Renewable Energy 146 (2020) 2589e2625

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Renewable Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene

A survey on smart grid technologies and applications

Dileep G.
Department Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, 517325, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The Smart Grid is an advanced digital two-way power flow power system capable of self-healing,
Received 1 January 2019 adaptive, resilient and sustainable with foresight for prediction under different uncertainties. In this
Received in revised form paper, a survey on various Smart Grid enabling technologies, Smart Grid metering and communication,
16 August 2019
cloud computing in Smart Grid and Smart Grid applications are explored in detail. Opportunities and
Accepted 18 August 2019
future of Smart Grid is also described in this paper. For Smart grid enabling technologies Smart meters,
Available online 23 August 2019
smart sensors, vehicle to grid, plug in hybrid electric vehicle technology, sensor and actuator networks
are explored. Advanced metering infrastructure, intelligent electronic devices, phasor measurement
Keywords:
Smart grid
units, wide area measurement systems, local area network, home access network, neighborhood area
Smart substation network, wide area networks and cloud computing are explored for Smart Grid metering and
Smart sensor communication. Home and building automation, smart substation, feeder automation is explored for
Smart metering smart grid applications. Associations of initial studies for the next step in smart grid applications will
Home and building automation provide an economic benefit for the authorities in the long term, and will help to establish standards to
be compatible with every application so that all smart grid applications can be coordinated under the
control of the same authorities. Therefore, this study is expected to be an important guiding source for
researchers and engineers studying the smart grid. It also helps transmission and distribution system
operators to follow the right path as they are transforming their classical grids to smart grids.
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction any significant change made in conventional power system re-

Majority of the world's electricity distribution system or ‘grid
network’ was built when energy was reasonably low cost. Minor
upgrading has been made to the primitive grid network to meet up
with the rising demand of energy. Still the utility grid operates in
the way it did almost 100 years ago, energy flows from central
power plants to consumers through utility grid and by preserving
surplus capacity reliability is ensured. Such a system is environ-
mentally extravagant and incompetent and consumer of fossil fuels,
that is a principal emitter of particulates and greenhouse gases, and
not well suited to distributed energy resources (DERs). In addition,
the utility grid may not have sufficient capacity to meet demand in
future. Revolutionary changes in communication systems, mainly
inspired by the Internet, presents greater control and monitoring
possibility all over the power system and hence more low cost,
flexible and effective operation. The Smart Grid [1e10] is a chance
to utilize the new communication technologies and information to
revolutionize the conventional electrical power system. However,
E-mail address: dileepmon2@gmail.com.
quires careful justification and expensive due to the scale of in-
vestment that has been made in it over the years and the huge size
of the power system. The consent among climate scientists is clear
that the man-made greenhouse gases are leading to dangerous
climate change. With regards to climate change, Smart Grid is
capable of facilitating climate change mitigation (CCM) and climate
change adaptation (CCA) from both a behavioral and institutional
perspective (energy conservation and demand management) as
well as from a technological standpoint (i.e., the integration of
renewable energy sources). Integration of renewable energy
through Smart Grid help to reduce the emission of carbon partic-
ulate and greenhouse gases, thereby helps in CCM. Energy con-
servation and demand management programs included in Smart
Grid helps in reducing energy consumption. Integrating climate
change considerations into Smart Grid planning and deployment,
electricity stakeholders can ensure that the implemented Smart
Grid technology does not contribute to greenhouse gas emissions
and does not result in a grid that is vulnerable to climate change-
related damage. Reduction in wasted energy, losses and effective
management of loads needs accurate information. State of utility
grid becomes observable and different possibilities for control

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.08.092
0960-1481/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.