COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Prof. Oscar Reyes – Universidad Industrial de Santander

DISCLAIMER
This presentation is meant for educational purposes only. It is based
on the book: “Communication Systems”, by Simon Haykin.
4th Ed. 2001, Wiley.
 O. Reyes

LESSON 9

Frequency Modulation
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 3

Frequency Modulation (FM)

𝑡
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos[2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝜋𝑘𝑓 𝑚 𝜏 𝑑𝜏]
0

The instantaneous frequency 𝑓𝑖 𝑡 is varied linearly with the message signal 𝑚(𝑡):

𝑓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑚(𝑡)

Instantaneous frequency
deviation [Hz]

Δ𝑓 = max{𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑘𝑓 𝑚 𝑡 } Frequency deviation

19/08/2019 O. Reyes 4

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Single-tone modulation:

𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)

𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡) = 𝑓𝑐 +Δ𝑓 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)

𝑡 Δ𝑓
𝜃𝑖 𝑡 = 2𝜋 𝑓𝑖 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)
0 𝑓𝑚

Modulation index 𝛽

𝜃𝑖 𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 5

Frequency Modulation (FM)

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos[2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]

𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)

Δ𝑓 = 𝑘𝑓 𝐴𝑚

• Narrowband FM:
Δ𝑓 𝛽 ≪ 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛽=
𝑓𝑚
• Wideband FM:
𝛽 ≫ 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 6

Narrowband Frequency Modulation

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos[2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]

= 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) cos 𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡

−𝐴𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)sin[𝛽 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]

If 𝛽 ≪ 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑:
cos 𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 ≃1
sin 𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 ≃ 𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 7

Narrowband Frequency Modulation

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos[2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]

≃ 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) ⋅ 1
−𝐴𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)𝛽 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)

If 𝛽 ≪ 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑:
cos 𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 ≃1
sin 𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 ≃ 𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 8

Narrowband Frequency Modulation

𝑠 𝑡 ≃ 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) − 𝛽𝐴𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)

𝑚(𝑡) Integrator - Narrowband

FM wave

𝐴𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) +

-90° Carrier wave

phase-shifter 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

Narrowband phase modulator

19/08/2019 O. Reyes 9

Narrowband Frequency Modulation

• The envelope contains a residual amplitude modulation.

• The angle contains harmonic distortion.
• 𝛽 ≤ 0.3 to reduce distortion

𝑠 𝑡 ≃ 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) − 𝛽𝐴𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)

1
= 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) + 𝛽𝐴𝑐 {cos[(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡] −cos[2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑡]}
2

Remember: 𝑠𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 1 + 𝜇 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)]

19/08/2019 O. Reyes 10

Narrowband Frequency Modulation

Sum of side-
frequency phasors

Resultant 𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑚
NBFM
Lower side- Upper side-
frequency frequency
Carrier
1
𝑠NBFM 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) + 𝛽𝐴𝑐 {cos[(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡] −cos[2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑡]}
2
1
𝑠AM 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) + 𝜇𝐴𝑐 {cos[(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡] +cos[2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑡]}
2
Upper side-
AM frequency
Resultant 𝑓𝑚
Sum of side-
frequency phasors
Carrier

Lower side-
𝑓𝑚 frequency [Skip]
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 11

Narrowband Frequency Modulation

NBFM

AM

[Skip]
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 12

Narrowband Frequency Modulation

NBFM

AM

[Skip]
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 13

Wideband Frequency Modulation

𝑠 𝑡 = ℜ𝔢 𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡+𝑗𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 ∞

𝑠 𝑡 = ℜ𝔢 𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 ⇒ 𝑠 𝑡 = ℜ𝔢 𝐴𝑐 𝐽𝑛 𝛽 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡

𝑛=−∞
𝑔(𝑡) complex envelope

∞
Bessel functions of the first kind
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝑎𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽) 𝜋
1
𝑛=−∞ 𝐽𝑛 𝛽 = 𝑒 𝑗(𝛽 cos 𝑥−𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 −𝜋
∞
∞ 2𝑚+𝑛
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝐽𝑛 𝛽 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝑓𝑚 𝑡 −1 𝑚 𝛽
𝐽𝑛 𝛽 =
𝑚! Γ 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 1 2
𝑛=−∞ 𝑚=0
 19/08/2019 O. Reyes 14

Wideband Frequency Modulation

∞ ∞

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 ℜ𝔢 𝐽𝑛 𝛽 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 +𝑛𝑓𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝐽𝑛 𝛽 cos[2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑛𝑓𝑚 𝑡]

𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑐
𝐽 (𝛽) 𝐽 (𝛽)
𝑆 𝑓 2 −2 𝐴𝑐 2 2
𝐽 (𝛽) 𝐴
2 0 𝑐
𝐽 (𝛽)
2 1
𝐴𝑐
𝐽 (𝛽)
2 −3
… 𝑓𝑐 − 4𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑐 + 3𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑐 + 4𝑓𝑚 … 𝑓
𝑓𝑐 − 3𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑐 − 2𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 𝑓 + 2𝑓
𝐴𝑐 𝑐 𝑚 𝐴𝑐
𝐽 (𝛽) 𝐴𝑐 𝐽 (𝛽)
2 −4 𝐽 (𝛽) 2 4
2 3
𝐴𝑐
𝐽 (𝛽)
2 −1

Properties of Bessel functions:

• 𝐽𝑛 𝛽 = −1 𝑛 𝐽−𝑛 𝛽
𝛽
• If 𝛽 ≪ 1: 𝐽0 𝛽 ≈ 1, 𝐽1 𝛽 ≈ , 𝐽𝑛 𝛽 ≈ 0 for 𝑛 ≥ 2
2
∞ 2
• 𝑛=−∞ 𝐽𝑛 𝛽 = 1
[Skip]
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 15

Wideband Frequency Modulation

∞

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝐽𝑛 𝛽 cos[2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑛𝑓𝑚 𝑡]
𝑛=−∞
∞
1
⇒ 𝑃 = 𝐴2𝑐 𝐽𝑛2 (𝛽)
2
𝑛=−∞

Modulation
index 𝛽

[Frenzel, 2007]
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 16

Wideband Frequency Modulation

∞

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝐽𝑛 𝛽 cos[2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑛𝑓𝑚 𝑡]
𝑛=−∞
∞
1
⇒ 𝑃 = 𝐴2𝑐 𝐽𝑛2 (𝛽)
2
𝑛=−∞

𝐽𝑛 (𝛽)

𝛽
 19/08/2019 O. Reyes 17

FM - Bandwidth
1.0 1.0
𝑓𝑚

Carson’s bandwidth rule

𝑓 𝑓
𝛽 = 1.0 2Δ𝑓 𝛽 = 1.0
2Δ𝑓
𝐵𝑇 = 2Δ𝑓 + 2𝑓𝑚
1.0 1.0
1
= 2Δ𝑓 1 +
𝛽

𝑓 𝑓
= 2𝑓𝑚 𝛽 + 1
𝛽 = 2.0 𝛽 = 2.0
2Δ𝑓 2Δ𝑓
For non-sinusoidal messages*:
1.0 1.0

𝐵𝑇 = 2Δ𝑓 + 2𝑊

= 2𝑊 𝐷 + 1
𝑓 𝑓
𝛽 = 5.0 𝛽 = 5.0
𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐
2Δ𝑓 2Δ𝑓 *𝐷: Deviation ratio
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 18

FM - Bandwidth

Modulation Index Number of Significant Side Frequencies

𝜷 𝟐𝒏𝒎𝒂𝒙
0.1 2
0.3 4
0.5 4
1.0 6
2.0 8
5.0 16
10.0 28
20.0 50
30.0 70
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 19

FM - Bandwidth

𝛽
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 20

FM Stereo +
𝑚𝐿 (𝑡)
+
𝐵𝑊𝐿 = 𝐵𝑊𝑅 = 15 kHz
+
𝑚𝑅 (𝑡) 𝑚(𝑡)
-
38 kHz 𝐾

×2 cos(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡)
Mono Stereo Audio 𝑓0 = 19 kHz
𝑀(𝑓)

Audio Left - Right

Left + Right
19kHz
stereo
pilot DirectBand Audio’s subcarrier
(10%) (10%) (10%)
RBDS
(5%)
Composite
𝑓 [kHz]
0 57 baseband signal
0.03 15 23 38 53 58.65 67.65 76.65 92 99
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 21

Modulation of FM signals
• Direct method
Frequency
Baseband FM
VCO multiplier BPF
signal signal
𝑛1
𝑚(𝑡) 𝑠(𝑡)
𝑓1

𝑓2

• Indirect method
Baseband Narrowband Frequency Frequency FM
signal Integrator phase- multiplier BPF multiplier signal
𝑚(𝑡) modulator 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑠(𝑡)

𝑓1 𝑓2
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 22

Exercise 2.37 [Haykin,2001]

The following figure shows the block diagram of a wideband frequency
modulator using the indirect method. This modulator is used to transmit audio
signals. The narrowband phase modulator is supplied with a carrier of
frecuency 𝑓1 = 0.1 MHz by a crystal-controlled oscillator. A second crystal-
controlled oscillator supplies a sinusoidal wave of frequency 𝑓2 = 9.5 MHz to
the mixer. The system specifications are as follows:

Narrowband Frequency Frequency

Baseband FM
Integrator phase- multiplier BPF multiplier
signal signal
modulator 𝑛1 𝑛2

𝑓1 = 0.1 𝑀𝐻𝑧 𝑓2 = 9.5 𝑀𝐻𝑧

CCO CCO
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 23

Exercise 2.37 [Haykin,2001]

• Audio signals contain frequencies in the range of 100 Hz to 15 kHz
• Carrier frequency at the transmitter output 𝑓𝑐 = 100 MHz.
• Maximum frequency deviation, Δ𝑓 = 75 kHz.
• Maximum modulation index in the phase modulator = 0.3 rad.

a) Calculate the frequency multiplication ratios 𝑛1 and 𝑛2 (preceding and following the
mixer), which will satisfy the specifications.
b) Specify the values of the carrier frequency and frequency deviation at the various
points in the modulator.

Narrowband Frequency Frequency

Baseband FM
Integrator phase- multiplier Mixer BPF multiplier
signal signal
modulator 𝑛1 𝑛2

𝑓1 = 0.1 𝑀𝐻𝑧 𝑓2 = 9.5 𝑀𝐻𝑧

CCO CCO
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 24

Exercise 2.37 [Haykin,2001]

𝑓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑓1 𝑛1 ± 𝑓2 𝑛2 + Δ𝑓0 𝑛1 𝑛2

Narrowband Frequency Frequency

Baseband FM
Integrator phase- multiplier Mixer BPF multiplier
signal signal
modulator 𝑛1 𝑛2

𝑓1 = 0.1 𝑀𝐻𝑧 𝑓2 = 9.5 𝑀𝐻𝑧

CCO CCO
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 25

Demodulation of FM signals
- Direct method
𝐵𝑇 𝐵𝑇 𝐵𝑇
𝑗2𝜋𝑎 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + , 𝑓𝑐 − ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 𝑓𝑐 +
2 2 2
𝐻1 𝑓 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐵𝑇 𝐵𝑇
𝑗2𝜋𝑎 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 − , −𝑓𝑐 − ≤ 𝑓 ≤ −𝑓𝑐 +
2 2 2
0, 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

𝐻1 𝑓 𝐻2 𝑓
𝑗 𝑗

𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑎 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = −2𝜋𝑎

𝐵𝑇 𝐵𝑇 𝐵𝑇 𝐵𝑇
−𝑓𝑐 − −𝑓𝑐 + −𝑓𝑐 − −𝑓𝑐 +
2 2 2 2
0 𝐵𝑇 𝐵𝑇 0 𝐵𝑇 𝐵𝑇
𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐 +
2 2 2 2
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 26

Demodulation of FM signals
- Direct method (balanced frequency discriminator)

Slope circuit Envelope

𝐻1 (𝑓) detector

Baseband
FM wave
signal

Slope circuit Envelope

𝐻2 (𝑓) detector
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 27

Demodulation of FM signals
- Indirect method: Phase-locked loop (PLL)

Error
FM wave 𝑒(𝑡) Loop
Output
𝑠(𝑡) filter
𝑣(𝑡)
ℎ(𝑡)
Feedback
signal
𝑟(𝑡) Voltage
controlled
oscilator
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 28

Demodulation of FM signals
- Indirect method: Phase-locked loop (PLL)

Error
FM wave 𝑒(𝑡) Loop
Output
𝒔(𝒕) filter
𝑣(𝑡)
ℎ(𝑡)
Feedback
signal
𝑟(𝑡) Voltage
controlled
oscillator

𝒔 𝒕 = 𝐴𝑐 sin[2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝝓𝟏 𝒕 ]

𝑡
𝝓𝟏 𝒕 = 2𝜋𝑘𝑓 𝑚 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
0
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 29

Demodulation of FM signals
- Indirect method: Phase-locked loop (PLL)

Error
FM wave 𝑒(𝑡) Loop
Output
𝑠(𝑡) filter
𝒗(𝒕)
ℎ(𝑡)
Feedback
signal
𝒓(𝒕) Voltage
controlled
oscillator

𝒓 𝒕 = 𝐴𝑣 cos[2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝝓𝟐 𝒕 ]

𝑡
𝝓𝟐 𝒕 = 2𝜋𝑘𝑣 𝒗 𝝉 𝑑𝜏
0
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 30

Demodulation of FM signals
- Indirect method: Phase-locked loop (PLL)

Error
FM wave 𝒆(𝒕) Loop
Output
𝑠(𝑡) filter
𝑣(𝑡)
ℎ(𝑡)
Feedback
signal
𝑟(𝑡) Voltage
controlled
oscillator
𝑘𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣 sin[4𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜙1 𝑡 + 𝜙2 𝑡 ]

𝑘𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣 sin[𝜙1 𝑡 − 𝜙2 𝑡 ]
𝝓𝒆 (𝒕) = 𝜙1 𝑡 − 𝜙2 𝑡
𝑡
𝒆 𝒕 = 𝑘𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣 sin[𝝓𝒆 𝒕 ] where
= 𝜙1 𝑡 − 2𝜋𝑘𝑣 𝑣 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
0
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 31

Demodulation of FM signals
- Indirect method: Phase-locked loop (PLL)

Error
FM wave 𝑒(𝑡) Loop
Output
𝑠(𝑡) filter
𝑣(𝑡)
𝒉(𝒕)
Feedback
signal
𝑟(𝑡) Voltage
controlled
oscillator

𝑑𝜙𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑑𝜙1 (𝑡)

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 ∗ 𝒉(𝒕)  = − 2𝜋𝐾0 sin 𝜙𝑒 𝑡 ∗ℎ 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

=
𝑘 𝑚 𝑘 𝑣 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣
Loop-gain parameter
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 32

Demodulation of FM signals
- Indirect method: Phase-locked loop (PLL)
𝜙𝑒 𝑡 = 𝜙1 𝑡 − 𝜙2 (𝑡)

𝑑𝜙𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑑𝜙1 (𝑡) 𝑑𝜙2 (𝑡) 𝑡

= − [𝜙2 𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑘𝑣 0
𝑣 𝜏 𝑑𝜏]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝜙𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑑𝜙1 (𝑡) [𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 ∗ ℎ 𝑡 ]

= − 2𝜋𝑘𝑣 𝑣(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑑𝜙1 (𝑡)
= − 2𝜋𝑘𝑣 𝑒 𝑡 ∗ ℎ(𝑡) [𝑒(𝑡) = 𝑘𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣 sin 𝜙𝑒 (𝑡) ]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝜙𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑑𝜙1 (𝑡)

= − 2𝜋𝐾0 sin 𝜙𝑒 𝑡 ∗ℎ 𝑡 (𝐾0 = 𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑣 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝜙𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑑𝜙1 (𝑡) Loop-gain parameter

≈ − 2𝜋𝐾0 𝜙𝑒 𝑡 ∗ ℎ 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 33

Demodulation of FM signals
- Indirect method: Phase-locked loop (PLL)
𝜙𝑒 𝑡 = 𝜙1 𝑡 − 𝜙2 (𝑡) 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 ∗ ℎ(𝑡)

𝑡
𝜙2 𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑘𝑣 𝑣 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
0

+ 𝜙𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑒(𝑡)
𝜙1 (𝑡) ℎ 𝑡
−
𝑣(𝑡)
𝜙2 (𝑡)
𝑡
𝑑𝜏 2𝜋𝑘𝑣
0
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 34

Demodulation of FM signals
- Indirect method: Phase-locked loop (PLL)
𝜙𝑒 𝑡 = 𝜙1 𝑡 − 𝜙2 (𝑡) 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 ∗ ℎ(𝑡)

𝑡
𝑒(𝑡) = 𝑘𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣 sin 𝜙𝑒 (𝑡)
𝜙2 𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑘𝑣 𝑣 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
0

+ 𝜙𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑒(𝑡) 1
𝜙1 (𝑡) sin ⋅ 𝑘𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣 2𝜋𝑘𝑣 ℎ 𝑡 2𝜋𝑘𝑣
𝑣(𝑡)
−
𝜙2 (𝑡)
𝑡
𝑑𝜏
0

(𝐾0 = 𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑣 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣 )
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 35

Demodulation of FM signals
- Indirect method: Phase-locked loop (PLL)
𝜙𝑒 𝑡 = 𝜙1 𝑡 − 𝜙2 (𝑡) 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 ∗ ℎ(𝑡)

𝑡
𝑒(𝑡) = 𝑘𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣 sin 𝜙𝑒 (𝑡)
𝜙2 𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑘𝑣 𝑣 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
0
If 𝜙𝑒 𝑡 ≪ 1 ⇒ sin(𝜙𝑒 𝑡 ) ≈ 𝜙𝑒 𝑡

+ 𝜙𝑒 (𝑡) 1
𝜙1 (𝑡) sin ⋅ 2𝜋𝐾0 ℎ 𝑡 2𝜋𝑘𝑣
𝑣(𝑡)
−
𝜙2 (𝑡)
𝑡
𝑑𝜏
0

(𝐾0 = 𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑣 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣 )
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 36

Demodulation of FM signals
- Indirect method: Phase-locked loop (PLL)
𝜙𝑒 𝑡 = 𝜙1 𝑡 − 𝜙2 (𝑡) 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 ∗ ℎ(𝑡)

𝑡
𝑒(𝑡) = 𝑘𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣 sin 𝜙𝑒 (𝑡)
𝜙2 𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑘𝑣 𝑣 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
0
If 𝜙𝑒 𝑡 ≪ 1 ⇒ sin(𝜙𝑒 𝑡 ) ≈ 𝜙𝑒 𝑡

+ 𝜙𝑒 (𝑡) 1
𝜙1 (𝑡) 2𝜋𝐾0 ℎ 𝑡 2𝜋𝑘𝑣
𝑣(𝑡)
−
𝜙2 (𝑡)
𝑡
𝑑𝜏
0

(𝐾0 = 𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑣 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣 )
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 37

Demodulation of FM signals
- Indirect method: Phase-locked loop (PLL)
𝜙𝑒 𝑡 = 𝜙1 𝑡 − 𝜙2 (𝑡) 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 ∗ ℎ(𝑡)

𝑡
𝑒(𝑡) = 𝑘𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣 sin 𝜙𝑒 (𝑡)
𝜙2 𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑘𝑣 𝑣 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
0
If 𝜙𝑒 𝑡 ≪ 1 ⇒ sin(𝜙𝑒 𝑡 ) ≈ 𝜙𝑒 𝑡

+ 𝜙𝑒 (𝑡) 1
𝜙1 (𝑡) 2𝜋𝐾0 ℎ 𝑡 2𝜋𝑘𝑣 𝑣(𝑡)
−
𝜙2 (𝑡)
𝑡
𝑑𝜏
0

(𝐾0 = 𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑣 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣 )
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 38

Demodulation of FM signals
- Indirect method: Phase-locked loop (PLL)
Φ𝑒 𝑠 = Φ1 𝑠 − Φ2 (𝑠) 𝑉 𝑠 = 𝐸 𝑠 𝐻(𝑠)
𝐸 𝑠 ≈ 𝑘 𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣 Φ 𝑒 𝑠
2𝜋𝑘𝑣 𝑉 𝑠
Φ2 (𝑠) =
𝑠

+ Φ𝑒 𝑠 1
Φ1 𝑠 2𝜋𝐾0 𝐻(𝑠) 2𝜋𝑘𝑣 𝑉 𝑠
−
Φ2 (𝑠)
1
𝑠

(𝐾0 = 𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑣 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑣 )
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 39

Phase-Locked Loop

Performance parameters
• Transient response: Like overshoot and settling time to a certain accuracy (like
50ppm).
• Steady-state errors: Like remaining phase or timing error
• Output spectrum purity: Like sidebands generated from a certain VCO tuning
voltage ripple.
• Phase-noise: Defined by noise energy in a certain frequency band (like 10 kHz
offset from carrier). Highly dependent on VCO phase-noise, PLL bandwidth, etc.
• General parameters: Such as order, type, power consumption, supply voltage
range, output amplitude, etc.
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 40

Phase-Locked Loop ranges

• Hold-in range (lock range, tracking range): The frequency range the PLL is
able to stay locked, while in the bandwidth. Mainly defined by the VCO range.
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 41

Phase-Locked Loop ranges

• Hold-in range (lock range, tracking range): The frequency range the PLL is
able to stay locked, while in the bandwidth. Mainly defined by the VCO range.
• Pull-in range (capture range, acquisition range): The frequency range the
PLL is able to slowly get a locked state, starting from unlocked condition.
• Pull out: The frequency range the PLL is able to stay locked even after an
abrupt change of frequency within this range.
• Lock-in range: The frequency range the PLL acquires lock without cycle
slipping even after an abrupt change of frequency within this range. This
range is usually smaller than the lock range and will depend, for example, on
phase detector.
• Loop bandwidth: Defining the speed of the control loop.
19/08/2019 O. Reyes 42

References
[Wikipedia] Wikipedia in English, the free Encyclopedia. Visited on Dic. 2013.
[Haykin, 2001] Haykin, Simon. Communication Systems. 4th Ed. Wiley, 2001.
[FCC]. www.fcc.gov. Propagation characterization