. The flag features a
white field. A large red disc is centered on the white field, representing the sun. This is important
to the Japanese because of the sun’s role in mythology and religion.

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Flag Facts
Many people in Japan see the flag as a symbol of imperialism and aggression. For this reason,
the flag is not flown often in public. It is tradition to sign the flag and present it to someone as a
good luck charm. Prior to World War II, it was required for all houses to display the flag on
national holidays. If more than one foreign flag is displayed along with Japan’s flag, they are
arranged in alphabetical order.
NATIONAL ANTHEM
The Japanese national anthem, which became officially recognized as such in 1999, is called
"Kimigayo." The national flag was also just officially established in 1999 and is called the
Hinomaru.
NATIONAL ANIMAL AND NATIONAL BADGE(EMBLEM OR COAT OF ARMS)

Japan has no coat of arms, but the Japanese Imperial family's crest, the chrysanthemum, is used
on the cover of passports for Japanese citizens. Japan does not have a designated national
animal.
NATIONAL FLOWER OR BIRD

There is no official national flower or bird. Some people say the unofficial national flower of
Japan is the chrysanthemum, which has long been a symbol of the Japanese Imperial Family.
However, most say that the sakura (cherry blossom) is the national flower because so many
Japanese love to watch and celebrate these flowers in the spring cherry-blossom season. There
are also several candidates for Japan's unofficial national bird, such as the ibis. The crane is also
a very popular bird in Japan and often appears in Japanese art. However, most people say the
national bird is the kiji (green pheasant)
NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES
To the east of Japan are three other countries that are part of the Asian continent. These
are China, North Korea and South Korea. Russia is also to the east of Japan. Below Japan, in
the Pacific Ocean, are other island countries like Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia and New
Guinea.

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1.2 GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD BY DIECTION

RURAL AND URBAN DIVIDE,CAPITAL AND MAJOR CITIES
Japan is one of the most populated countries in the world with a population of approximately 127
million people. The area of Japan is comprised by over 6,000 different islands in the Pacific
Ocean. Although this nation is made up of so many islands, only 430 of these islands are
inhabited. Out of these 430 islands, the majority of the population live in four islands, which are
Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, and Kyushu.
MAJOR URBAN AREA OF JAPAN
1. TOKYO
Tokyo is the capital city of Japan and it is by far the most populated city in the country. In fact, it
is one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. Almost 37 million people live in the
Greater Tokyo-Kanto which is made up of Tokyo and the areas that are surrounding the city.
This city is on Honshu island which is the biggest island in Japan.
2. YOKOHAMA
Yokohama is the second-largest city in Japan. Yokohama is located nearby Tokyo, but is
considered to be a city of its own. Transit connections between Tokyo and Yokohama are very
convenient, as travel between the two is common.
3. OSAKA
Osaka is the third-largest city in Japan. Formerly a famous city at the center of the rice trade,
Osaka today is known for being a vibrant city. Osaka is well-connected to other places in Japan
by rail, and to other international cities by ferry.

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4. NAGOYA
Nagoya is Japan's fourth-largest urban area. It is well known for hosting one of the most
important ports in the country. Nagoya is also home to a major automotive industry. Nagoya is
home to 2,266,000 residents in its urban area.
5. SAPPORO
Another major city in Japan is Sapporo. This city is located in the island of Hokkaido and is a
famous skiing destination. This city has a colder climate in comparison to many other parts of
Japan and as a result many tourists travel here in order to part take in winter sports. The snowfall
is good for such activities. The 1972 Winter Olympics were held in Sapporo.
6. KOBE
Kobe is a large city located on Honshu. It has a population of 1,544,000 individuals. Located
midway between Osaka and Kyoto, Kobe is a major financial center within the country.
7. FUKUOKA
Fukuoka is the seventh largest city in Japan, with a total population of 1,482,000. It is found on
Kyushu. The population of Fukuoka has been growing at a steady rate.
8. KYOTO
Kyoto is Japan's eighth largest city, as well as one of its most famous. Around 1,470,000 people
live in Kyoto. Throughout history, Kyoto was one of the most important as well as the largest
cultural centers of Japan.
9. KAWASAKI
Kawasaki is the ninth largest urban area in Japan. It is considered to be part of the Greater Tokyo
Area. Around 1,413,000 people live in Kawasaki.

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10. SAITAMA
Saitama, like Kawasaki, is also a part of the Greater Tokyo Area. The city is densely populated,
with a total of 1,230,000 individuals and an average population density of 5,830 people per
square km.
1.3 LAND DISTRIBUTION

TOPOLOGY
The Japanese islands are the upper portions of vast mountains belonging to what is sometimes
called the Circum-Pacific Ring of Fire, which stretches from Southeast Asia to the Aleutian
Islands. Mountains cover over 75% of the land's surface. Landforms are steep and rugged,
indicating that, geologically speaking, Japan is still a young area. Through the central part of
Honshu, running in a north–south direction, are the two principal mountain ranges: the Hida (or
Japan Alps) and the Akaishi mountains. There are 25 mountains with peaks of over 3,000 m
(9,800 ft). The highest is the beautiful Mt. Fuji (Fuji-san), at 3,776 m (12,388 ft). Japan has 265
volcanoes , of which about 20 remain active. Earthquakes occur continually, with an average of
1,500 minor shocks per year. One of the world's greatest recorded natural disasters was the
Kanto earthquake of 1923, when the Tokyo-Yokohama area was devastated and upward of
99,000 persons died.
The plains of Japan are few and small and cover only about 29% of the total land area. Most
plains are located along the seacoast and are composed of alluvial lowlands, diluvial uplands,
and low hills. The largest is the Kanto Plain (Tokyo Bay region), about 6,500 sq km (2,500 sq

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mi). Others include the Kinai Plain (Osaka-Kyoto), Nobi (Nagoya), Echigo (north-central
Honshu), and Sendai (northeastern Honshu). There are four small plains in Hokkaido. The
population is heavily concentrated in these limited flat areas.
Rivers tend to be short and swift. The longest is the Shinano (367 km/228 mi) in north-central
Honshu, flowing into the Sea of Japan / East Sea. The largest lake is Lake Biwa, near Kyoto,
with an area of 672 sq km (259 sq mi). Lake Kussharo, in the Akan National Park of Hokkaido,
is considered the clearest lake in the world, having a transparency of 41 m (135 ft). Good harbors
are limited because in most areas the land rises steeply out of the sea.Yokohama, Nagoya, and
Kobe are Japan's most prominent harbors.
The Ryukyu Islands, among which Okinawa predominates, are the peaks of submerged mountain
ranges. They are generally hilly or mountainous, with small alluvial plains.
WATER RESOURCES
Available Amount of Water

Annual precipitation in Japan is approximately 650 billion m3 (average figure over the 30-year
period from 1971 to 2000), of which approximately 230 billion m3 (35%) is lost through
evaporation. The remaining 420 billion m3 is theoretically the maximum amount that can be
used by humans and is referred to as the "inventory of water resources". The inventory of water
resources decreases in years of low precipitation, reduced to 280 billion m3 in the year of water
shortage occurring once in about 10 years.
The amount of water actually used (intake amount in 2004) is approximately 83.5 billion m3,
which is equivalent to roughly 20% of the mean inventory of water resources. This ratio is
referred to as the "water resources utilization rate". The water not used, amounting to 300 billion
m3 or more, runs off into the sea as river water or flood is stored as groundwater.
Amount of Water Use by Purpose
The water use in 2004 can be broken down into approximately 55.2 billion m3 (approx. 66% of
total usage) for agriculture, approximately 12.1 billion m3 (approx. 15%) for industry, and
approximately 16.2 billion m3 (approx. 19%) for domestic purposes. In terms of regional
distribution, the water resources utilization rate is high in the regions of Kanto and Kinki where
population and industry are concentrated.

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Use of River Water and Groundwater

Of the approximately 83.5 billion m3 that is used, around 73.1 billion m3 (approx. 88%) is
obtained from rivers, lakes and marshes, and the remaining 10.4 billion m3 (approx. 13 %) is
obtained from groundwater.
MAJOR LAKES,SEAS AND RIVERS
Rivers Lakes Seas

1.Shinano Biwa Sakhalin
2.Tone Hamana Archipelago
3.Yodo Toyo
4.Agano shikotsu
NEAREST OCEANS
Ocean systems:
The Sea of Okhotsk is to the north of the four main islands of Japan, the Pacific Ocean is to the
east and south, the East China Sea is to the southwest, and the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan
are on the west. On the Asian continent, Russia is to the north and northwest of Japan, and North
Korea, South Korea, and China are to the west. Further south, Taiwan lies to the west of Japan’s
Ryukyu Islands.
Pacific ocean:
The world's largest geographic feature, the Pacific Ocean covers more than 166 million square
kilometers (more than 64 million square miles) - about one-third of the earth's surface. The area
of the Pacific is greater than that of all of the continents combined, and it makes up nearly half of
the area covered by the earth's oceans.

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CULTIVABLE AND NON CULTIVABLE

PLAINS
There are three major plains in central Honshū. The largest is the Kantō Plain which covers
17,000 km2 (6,600 sq mi) in the Kantō region. The capital Tokyo and the largest metropolitan
population is located there. The second largest plain is the Nōbi Plain 1,800 km2 (690 sq mi)
with the third-most-populous urban area Nagoya. The third largest plain is the Osaka Plain which
covers 1,600 km2 (620 sq mi) in the Kinki region. It features the second largest urban area of
Osaka (part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area).Osaka and Nagoya extend inland from their
bays until they reach steep mountains. The Osaka Plain is connected with Kyoto and Nara.
Kyoto is located in the Yamashiro Basin 827.9 km2 (319.7 sq mi) and Nara is in the Nara Basin
300 km2 (120 sq mi).
DESERT
The Tottori Sand Dunes are sand dunes located near the city of Tottori in Tottori Prefecture,
Japan. They form the only large dune system (over 30 km²) in Japan. The dunes were created by
sediment deposits carried from the Chugoku Mountains by the Sendai River into the Sea of
Japan.
GLORIES
Morning glory is one of the flowers that represent Japan. It is said that morning glory was
introduced to Japan from China during Nara period. In China, morning glory is called
“Kanigoshi” and was used as a medicine.
PLANTS
Plants found in Japanese gardens and along streets include camellias, maples, magnolias,
daphnes, and gingkos.

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MOUNTAIN
Central Japan is marked by the convergence of the three mountain chains—the Hida, Kiso, and
Akaishi mountains—that form the Japanese Alps (Nihon Arupusu), several of whose peaks are
higher than 3,000 meters. The highest point in the Japanese Alps is Mount Kita at 3,193 meters.
The highest point in the country is Mount Fuji, a volcano dormant since 1707 that rises to
3,776 m (12,388 ft) above sea level in Shizuoka Prefecture. On the Sea of Japan side are plateaus
and low mountain districts, with altitudes of 500 to 1,500 meters.
The Japanese islands are the summits of mountain ridges uplifted near the outer edge of the
continental shelf. About 73 percent of Japan's area is mountainous, and scattered plains and inter
montane basins cover only about 27 percent. A long chain of mountains runs down the middle
of the archipelago, dividing it into two halves, the "face", fronting on the Pacific Ocean, and the
"back", toward the Sea of Japan. On the Pacific side are steep mountains 1,500 to 3,000 meters
high, with deep valleys and gorges.
1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Japan burns close to two thirds of its waste in municipal and industrial incinerators. By some
estimates, 70 percent of the world's waste incinerators are located in Japan. As a result, Japan has
higher levels of dioxin in its air than any other G20 nation. In 2001, the US Department of
Justice brought suit against Japan for the deaths of U.S. service-members at Naval Air
Facility Atsugi caused by a nearby waste incinerator known as Jinkanpo Atsugi Incinerator. This
has called into question the Japanese government line that the thousands of incinerators in Japan
are safe.
GLOBAL WARMING :As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and host of the 1997 conference
which created it, Japan is under treaty obligations to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions level by
6% less than the level in 1990, and to take other steps related to curbing climate change. Japan is
the world’s fifth biggest emission emitter The Cool Biz capaign introduced under former Prime

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Minister of Japan Junichiro Koizumiwas targeted at reducing energy use through the reduction
of air conditioning use in government offices.
CORAL REEF
In January 2017 the Japanese environment ministry said that 70% of the Sekisei lagoon in
Okinawa, Japan’s biggest coral reef, had been killed by a phenomenon known as bleaching
NUCLEAR POWER
Japan maintains one third of its electric production from nuclear power plants. While a majority
of Japanese citizens generally supported the use of existing nuclear reactors, since the nuclear
accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant on March 11, 2011, this support seems to
have shifted to a majority wanting Japan to phase out nuclear power. Former Prime Minister
Naoto Kan was the first leading politician to openly voice his opposition to Japan's dependence
upon nuclear energy and suggested a phasing out of nuclear energy sources towards other
sources of renewable energy. Objections against the plan to construct further plants has grown as
well since the March 11 earthquake and tsunami which triggered the nuclear melt down of three
reactors at the Fukushima dai ichi plant in Eastern Japan.
The treatment of radioactive wastes also became a subject of discussion in Japan. New spent-
nuclear-fuel reprocessing plant was constructed in Rokkasho in 2008, the site of the underground
nuclear-waste repository for the HLW and LLW has not yet been decided. Some local cities
announced a plan to conduct an environmental study at the disposal site, but citizens' groups
strongly oppose the plan.
FISHERY AND WHALING
In the Japanese diets, fish and its products are more prominent than other types of meat. Because
of the depletion of ocean stocks in the late 20th century, Japan's total annual fish catch has been
diminishing rapidly. Japan, along with the United States and the European Union, occupies the
large part of international fish trade.Japanese fish catches were the third in the world in 2000,
following China and Peru. The United States, Chile, Indonesia, the Russian Federation and India
were other major countries.

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By 2004, the number of adult Atlantic Bluefin Tuna capable of spawning had plummeted to
roughly 19 percent of the 1975 level in the western half of the ocean. Japan has a quarter of the
world supply of the five big species: bluefin, southern bluefin, bigeye, yellowfin and albacore.
Whaling for research purposes continued even after the moratorium on commercial whaling in
1986. This whaling program has been criticized by environmental protection groups and anti-
whaling countries, who say that the program is not for scientific research.
URBAN PLANNING
Densely packed buildings in Hamamatsucho, Tokyo.

The massive nationwide rebuilding efforts in the aftermath of World War II, and the
development of the following decades, led to even further urbanization and construction. The
construction industry in Japan is one of its largest, and while Japan maintains a great many parks
and other natural spaces, even in the hearts of its cities, there are few major restrictions on where
and how construction can be undertaken. Alex Kerr, in his books "Lost Japan" and "Dogs &
Demons",is one of a number of authors who focuses heavily on the environmental problems
related to Japan's construction industry, and the industry's lobbying power preventing the
introduction of stricter zoning laws and other environmental issues.
CLIMATE
Japan is a country surrounded by oceans and consists of four major islands: Hokkaido, Honshu,
Shikoku, and Kyushu, and many smaller islands. Because of Japan's unique makeup, the climate
in the country varies widely from one region to another. Most parts of the country have four
distinct seasons, and the weather is relatively mild for every season

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SEASONS AND TEMPERATURE
Japan's Rainy Season

Rainy season in Japan typically begins in early May in Okinawa. In other regions, it usually runs
from early June through around mid-July. Also, August to October is the peak typhoon season in
Japan. It's important to check the weather often during this season.
Spring in Japan
Spring in Japan coincides with what most Americans think of as spring, spanning March through
May. Temperatures are warm across most of the country, but it isn't yet too hot or too humid.
This is, of course, peak tourist season as the famed cherry blossoms are in bloom and festivals
are celebrating their arrival across the country.
Summer in Japan
Japan experiences most of its rainfall during the summer months, beginning in June. The
country's rainy seasons usually lasts just three or four weeks and is the typical time for rice-
planting. Generally, this is a hot and humid time to visit Japan, with temperatures often
exceeding 85 degrees Fahrenheit (30 degrees Celsius)
Fall in Japan
Summer's extreme temperatures start to fade in September, giving way to cooler temperatures
and breezy weather. By the end of fall, temperatures typically range from 45 to 50 degrees
Fahrenheit (8 to 10 degrees Celsius) throughout most the country. Fall is mostly dry. It's also a
favorite season for concerts, sporting events, and other exhibitions.
Winter in Japan
Winter in Japan is dry and sunny, with temperatures that rarely drop below freezing—except for
the country's northern reaches of Sapporo and the like. Snowfall occurs the further north you go,
with central Japan receiving light dustings as well. Winter in Southern Japan is mild. The last
day of the year is called "Omisoka," and "Oshogatsu" is the Japanese New Year.

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1.5 NATURAL HAZARDS

VOLCANOES
Japan has 108 active volcanoes. That's 10% of all active volcanoes in the world. Japan has
stratovolcanoes near the subduction zones of the tectonic plates. During the twentieth century
several new volcanoes emerged, including Shōwa-shinzan on Hokkaido and Myōjin-shō off the
Bayonnaise Rocks in the Pacific.In 1991, Japan's Unzen Volcano on Kyushu about 40 km
(25 mi) east of Nagasaki, awakened from its 200-year slumber to produce a new lava dome at its
summit. Beginning in June, repeated collapse of this erupting dome generated ash flows that
swept down the mountain's slopes at speeds as high as 200 km/h (120 mph). Unzen erupted in
1792 and killed more than 15,000 people. It is the worst volcanic disaster in the country's
recorded history. There are three VEI-7 volcanoes in Japan. These are the Aira Caldera, Kikai
Caldera and Aso Caldera. These giant caldera are remnants of past eruptions. Mount Aso is the
largest active volcano in Japan. 300,000 to 90,000 years ago there were four eruptions of Mount
Aso which emitted huge amounts of volcanic ash that covered all of Kyushu and up to
Yamaguchi Prefecture.
EARTHQUAKE
Japan is substantially prone to earthquakes, tsunami and volcanoes due to its location along the
Pacific Ring of Fire. It has the 15th highest natural disaster risk as measured in the 2013 World
Risk Index. As many as 1,500 earthquakes are recorded yearly, and magnitudes of 4 to 7 are
common. Minor tremors occur almost daily in one part of the country or another, causing slight
shaking of buildings. Major earthquakes occur infrequently; the most famous in the twentieth
century was the great Kantō earthquake of 1923, in which 130,000 people died. Undersea
earthquakes also expose the Japanese coastline to danger from tsunamis
TYPHOONS
Another common hazard are several typhoons that reach Japan from the Pacific every year.
Heavy snowfall during the winter in the snow country regions, cause landslides, flooding, and
avalanches. Some of the major typhoons are Jebi(2018),Vera(1959),Yancy(1993),Nancy (1961)

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MUDSLIDES
A mudslide, or mud-flow, occurs when rocks, sand, and earth are loosened and fall from hills
and mountains due to earthquake, rain or snow. In Japan, over two-thirds of the land is
mountainous and therefore prone to mudslides.
Major mudslide events
Japan has experienced several major mudslide events, often due to other natural disasters.
Mount Ontake
On September 14, 1984, the Otaki earthquake (magnitude 6.8) in Nagano Prefecture, Japan,
caused a major mudslide on the south face of Mount Ontake, which reached speeds of
80~100 km/h. Heavy rain over several days prior to the quake contributed to causing the
mudslide, known as “Ontake Kuzure,” which took the lives of 29 people. After the disaster,
barriers against mudslide were erected in nine locations at the foot of Mt. Ontake.
Wakayama & Nara
In September 2011, Tropical Storm Talas (2011), which formed and was named on August 25,
made landfall over Japan, bringing heavy rain to the mountainous Kii Peninsula, and causing a
mudslide, called “Shinsohokai,” in Wakayama and Nara. "Shinsohokai" means that not only soil
collapses, but also bedrock. In this case, houses were covered with earth and sand from the
mudslide and there were many injured and killed.
Hiroshima
In June 2010, Hiroshima experienced heavy rains which caused severe damage, including
mudslides and river floods; Shōbara had 64 mm rain in an hour and Hiroshima had 30–50 mm on
June 12, 20-40mm on the 13th and 20-50mm on the 14th. Five people were killed and six
injured; 1,787 houses were destroyed.
TORNADOES
Tornadoes in Japan are rare, but not unheard of. The most common time of the year
for Japan to witness or experience tornadoes is during the summer and fall months, in the midst
of typhoon season. Typhoons can spin up small tornadoes within the storms, and are likely the
main reason Japan experiences tornadoes.

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CHAPTER-2
EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT

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2.1 HISTORY OF THE COUNTRY

NATIVE PEOPLE AND ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Japanese are a nation and an ethnic groupthat is native to Japan and makes up 98.5% of the total
population of the country. Worldwide, approximately 129 million people are of Japanese
descent; of these, approximately 125 million are residents of Japan. People of Japanese ancestry
who live outside Japan are referred to as the Japanese diaspora. The term ethnic Japanese is
often used to refer to Japanese people, as well as to more specific ethnic groups in some
contexts, such as Yamato people and Ryukyuan people. Japanese are one of the largest ethnic
groups in the world.
JAPANESE CIVILIZATION
By the 700s A.D., Japanese culture and civilization had reached a new height. Their beautiful
capital city of Nara rivaled that of China’s capital city. The people of Japan enjoyed one of the
highest standards of living anywhere in the world.
In 794 A.D., the leaders in Japan set up a new capital city. They named their new capital Heian
Kyo, which would later be shortened to Kyoto. This capital city would remain as the capital of
the Japanese Empire for over 1,000 years.
MIDDLE HISTORY
The first human habitation in the Japanese archipelago has been traced to prehistoric times.
The Jōmon period, named after its "cord-marked" pottery, was followed by the Yayoiin the first
millennium BC when new technologies were introduced from continental Asia. During this
period, the first known written reference to Japan was recorded in the Chinese Book of Han in
the first century AD. Between the fourth century and the ninth century, Japan's many kingdoms
and tribes gradually came to be unified under a centralized government, nominally controlled by
the Emperor. This imperial dynasty continues to reign over Japan. In 794, a new imperial capital
was established at Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto), marking the beginning of the Heian period, which
lasted until 1185. The Heian period is considered a golden age of classical Japanese culture.
Japanese religious life from this time and onwards was a mix of native Shinto practices
and Buddhism.

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CURRENT HISTORY TO PRESENT :

REIWA PERIOD (2019–)
At 11.30am on April 1st, the Japanese government announced the name of Japan’s new era. In
one month’s time, the Heisei era will end with the abdication of the current Emperor, Akihito,
and the country will enter the reiwa era.The new name is taken from classical Japanese literature
– it appears in the Man’yōshū, the oldest known collection of Japanese poetry which dates back
to the late 700s. The first character rei means “command” or “decree” and has never previously
been used in an era name, while the second character wa meaning “harmony” or “peace” (and
often used as a shorthand for Japan itself) is among the most commonly used characters in
historical era names. With the new name publicly announced, attention will now turn to the
accession of the new Emperor, Naruhito, which will take place on May 1st and will be celebrated
in Japan with an unusually long set of Golden Week public holidays. Following a lengthy
transition period, Naruhito’s actual enthronement will then take place on October 22nd.
2.2 IMPORTANT EVENTS OF NATION
PRE INDEPENDENCE AND POST INDEPENDENCE
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 1 Results
Jōmon period
Kamu-yamato Iware-
biko no mikoto victory
East Expedition of Kamu-yamato Iware- Kamu-yamato Iware-

Troops led by local
Emperor Jimmu biko no mikoto's loyal biko no-mikoto became
chiefdoms
(c. 7th century BCE) warriors first Emperor (Emperor
Jimmu).
Foundation of Japan
Yayoi period
Establishment of
Civil war of Wa Unknown Yayoi Unknown Yayoi Yamatai state
(2nd century CE) chiefdoms chiefdoms
• Consolidation
of chiefdoms

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• Himiko made
queen
Yamato period
Prince Ōama victory
• Death of
Prince Ōtomo
Jinshin War Prince Ōama's loyal Prince Ōtomo's loyal • Emperor
(675) warriors warriors Tenmu (Prince
Ōama)
acceded to the
throne.
Heian period
Minamoto victory
• Death of
Emperor
Genpei War Antoku
Minamoto clan Taira clan
(1180–1185) • Establishment
of the
Kamakura
shogunate
Kamakura period
Kamakura victory
Jōkyū War Retired Emperor Go- • Retired

Kamakura shogunate
(1221) Toba's loyal warriors emperors
exiled
Muromachi period
Stalemate
Ōnin War Ashikaga shogunate • Weakening of

Hosokawa clan
(1467–1477) Yamana clan the Ashikaga
shogunate
Azuchi–Momoyama period

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Inconclusive
• Tactical
stalemate
Seven Year War Japan Korea • Withdrawal of
(1592–1598) China Japanese
Toyotomi clan armies;
strategic
Korean/Chines
e victory
Edo period
Chōshū victory
Summer War Tokugawa shogunate • Weakening of

Chōshū Domain
(1866) Aizu Domain the Tokugawa
shogunate
Meiji period
Victory
Russo-Japanese War
Japan Russia • Treaty of
(1904–1905)
Portsmouth
Taishō period
Truku War
Japan Truku Tribe Victory
(1914)
Shōwa period
Victory
• Tanggu Truce
Japanese invasion of • Establishment
Manchuria Japan China of the
(1931–1932) Japanese
puppet state
Manchukuo
Heisei period

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
Victory
Battle of Amami-
Ōshima Japan North Korea • North Korean
(2001) naval trawler
sunk
Japan
Somalia
NATO
Australia
China
Colombia
India Victory
Indonesia
Operation Ocean Malaysia • Number of
Shield New Zealand Somali pirates Somali pirate
(2009–2016) Oman attacks have
Pakistan been reduced
Puntland dramatically.
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Seychelles
Singapore
South Korea
Ukraine
2.3 BROAD FEATURES OF CONSTITUTION

The Constitution of Japan is the fundamental law of Japan. It was enacted on 3 May 1947, as a
new constitution for a post-war Japan.
The constitution provides for a parliamentary system of government and guarantees certain
fundamental rights. Under its terms, the Emperor of Japan is "the symbol of the State and of the
unity of the people" and exercises a ceremonial role acting under the sovereignty of the people.
The constitution, also known as the "Post-war Constitution" or the "Peace Constitution" was
drafted under the supervision of SCAP during the Allied occupation of Japan after World War II
Japanese scholars reviewed and modified it before adoption. It replaced Japan's previous
authoritarian system of quasi-absolute monarchy with a form of liberal democracy. The

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
Constitution is best known for Article 9, by which Japan renounces its right to wage war; and to
a lesser extent, the provision for de jure popular sovereignty in conjunction with the monarchy.
The Japanese constitution is the oldest unamended constitution in the world. It has not had any
amendments to its text in more than 70 years. It is a short constitution with only 5000 words
compared to the average constitution, which has 21,000 words.
Development of Japan constitution
• Pre-Feudal age (10th BC -1184 AD)
• Feudal age (1185-1867 AD)
• Post-Feudal age (1868-1947)
Meiji Restoration(1868-1912) Weak military rule by shogun and it was overthrown by Samurai
(a group of soldiers).Emperor Meiji taken the crown power .Laws were made for unitary power
state.Constitution of the Empire of Japan (Meiji) was enacted on November 29, 1890.They given
importance to industrialization by any means and fast
• Taishō era (1912–1926) – Way to New constitution World War I , Siberian Intervention,
"Taishō Democracy" . Early Shōwa (1926–1937) was Expansion of Democracy, Military and
social organizations , Nationalistic factors , Economic factors .In Early Shōwa (1937–1947)
Prewar expansionism, Manchuria, Second Sino-Japanese War , Clashes with the Soviet Union ,
Attack on pearl harbour was made
Post dam Declaration was made On 26 July 1945, Allied leaders Winston Churchill, Harry S
Truman, and Chiang Kai-Shek issued the Potsdam Declaration, which demanded Japan's
unconditional surrender. But after bombing on Hiroshima and Nagasaki only they surrender . So,
the new constitution was drafted by allied powers
DOUGLAS MCARTHUR was the Supreme Commander of Allied Powers (SCAP) .He played
an important role in making of japan constitution which was Enforcement of Constitution of the
State of on Japan May 3, 1947

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
The constitution has a length of approximately 5,000 words and consists of a preamble and 103
articles grouped into 11 chapters. These are:
• I. The Emperor (Articles 1–8)

• II. Renunciation of War (Article 9)
• III. Rights and Duties of the People (Articles 10–40)
• IV. The Diet (Articles 41–64)
• V. The Cabinet (Articles 65–75)
• VI. Judiciary (Articles 76–82)
• VII. Finance (Articles 83–91)
• VIII. Local Self–Government (Articles 92–95)
• IX. Amendments (Article 96)
• X. Supreme Law (Articles 97–99)
• XI. Supplementary Provisions (Articles 100–103)
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF AN INDIVIDUAL
✓ Equality before the law
✓ Prohibition of peerage
✓ Democratic elections
✓ Prohibition of slavery
✓ Separation of Religion and State
✓ Freedom of assembly, association, speech, and secrecy of communications
✓ Workers' rights
✓ Right to property
✓ Right to due process
✓ Protection against unlawful detention
✓ Right to a fair trial

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
✓ Protection against self-incrimination
✓ Other guarantees
• Right to petition government (Article 16)

• Right to sue the state (Article 17)
• Freedom of thought and conscience (Article 19)
• Freedom of expression (Article 19)
• Freedom of religion (Article 20)
• Rights to change residence, choose employment, move abroad and relinquish
nationality (Article 22)
• Academic freedom (Article 23)
• Prohibition of forced marriage (Article 24)
• Compulsory education (Article 26)
• Protection against entries, search and seizures (Article 35)
• Prohibition of torture and cruel punishments (Article 36)
• Prohibition of ex post facto laws (Article 39)
• Prohibition of double jeopardy (Article 39)
2.4 REFORMS
SOCIAL
Japan brought back many ideas on how to modernize their country. Education, social class, and
women’s roles changed drastically when Japan began to modernize. The government played a
huge role in social change by creating new laws and a constitution. Most of the change occurred
during the Meiji period which began in 1868 and lasted until 1912. Lots of things were modified
in during this time.
Education was a main social system that changed during modernization. In the Edo period,
school was only for children of people in higher classes. Now it was mandatory for all children
to take. In 1871, the Japanese government established a Ministry of Education. It was designed
to break down class identities which helped raise the standard of living in Japan. In 1884 an

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
important man named Mori Arinori became the Minister of Education for Japan. He restructured
the school system which stayed in place for sixty years. As well, he established the Imperial
University which was later renamed the Tokyo University. These changes that were made
influenced people all over Japan. The government believed that Japan would become a more
powerful country if their citizens were educated. The government taught values such as national
identityand loyalty to the Emperor. This helped unite Japan and make them a stronger nation.
Another change in Meiji Japan was for womens roles. Women of Japan were given the same
rights as men, but were not treated as equals. It was not until 1946 that they were given the right
to vote. Some women worked at factories as a result of industrialization. They had the right to be
given the same amount of pay as men. As well, they were allowed to choose their occupation,
spouse, and they could inherit and own property using their own names. Females were even
encouraged to go to school, which gave them the same opportunities as educated men of the
time. These changes affected Japanese worldview towards women.There were many changes
that occurred during the Meiji period. Education, social hierarchy, and women's roles were just a
few of the social systems that affected Japanese worldview.
ECONOMICAL
The economy changed rapidly during the Meiji Period because the government realized they
needed to become more modernized in order to compete against Western nations. The
government became involved in changing many sectors of Japan including: agriculture, industry,
trade, banking, and taxation. These reforms abruptly occurred during the Meiji Period
Japan’s industry was dramatically transformed, creating a better economy. Some of the reforms
included new railroads to join all four major islands, shipping lines, telegraph and telephone
systems, and deep water harbors to allow bigger ships. Not only this, but 53 consumer
productions were created. Examples include munitions, gunpowder, silk and textile, glass,
chemical plants, iron smelters, and spinning mills. The government was involved in these
changes as it funded and owned many industries. But after several years, most government
owned factories were handed over to private businesses. This happened to help jump start
capitalism. These important changes occurred in the Meiji period. Japan went through two
periods of economic development. These changes took place because of the 3,000 foreign
experts in a variety of specialist fields. The foreign experts transformed English, science,

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
engineering, army, and the navy. Also in the Iwakura Mission, it states that governments can
encourage private enterprise and business innovation. As well many Japanese traveled abroad to
study Western ways and brought back many new ideas. Japan’s national income doubled,
affecting its citizens. After 20 years, the industrial economy expanded rapidly until 1920 with
inputs of advanced Western technology. Japan gradually took control of Asia’s market of goods.
Additionally, massive migration to industrializing centers came from the countryside. These
changes in industry led to innovation and prosperity.
Agriculture in Japan also faced new changes during the Meiji Period. This enlightened thinking
encouraged during this period allowed farmers to own the land they worked. They were allowed
to move freely and sell their products anywhere. With this change came a 3% land tax imposed
on the farmers.The changes in agriculture were both positive and negative.
In addition to agriculture and industries, taxation and banking made many modifications. New
taxes such as land and a blood tax were established. As previously said, farmers were forced to
pay a 3% land tax. The blood tax is described as the military official’s extracting blood of the
bodies as of a new conscript. It was usually sold for medicinal purposes. Another tax was created
on imported goods. In addition, taxes were now collected by the centralized government instead
of the local daimyo. Taxes were paid in cash as before would've been paid in crops. A
standardized system had been formed across Japan. The government and Matsukata were
involved as they created the taxes. Furthermore Matsukata wanted to reduce government
spending, reduce value of printed money, and impose new taxes. These changes had to take
place as they needed to raise more money for funds for national income; they also needed to
improve the economy and create businesses. The taxes/policies caused many farmers to lose their
land and businesses to go bankrupt. A positive outcome was Japan was developing into a
capitalist society. The building of banking and reliance on bank funding had been the centre of
Japanese development.
Lastly, trade was an economic system that changed during modernization development.Finally, a
capitalist society was fully developed. They had adopted a British and North American mentality
towards capitalism. In the Edo Period, the people would trade for other goods but now they
would trade and sell their products for money. This was a change than the traditional kimono.
Many Meiji leaders and the government gradually influenced these changes.

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
POLITICAL
"Japanese politics is standing at a major crossroads. The public's distrust in politics has peaked
following the Recruit scandal, and we face a serious situation never before seen in the history of
Japanese parliamentary politics," says a political reform outline released by the ruling Liberal
Democratic Party (LDP) in May 1989, the first year of the current Heisei era.
The reform was designed to shake up the status quo, in which the LDP's intraparty factions
controlled political funding and candidate selection, and competed with one another to fill their
coffers and set policy pledges during elections. However, the new single-seat electoral structure
was also assumed to make power shifts more plausible, raising expectations for added tension in
the political system.
The LDP's 1989 political reform outline states that the reform of the election system "would
bring pain" to the party. What is notable is that the LDP, which had been in government for
decades, pointed to the need for a transfer of power.
The party feared that Japan could not survive under the so-called 1955 system, under which the
LDP was constantly in power, as the world was undergoing drastic changes such as the collapse
of the Berlin Wall in November that year. At the time, there were calls within the business
community, which had supported the LDP, for the establishment of another political party that
could take over the reins of government.
The LDP was subsequently split over the introduction of the single-seat electoral system, and a
package of bills on political reform was only passed into law in 1994 after a fierce power
struggle. Japan finally achieved a transfer of power when the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ)
won the 2009 general election. However, the DPJ-led government collapsed in late 2012,
ushering in a new era of LDP dominance under the second premiership of party leader Shinzo
Abe.

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
CHAPTER-03
GOVERNMENT

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
3.1 TYPE OF GOVERNMENT

The government of Japan is a constitutional monarchy in which the power of the Emperor is
limited and is relegated primarily to ceremonial duties. The Government runs under the
framework established by the Constitution of Japan, adopted in 1947. The National Diet is
the legislature, the organ of the Legislative branch
3.2 FORM OF GOVERNMENT
Executive
The emperor is the ceremonial head of state. Executive powers are vested exclusively in the
Cabinet, which consists of a prime minister and the ministers he or she appoints. The prime
minister, who is the majority party leader, is appointed by the emperor upon nomination by the
Diet.
Legislature
The bicameral Diet (Kokkai, or Parliament) has authority over all legislative matters. As a result
of an electoral reform law that came into effect in December 1994, the House of Representatives
(Shugiin, or lower house) now comprises a combination of 300 single-seat constituencies and
200 seats determined by proportional representation.
Judiciary
The Supreme Court, the highest judicial authority, consists of a chief justice and 14 associate
judges. The emperor appoints the chief justice upon designation by the Cabinet, which also
appoints the other justices. The judges may be removed only by public impeachment. The
Supreme Court determines the constitutionality of laws and all its decisions are final.

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
Local Government
For administrative purposes, the nation is divided into 47 prefectures, each with its own
popularly elected governor or mayor and representative assembly. Cities, towns, and villages
also elect representative assemblies. Due to 1994 electoral reforms, Japan is also divided into 11
blocks at election time for government posts determined by proportional representation.
Government of Japan
Seal of the Government
Overview
State Japan
Leader Prime Minister
Appointed by The Emperor
Main organ Cabinet
Responsible to National Diet
Headquarters Chiyoda ward, Tokyo

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
HEAD OF GOVERNAMENT
Shinzō Abe
Since 2012
Description
Shinzō Abe is a Japanese politician serving as Prime Minister of Japan and Leader of the Liberal
Democratic Party since 2012. He previously served as Prime Minister from 2006 to 2007. He is
the third-longest serving Prime Minister in post-war Japan.
3.3 DECENTRALIZATION OF GOVERNMENT
Worldwide, decentralization is a recent phenomenon that has been fostered by the spread of
democratization, growing cultural and ethnic identification, and the trend toward globalization,
which is a critical factor in Japan’s decentralization process. International Union of Local
Authorities’ famous 1985 World Wide Declaration on Local Self Government. In Japan,
democratization, globalization, and public-sector reform have contributed most to
decentralization. Matsumoto Hideaki (2000), himself a noted executive bureaucrat and major
actor in the decentralization process, stresses that a centralized system is not only irrelevant to an
affluent society, but may even be detrimental to its development. Instead, he emphasizes such
goals as independent decision making and individual responsibility. Kitamura Wataru (2000),
meanwhile, argues that the political and economic changes that have recently occurred in Japan
as a result of international impetus are a “coalition of decentralization,” involving business and
local government. The social system developed in Japan in the wake of World War II was no
different from the “1940 System” (Noguchi 1995), which prescribed protectionist and
paternalistic public policies, especially in the areas of banking, finance, and industry. Ironically,
the factors now accelerating decentralization in Japan are no different from those that contributed
to the end of an earlier system.

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
Decentralization in the 1990s took this postwar transformation of central-local relations a step
further and reestablished the legal framework. Paradoxically, the central government is a
decentralized unit, composed of compartmentalized ministries, that often stalls when developing
meaningful policy. The institutional setting of Japan is such that when the decentralized ministry
system leads the central government to a policy deadlock, local governments are able to step in
and get the job done. Coalition government can be expected to be a regular feature of Japanese
politics through the first decade of the twenty-first century and, depending on the configuration
of the parties and actors, the degree of decentralization will vary. Missing in the most recent
decentralization scheme is an agenda for public finance reform that addresses questions
regarding the allocation of functions and resources, and the implementation of a system of
accountability.
3.4 NATIONAL SECURITY
The Japan Self-Defense Forces, JSDF, also referred to as the Self-Defense Forces
(SDF),Japan Defense Forces (JDF), or the Japanese Armed Forces, are the
unified military forces of Japan that were established in 1954, and are controlled by the
Ministry of Defense.
3.5 FOREIGN POLICY

Japanese thinking on foreign policy was also influenced by the rise of a new postwar generation
to leadership and policy-making positions.The realignment of United States and Japanese

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
currencies in the mid-1980s increased the growth of Japanese trade, aid, and investment,
especially in Asia.
Japan’s Security / Peace & Stability of the International Community

February 22, 2018
• Crime
• Cybersecurity
• Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Technology
• Human Rights , Humanitarian Assistance, Refugees
• International Law and Treaties
• Japan and the United Nations
• Japan’s Security Policy
• Maritime Affairs
• Women's Empowerment and Gender Equality
Global Issues & ODA

October 25, 2019
• Climate Change
• Disaster Risk Reduction
• Environment
• Health and Medical Care
• Human Security
• Maritime Affairs
• The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
• Official Development Assistance (ODA)
• Outer Space
• Science and Technology
• Other Specialized Agencies

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
Economic diplomacy
June 21, 2019
• Agriculture, Fisheries and Forest
• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
• Energy
• Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA)
• International Investment Agreement (IIA)
• G7/G8
• G20 (Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy)
• Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
• Government Procurement Information
• Intellectual Property
• Japanese Economy
• Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
• World Economic Forum (Davos)
• World Trade Organization (WTO)
Public Diplomacy
• Public Relations Abroad

• Cultural Exchange
• People-to-People Exchange
• Cooperation with International Organizations (UNESCO, UNU)
• Cultural Grant Assistance
• Local Partnership Cooperation

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
3.6 GOVERNMENT AGREEMENT

Trade Agreements
Japan has concluded 15 free trade agreements (FTAs) and economic partnership agreements
(EPAs) including those with Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Brunei, Indonesia,
Vietnam, India, Mongolia, Mexico, Chile, Peru, Australia and Switzerland. The Japan-ASEAN
EPA has been effective since 2008.Japan is also negotiating FTA-EPAs with Canada, Colombia,
Korea and Turkey, and regional FTA-EPAs with China-Korea, the Gulf Cooperation Council
(GCC, namely Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Kuwait), the EU and the
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP, involving the 10 ASEAN member
countries and the six countries that the bloc has FTAs, namely, China, Japan, Korea, India,
Australia and New Zealand). Japan is a member of APEC, which has established a goal of APE
C-wide free trade and investment for developed economy members.
In October 2015, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement was concluded with Japan
among the 12 Pacific-Rim signatory countries. Following the withdrawal of the US, the
remaining 11 countries signed the pact and renamed it the Comprehensive and Progressive
Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) in March 2018. Japan is now pursuing a
bilateral trade agreement with the US after TPP’s jeopardy as President Trump announced to pull
the US out of the TPP.
Hong Kong's Trade with Japan
Most Hong Kong goods such as garments, toys, jewellery, housewares, watches, clocks and
major electronic items can be imported freely with import licence, except certain items covered
by the import restriction system mentioned above. In 2017, Japan was Hong Kong’s fourth
largest trading partner with the bilateral trade was valued at US$ 49.0 billion. Total exports to
Japan were valued at US$ 16.5 billion in that year, comprising mainly telecommunications
equipment and parts, semi-conductors, electronic valves and tubes, toys, games and sporting
goods, computers, and watches and clocks. Hong Kong’s imports from Japan were valued at
US$32.5 billion during the same year. While semi-conductors, electronic valves and tubes, and
telecom equipment and parts are the major import items, Hong Kong is the largest export
destination for Japanese foodstuff. In January 2018, Japan’s exports of food and live animals to
Hong Kong amounted to US$97 million, accounting for over 24% of Japan’s exports under such
category.

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
CHAPTER-4
SOCIAL STRUCTURE

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
4.1 ETHNIC GROUPS
Though it is said that Ethnic Japanese make up 98.5% of the total population and that the rest
are Koreans 0.5%, Chinese 0.4%, other 0.6%, in fact these numbers are not known.
YAMATO JAPANESE
The Yamato Japanese are the dominant group in Japan, making up the lion's share of Japan's
population. In fact, around 98% of the country's residents identify as being Yamato. However,
the term Yamato Japanese did was not used until the late 1800s so that the people of mainland
Japan would be distinguished from the other ethnic groups who were being incorporated into the
Empire of Japan.
RYUKYUAN JAPANESE
The Ryukyuan Japanese are indigenous to the Ryukyu Islands chain that stretches from the
Japanese island of Kyushu all the way to Taiwan (Formosa). Starting in 1371, the Ryukyu
islands became a key trade intermediary between China and Japan. In the early 1600s the
Satsuma Domain invaded the Ryukyuan Kingdom and took it over as a nominal state to keep the
benefits of trading with China but later on during the Meiji Period (1868-1912) the Ryukyu
Kingdom was abolished and the area was fully incorporated into Japan.
CHINESE
The first ethnic Chinese immigrants are thought to have first come to Japan around 2,300 years
ago from both China and the Koreaan Peninsula. Japan's first known Chinese visitor was Hui
Shen, who was a Buddhist missionary who visited Japan in 499 AD, as described later in the
book Liang Shu a little more then a century later. During the Sanzan period (1314-1429) in
Okinawa, Chinese people were known to have migrated to the country at the invitation of the
Ryukuyuan Kings to serve as royal advisers.
KOREANS
In 1910, the Japanese Empire annexed the Korean Empire and shortly afterwards a Korean
migration to Japan began. A large number of Koreans were conscripted into the Japanese army

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
during World War Two and some stayed in Japan after the war. These Koreans are called
Zainichi Koreans in Japan and they refer to most Koreans currently in Japan who traced their
ancestry back to when Koreans came to Japan when Korea was under Japanese Rule from 1910
until 1945.
LATIN AMERICANS
Most of Japan's Latin American population is from either Brazil, Peru, or Colombia. In the
1980s, Brazilians, many of whom were of Japanese ancestry, with Brazil having the largest
population of Japanese outside of Japan, starting coming to Japan as contract workers since
Brazil was in the midst of huge political and economic problems at the time.
4.2 SOCIAL CLASS SYSTEM
The four tiered CLASS SYSTEM Of feudal JAPAN: By Kallie Szczepankski. Between the 12th
and 19th centuries, feudal Japan had an elaborate four tier class system. Unlike European feudal
society, in which the peasants (or serfs) were at the bottom, the Japanese feudal class structure
placed merchants on the lowest rung.
4.3 RELIGION
Shinto and Buddhism are Japan's two major religions. Shinto is as old as the Japanese culture,
while Buddhism was imported from the mainland in the 6th century. Since then, the two
religions have been co-existing relatively harmoniously and have even complemented each other
to a certain degree.

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
4.4 POPULATION AND LONGEVITY
➢ The current population of Japan is 126,685,469 as of Saturday, December 14, 2019,

based on Worldometers elaboration of the latest United Nations data.
➢ Japan 2019 population is estimated at 126,860,301 people at mid year according to UN

data.
➢ Japan population is equivalent to 1.64% of the total world population.
➢ Japan ranks number 11 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population.
➢ The population density in Japan is 348 per Km2 (901 people per mi2).
➢ The total land area is 364,555 Km2 (140,755 sq. miles)
➢ 91.7 % of the population is urban (116,322,813 people in 2019)
➢ The median age in Japan is 46.7 years.
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female

Total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
4.5 EDUCATION SYSTEM
The chart below shows the Japanese education system according to age, grade, and available
educational facilities.
 Children who have their 6th birthday on or before April 1 enter the first grade of
elementary school of that year.
 School year starts in April and ends in March.
 For Japanese nationals, six years at elementary school and three years at junior high
school (total nine years) are compulsory.
 Although foreign nationals are not subject to Japanese compulsory education, they may
enter local elementary/junior high schools if they wish.
 Some public elementary, junior high or high schools have developed an environment to
accept foreign nationals and/or Japanese children returning from abroad. Contact the
municipal office in the ward (or city, town or village) where you reside for more
information.
 After graduating from junior high school, children may choose to continue their education
to high school and then to university or to find employment.
 Elementary schools, junior high schools, high schools, technology colleges, junior
colleges, universities and graduate schools in Japan are national, public or private
institutes.
 Special schools are available for physically/mentally-challenged children who may have
difficulty in studying at general schools.

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
4.6 CULTURAL ETIQUETTE
The People
Japan is a highly structured and traditional society. Great importance is placed on loyalty,
politeness, personal responsibility and on everyone working together for the good of the larger
group. Education, ambition, hard work, patience and determination are held in the highest regard.
The crime rate is one of the lowest in the world.
Meeting and Greeting
 A handshake is appropriate upon meeting. The Japanese handshake is limp and with little or
no eye contact.
 Some Japanese bow and shake hands. The bow is a highly regarded greeting to show respect
and is appreciated by the Japanese. A slight bow to show courtesy is acceptable.
Body Language
 Nodding is very important. When listening to Japanese speak, especially in English, you
should nod to show you are listening and understanding the speaker.
 Silence is a natural and expected form of non-verbal communication. Do not feel a need to
chatter.
 Do not stand close to a Japanese person. Avoid touching.
 Prolonged eye contact (staring) is considered rude.
 Don’t show affection, such as hugging or shoulder slapping, in public.
 Never beckon with your forefinger. The Japanese extend their right arm out in front, bending
the wrist down, waving fingers. Do not beckon older people.
 Sit erect with both feet on the floor. Never sit with ankle over knee.
 Waving a hand back and forth with palm forward in front of face means "no" or "I don't
know." This is a polite response to a compliment.
 Never point at someone with four fingers spread out and thumb folded in.

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
Corporate Culture
 Punctuality is a must in all business and social meetings.

 Any degree of knowledge of Japanese culture is greatly appreciated.
 Japanese may exchange business cards even before they shake hands or bow. Be certain
your business card clearly states your rank. This will determine who your negotiating
counterpart should be.
 Bear in mind that initial negotiations begin with middle managers. Do not attempt to go over
their heads to senior management.
 It is acceptable to use a Japanese company interpreter in the first meeting. Once negotiations
begin, hire your own interpreter.
 Both business and personal relationships are hierarchical. Older people have higher status
than younger, men higher than women and senior executives higher than junior executives.
 It is very important to send a manager of the same rank to meet with a Japanese colleague.
Title is very important.
 Work is always undertaken as a group. The workgroup is strongly united with no
competition; all succeed or all fail. Decision-making is by consensus. Everyone on the work
team must be consulted before making decisions. This is a very slow process.
 The first meeting may focus on establishing an atmosphere of friendliness, harmony and
trust. Business meetings are conducted formally, so leave your humor behind. Always allow
ten minutes of polite conversation before beginning business meetings.
 It takes several meetings to develop a contract. When the time comes, be content to close a
deal with a handshake. Leave the signing of the written contract to later meetings.
 Etiquette and harmony are very important. "Saving face" is a key concept. Japanese are
anxious to avoid unpleasantness and confrontation. Try to avoid saying "no." Instead, say,
"This could be very difficult," allowing colleagues to save face.
 Proper introduction to business contacts is a must. The introducer becomes a guarantor for
the person being introduced.
 Do not bring a lawyer. It is important is to build business relationships based on trust. The
Japanese do not like complicated legal documents. Write contracts that cover essential
points.

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
Dining and Entertainment
 Restaurant entertaining is crucial to business. A person is judged by his/her behavior during

and after business hours. Seldom is a business deal completed without dinner in a restaurant.
 Drinking is a group activity. Do not say "no" when offered a drink.
 An empty glass is the equivalent of asking for another drink. Keep your glass at least half
full if you do not want more. If a Japanese person attempts to pour more and you do not
want it, put your hand over your glass, or fill it with water if necessary.
 An empty plate signals a desire for more food. Leave a little food on your plate when you
are finished eating.
 When drinking with a Japanese person, fill his glass or cup after he has filled yours. While
he is pouring, hold your cup or glass up so he can fill it easily. Never pour your own drink
and always pour your companion's.
 Toasting is very important in Japan and many toasts are offered during the course of an
evening. At dinner, wait for the toast before you drink. Respond to each toast with a toast.
 Wait for the most important person (honored guest) to begin eating. If you are the honored
guest, wait until all the food is on the table and everyone is ready before you eat.
 When offered food, it is polite to hesitate before accepting. You do not have to eat much, but
it is rude not to sample each dish.
 It is acceptable to slurp noodles. Some Japanese believe that it makes them taste better.
 Do not finish your soup before eating other foods. It should accompany your meal. Replace
the lid of the soup bowl when finished eating.
Dress
 Dress is modern and conservative. The Japanese dress well at all times. Dress smartly for
parties, even if an invitation says "Casual" or "Come as you are."
 For business, men should wear dark suits and ties (subtle colors).
 Women should wear dresses, suits and shoes with heels. Subtle colors and conservative
styles are best for business.

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
Gifts
 The ritual of gift giving is more important than the value of the gift.
 Allow your Japanese counterpart to initiate the gift giving. Present a gift in a modest fashion,
saying, "This is just a small token," or "This is an insignificant gift."
 It is very important to receive a gift properly. Give a gift and receive a gift with both hands
and a slight bow. The Japanese may refuse a gift once or twice before accepting it.
 Do not give anyone a gift unless you have one for everyone present.
 Correct wrapping is very important. Appearance counts for as much or more than the
contents.
 Be prepared to give and receive a gift at a first business meeting. Gifts are frequently given
at the end of a first meeting. Not giving a proper gift could ruin a business relationship.
Helpful Hints
 Avoid using the number "four" if possible. It has connotations of death to the Japanese.
 The Japanese may ask personal questions. This is not intended to be rude, but rather a polite
way to show interest. You may give vague or general answers if you feel a question is too
personal.
 The Japanese do not express opinions and desires openly. What they say and what they
mean may be very different.
 Do not expect a Japanese person to say "no." "Maybe" generally means "no."
Especially for Women
 Non-Japanese women are treated very politely in business and it is understood that Western
women hold high-level positions in business. Western women must establish credibility and
a position of authority immediately.
 A non-Japanese woman is viewed first as a foreigner and then as a woman and is treated
accordingly.

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
 Businesswomen can invite a Japanese businessman to lunch or dinner. Allow your Japanese
colleague to pick the religion
Language spoken
All of the spoken Ryukyuan languages are classified by UNESCO as endangered.
In Hokkaido, there is the Ainu language, which is spoken by the Ainu people, who are the
indigenous people of the island. The Ainu languages, of which Hokkaido Ainu is the only extant
variety, are isolated and do not fall under any language family. Ever since the Meiji period,
Japanese has become widely used among the Ainu people and consequently Ainu languages
have been classified critically endangered by UNESCO.
In addition, languages such as Orok, Evenki, and Nivkh spoken in formerly Japanese controlled
southern Sakhalin are becoming more and more endangered. After the Soviet Union took control
of the region, speakers of these languages and their descendants migrated to mainland Japan and
still exist but in small numbers.
Speakers of Korean, Chinese, and Zainichi Korean, which stems from Korean, also reside in
Japan.
4.7 FAMOUS PERSONALITIES
✓ Daisuke Enomoto: Daisuke Enomoto is a Japanese businessman and former live door
executive who hoped to become the fourth space tourist. Age: 47 ,Birthplace: Matsudo,
Japan

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
✓ Fusajiro Yamauchi:Fusajiro Yamauchi was a Japanese entrepreneur who founded the

company that is now known as Nintendo Company Limited. Yamauchi lived in Kyoto,
Japan. Age: Dec. at 81 (1859-1940) Birthplace: Kyoto, Keihanshin, Japan
✓ Isao Okawa:Okawa was born in Osaka, Japan. As a young adult he studied at Waseda
University in Tokyo. After graduating from Waseda he formed his own Computer Service
Company, which later became known as CSK Holdings Corporation (CSK). Age: Dec. at 75
(1926-2001) Birthplace: Osaka, Japan
✓ Joi Ito:Joichi Ito is in charge of international and mobility development for Technorati. He
is founder and CEO of Neoteny, a venture capital firm which is the lead investor in Six
Apart, and is on the board of Creative Commons. Age: 52 Birthplace: Kyoto, Keihanshin,
Japan
✓ Jujiro Matsuda:Jujiro Matsuda was a Japanese industrialist and businessman who founded
automaker Mazda Motor Corporation. Age: Dec. at 77 (1875-1952) Birthplace: Hiroshima,
Japan
✓ Kazuo Inamori:Kazuo Inamori is a Japanese philanthropist, entrepreneur and the founder

of Kyocera Corporation and KDDI Corporation. He is the chairman of Japan Airlines. In
2011, he received the Othmer Gold Medal for outstanding contributions to progress in
science and chemistry. Age: 87 Birthplace: Kagoshima, Japan
✓ Kazutoshi Sakurai:Kazutoshi Sakurai is a Japanese musician and entrepreneur. He

composes and writes almost all of the songs for his band Mr. Children, in addition to writing
lyrics and singing for his solo project group Bank Band.As an entrepreneur, he co-founded
AP Bank, where he personally provided 1 million dollars of seed money to launch and fund
the nonprofit lending group which finances environmentally friendly projects. Age: 48
Birthplace: Nerima, Tokyo, Japan
✓ Kiichiro Toyoda:Kiichiro Toyoda was a Japanese entrepreneur and the son of Toyoda
Loom Works founder Sakichi Toyoda. His decision to take Toyoda Loom Works into
automobile manufacturing would create what would eventually become Toyota Motor
Corporation, the world's largest automobile manufacturer. Age:Dec at 58 (1894-1952)
Birthplace: Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
✓ Masayoshi Son:Masayoshi Son is a Japanese businessman and the founder and current chief
executive officer of SoftBank, the chief executive officer of SoftBank Mobile, and current
chairman of Sprint Corporation. According to Forbes magazine, his net worth is $22.3
billion as of 2014 and "he is the richest man in Japan", despite having the distinction of
losing the most money in history. Age: 61 Birthplace: Tosu, Japan
✓ Mitsuhisa Ishikawa: Mitsuhisa Ishikawa is a Japanese anime entrepreneur, the co-founder

and current president and CEO of Production I.G, as well as a producer for the studio.He
was also a former executive at Bee Train from 1997 to 2006, and is a part of Tatsunoko
Productions as a part-time director. Age: 60 Birthplace: Hachioji, Japan

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
CHAPTER-5
ECONOMIC SYSTEM

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
5.1 SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION OF GROWTH
Japan's major export industries include automobiles, consumer electronics (see

Electronics industry in Japan), computers, semiconductors, copper, iron and steel. Additional
key industries in Japan's economy are petrochemicals,pharmaceuticals,
bioindustry, shipbuilding, aerospace, textiles, and processed foods. Jump to Industry -
Japanese manufacturing and industry is very diversified, with a variety of
advanced industries that are highly successful. Industry ...
Main industries: Motor vehicles; electronic equ...
GDP growth: 1.7% (2017)
Economic aid: donor: ODA, $10.37 billion
GDP per capita rank: 23rd (nominal); 28th (PPP)
Economic history
 Infrastructure

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
 Macro-economic trend
 Sectors of the economy
5.2 NATURAL RESOURCES
Energy and Resources in Japan
Japan's limited domestic energy resources combined with its huge energy demand mean that it
must depend on foreign sources for approximately 80 percent of its energy supply. Imports of
crude oil account for the largest portion. Except for the periods after the oil crises of 1973 and
1979, energy consumption in Japan has steadily increased. In the decades since the oil crises,
consumption of energy by crises, consumption of energy by industry has remained fairly steady
while consumption for residential and commercial use and passenger and freight transportation
has tended to increase, regardless of economic trends.
since the end of the 1980s, as oil imports from such Asian countries as Indonesia and China have
decreased, Japan has been relying to an ever greater degree on oil from the Middle East, which
now provides around 90 percent of Japan's oil imports. Global energy demand, especially that in
Asia, is expected to continue to increase, and oil is likely to remain the world's principal source
of energy. With oil reserves declining in some producing regions, the world is likely to become
even more dependent on the huge oil production capacity that still exists in the Middle East.
Urban Mining in Japan
“Urban mines” have been set up to extract rare metals such as platinum and tungsten from cell
phones and other small household electrical devices as well as from catalytic converters from
cars. In some places there are collection boxes for discarded cell phones and digital cameras.
One such place collects 210 kilograms of devices a month, and send them to a recycling center

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
which shred them. Ten to 15 tons of platinum is recovered from old cars each year. By contrast,
the world production of platinum, mostly from Russia and South Africa, is only 100 tons.
Metal Thieves in Japan
High metal prices in the mid 2000s encouraged thieves to plunder car barriers, chains, electric
cables and stainless steel grating used to cover ditches along the sides of streets and sell them as
scrap metal. Large temple bells, fire bells, playground slides and metal water storage basins used
by farmers were all targeted by metal thieves. Metal thefts in 2006 resulted in losses of over $20
million.
Among the items that were taken were 52 stainless steel car barriers, worth ¥4.6 million, stolen
from parking lot entrances in Osaka; a 100-kilogram tide gate taken in Ehime Prefecture; 38 fire-
lookout-tower bells valued at ¥4.1 million stolen in 12 cities and 1,027 storm grates worth ¥8.4
million taken in Ibaraki Prefecture. Some rail companies hired guards to prevent thieves from
taking tracks.
It is suspected that the metal was sold to small scrap metal dealers and then was exported to
China. Sometimes the thieves reprocessed the metal into sheets and bricks so it couldn't be
identified or linked to it original source. Sometimes these chores were done by the scrap dealers
Silver in Japan
Omori (west of Matsue on the Sea of Japan) is a small town with 500 people built around a
group of silver mines that produced silver for more than 500 year after the metal was discovered
in the area in 1309. The mines were at the peak of the production in the 16th and 17th century
when 200,000 people lived in the town and 38 tons of silver, most of Japan's supply, was
produced. At that time Japan produced one third of the world's silver and was known in Spain as
“Silver Island." In 1552 Francis Xavier visited the mine.
The silver was of high quality and much of it was exported. The men who worked in mines died
young and the tombs on the cemeteries bear witness to that. The quality of the silver began to
decline around 1630 and the last mine was officially closed in 1943.
People can visit the Iwami-Ginzan Silver mines, which were in operation from 1526 to 1923 and
used to embrace about 600 mining tunnels. A museum and an underground mining tunnel in the
DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
Ryungenji drifts is open to the public. The main tunnel here was about 600 meters long in the
Edo period. Its height varies between 0.9 and 2.1 meters. Chisel marks are still visible on the
walls. The abandoned mine shafts and the surrounding 442- hectare area in Oda were picked as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site n 2007
Gold and Platinum in Japan
Edo period gold currency A gold mine in the Hishikari Hills, near Kagoshima in southern
Kyushu, contains some of the world's purest gold. Owned by the Sumitomo Metal Mining Co.,
this totally mechanized mine contains 80 kilometers of tunnel bored deep in the earth and is
worked by 60 men---who operate 130 massive drills, diggers, dumpers and trucks--- in
Manufacturing in Japan
 Japan's major export industries include automobiles, consumer electronics (see Electronics
industry in Japan), computers, semiconductors, copper, iron and steel.
 Additional key industries in Japan's economy are petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals,
bioindustry, shipbuilding, aerospace, textiles, and processed foods.
5.3 TRADE
DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL
As a result, Japan imports most of its food from other countries. Japan lacks many raw
materials needed for industry and energy, such as oil, coal, iron ore, copper, aluminum and
wood. The goods that Japan has exported have changed over time, from agricultural products to
manufactured goods, textiles, steel, and cars.

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
Trade Regulations of Japan
Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) is organised into many bureaus and
agencies to formulate and execute a wide range of economic, industry and trade policies, which
are aimed at promoting. Japan’s international trade and investment, while fostering a conducive
business environment for sustaining Japan's economic growth.
Trade Policy
METI’s Trade Policy Bureau consists of divisions grouped by both geographical area as well as
function, and is the bureau with primary responsibility of administering Japan’s participation in
multilateral institutions as well as bilateral trade relations with all of Japan’s trading partners.
Customs Tariff and Taxes

Japan’s tariff is on average one of the lowest in the world, approximately 2% for non-agricultural
products. Complete tariff schedule can be found on the Japan Customs website.
Japan grants Most-Favoured Nation (MFN) or preferential treatment to a country or territory that
meets one or more of the following criteria:
 It is a Member of the WTO;
 It is covered by a provision of the Cabinet Order under Article 5 of the Customs Tariff Law;
 It has a bilateral treaty with Japan.
Japan is a signatory to the WTO Information Technology Agreement which has agreed to
eliminate tariffs on most of the information technology products.

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
5.4 COMPARISONS WITH INDIAN ECONOMY

INDIA JAPAN
Exports $301.90 billion Ranked 19th. $776.60 billion Ranked 4th. 3

times more than India
GDP $1.84 trillion Ranked 11th. $5.96 trillion Ranked 4th. 3

GDP > Per capita $2,625.09 per capita $33,523.37 per capita
Ranked 130th. Ranked 25th. 13 times
morethan India
GDP > Per capita > PPP $3,800.00 Ranked 132nd. $35,900.00 Ranked 22nd. 9
times morethan India
GDP > Purchasing power $3,355.94 Ranked 126th. $34,036.75 Ranked 23th. 10
parity per capita times morethan India
GDP per capita $1,489.24 Ranked 135th. $46,720.36 Ranked 12th. 31

Gross National Income $477.00 billion $4.52 trillion Ranked 2nd. 9

Ranked 12th. times more than India
Inflation rate > Consumer 9.7% Ranked 25th. 0.0 Ranked 196th.
prices
Population below poverty line 29.8% Ranked 19th. 86% 16% Ranked 32nd.
more than Japan
Public debt 51.7% of GDP 219.1% of GDP Ranked

Ranked 61st. 2nd. 4 times more than India
Unemployment rate 8.5% Ranked 46th. 93% 4.4% Ranked 94th.

more than Japan

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
5.5 INSTITUTIONS OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE
 Bank of Chosen
 Bank of Taiwan
 Central Bank of Manchou
 Chosen Railway Company
 East Asia Travel Corporation
 East Chinese Railway
 Imperial Japanese Airways
 Karafuto Mining and Railway Company
 Manchurian Industrial Development Company
 Manshukoku Hikoki Seizo KK
 Manshukoku Koku KK
 Nanyo Kohatsu Kabushiki Kaisha (South Seas Development Company)
 Yawata Iron & Steel Company
 Nippon Yusen
 Showa Steel Works
 South Manchuria Railway
 Taiwan Takushoku Kabushiki Kaisha
5.6 KEY ECONOMIC CHALLENGES

Japan’s move toward opening its doors to more foreign workers is widely seen as a must to
better cope with an expected shrinkage in the working population.
Potentially broadening the scope of non-Japanese workers accepted into a country that for years
has kept a firm grip on immigration would also mark a major policy change.
But the challenges facing an aging Japan are manifold as observers call for a clear-cut rather than
makeshift approach, and stress the need to create a society easier for foreign nationals to live and
work in.

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.
SEMINAR -1 JAPAN
“It’s a natural turn of events” to accept more foreign workers, said Yoshimitsu Kobayashi,
chairman of the Japan Association of Corporate Executives.
“Given the situation Japan is in and its future, we’ve already entered a phase in which we need to
seek help not just from highly skilled workers,” Kobayashi said at a news conference Tuesday.
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe instructed Cabinet ministers the same day to make preparations to
accept more foreign workers by offering a new residential status starting next April.

DEPARTMNENT OF MBA.

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SEMINAR -1 JAPAN

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 1

1.1 MAP OF THE COUNTRY

NATIONAL FLAG OF THE COUNTRY

 Total: 377,973.89 km2 (145,936.53 sq mi)

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 2

Land boundaries: the ocean, no land borders.

Coastline: 29,751 km (18,486 mi)

Population: 126,317,000 (2019)

Meaning of the Flag

Colors of the Flag

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 3

NATIONAL ANIMAL AND NATIONAL BADGE(EMBLEM OR COAT OF ARMS)

NATIONAL FLOWER OR BIRD

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 4

1.2 GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD BY DIECTION

MAJOR URBAN AREA OF JAPAN

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 5

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 6

1.3 LAND DISTRIBUTION

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 7

Available Amount of Water

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 8

Use of River Water and Groundwater

MAJOR LAKES,SEAS AND RIVERS

Rivers Lakes Seas

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 9

CULTIVABLE AND NON CULTIVABLE

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 10

1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 11

FISHERY AND WHALING

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 12

Densely packed buildings in Hamamatsucho, Tokyo.

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 13

SEASONS AND TEMPERATURE

Japan's Rainy Season

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 14

1.5 NATURAL HAZARDS

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 15

Major mudslide events

Wakayama & Nara

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 16

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 17

2.1 HISTORY OF THE COUNTRY

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 18

CURRENT HISTORY TO PRESENT :

2.2 IMPORTANT EVENTS OF NATION

PRE INDEPENDENCE AND POST INDEPENDENCE

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 1 Results

East Expedition of Kamu-yamato Iware- Kamu-yamato Iware-

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 19

Jōkyū War Retired Emperor Go- • Retired

Ōnin War Ashikaga shogunate • Weakening of

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 20

Summer War Tokugawa shogunate • Weakening of

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 21

2.3 BROAD FEATURES OF CONSTITUTION

DR. AIT COLLEGE, PAGE NO: 22

Development of Japan constitution

• Pre-Feudal age (10th BC -1184 AD)

• Feudal age (1185-1867 AD)

• Post-Feudal age (1868-1947)