See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/3802044

A general approach of space and time harmonics interactions in induction

motors

Conference Paper · June 1999

DOI: 10.1109/IEMDC.1999.769117 · Source: IEEE Xplore

CITATIONS READS

6 2,239

4 authors, including:

Philippe Viarouge Jerome Cros

Laval University Laval University
178 PUBLICATIONS   2,527 CITATIONS    104 PUBLICATIONS   1,572 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Innocent Kamwa
Hydro-Québec Research Institute
301 PUBLICATIONS   6,894 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Research assistant at Universite Laval View project

Design of a high voltage pulse transformer. Application to the klystron modulators for the compact linear collider (CLIC) View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Innocent Kamwa on 05 June 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

A General Approach of Space and Time Harmonics Interactions in Induction Motors
Roxana Breahna Stincescu, P. Viarouge ,J. Cros, * I. Kamwa,
LEEPCI, Department of Electrical Engineering
Lava1 University, Sfe-Foy, QuBbec, CANADA, GlK 7P4
* IREQ, Hydro-Quebec, Varennes, QuBbec, CANADA, H1X 1S1
-
Abstract 'Theinteractions of space and time harmonics must be
consideredl precisely during the design process of induction
machines to achieve good motor performance. They also
influence the harmonic content of the stator currents which can
be used for sensorless speed detection or to monitor Internal
defaults ol' the machine. In this paper, the authors are using a
general representation of time and space harmonics in induction
machines, to explain their mechanism of production and their
interactions. A simple analytical method is derived to quantify
precisely the harmonic content of the instantaneous torque,
currents and flux in both stator and rotor windings, in terms of
fixed parameters of the machine structure. The method is
validated by field calculation and experimental tests.
I. INTRODUCTION
The influence of the space harmonics must be considered
precisely during the design process of induction machines to
achieve good motor performance by minimizing the
vibrations and the undesirable asynchronous, synchronous
crawling and synchronous locking torques. On the other hand,
the space harmonics have also a p a t influence on the
harmonic content of the stator currents. It is possible to use
these informations to estimate the rotor speed for control
purpose or to monitor some mechanical defaults like rotor
eccentriciiy, broken rotor bars, cracked rotor end-rings or
shorted windings. Many studies of the space harmonic
phenomena are available in the literature after the well-known
analysis of Alger [l]. These works are often limited to the
design of a specific machine, focused on a specific topic like
the vibrations or more recently on the development of new
methods of parameter estimation and health monitoring of
induction machines [2] [3].
In this paper, the authors are using a general representation
of time and space harmonics in induction machines, to explain
their mechanism of production and their interactions. A
simple analytical method is derived to quantify precisely the
harmonic content of the instanteneous torque, currents and
flux in both stator and rotor windings, in terms of fixed
parameters of the machine structure like the number of slots,
poles and bars. This representation can be applied to a wide
class of induction machines with different structures. The
method is validated by simulated experiments using a field
calculation software,and by experimental tests realized on an
experimental rig.
11. REPRESENTATIONOF ' h f E AND SPACE HARMONICS
0-7803-!3293-9/99$10.00 0 1999 IEEE 366
A . 3 0 representation of the space ana' time spectrums
The magnetomotive force (MMFs) created by the three-
phase balanced winding of a stator with p pairs of poles,
distributed in N, slots and fed by a sinusoidal current,
is=l&(2rrfst), can be expressed as:
c
k=l
Fksin[(l +6k)pps-2nfst] +
c
k=l
F'k~in[(l-6k)pps-2nfst]
[( 3
+PNS sin I + - pp, - 2afSt] + FNssin[( 1 - f)pps
N
- zxfst]
6, is the mechanical angle corresponding to the position of a
point somewhere along the stator bore.
lr6k or lr(Ns/p) is the order of the stator-space harmonic.
Fk (or F'k) is the maximal amplitude of the 1+6k (or 1-6k)
order stator-space harmonic in forward (or backward) rota-
tion(k = 0. 1, 2, ... )
~ F'N~)is the maximal amplitude of the 1+NJp (or
F N (or
1-NJp) order stator-space harmonic in forward (or back-
ward) rotation due to the concentration of stator currents
into N, discrete stator slots.
fs is the frequency of the currents in the stator.
In order to preserve all the informations on the space and
time distortion, the space and time spectrums are represented
in a same 3D referential. An example of the representation of
the fundamental MMFs wave (MMFs.o), with p pairs of poles
and a frequency f,,is given in Fig. 1.
lmax-amplitude
time spectrum
Fig. 1. Space and time spectrum of MMFs, in a 3D referential
The projecbon of MMFS-o in the yOz plan wave
corresponds to its time spectrum and the projection in the xOz
plan corresponds to its space spectrum. The representation of
the whole MMFs described by equation( l),is shown on Fig. 2.
 Fig. 2. Space and time spectrum of MMFs represented h a 3 6 referential
The mechanism of production of air-gap resultant flux
waves in induction machines can be now analyzed by using
this 3D representation. In this analytical approach, there is no
evaluation of the amplitudes of the waves, but they can be
determined by field calculation methods [3]. The analysis is
focused on the precise determination of the orders of the
harmonics induced in the observable quantities (voltages and
currents) by the space and time spectrum interactions. The
results are validated by simulation and experimental results.
B . Air-gap statorflux waves
A simple ideal case is first analyzed: a squirrel-cage
induction motor with a balanced three-phase winding
(Ns=k16p) in the stator, fed by a sinusoidal current
(i,=Z$in(2Icf")). We make the assumptions that the rotor cage
has a great number of bars N, (N>Ns) and an equivalent
balanced 3-phase winding (Nr=k2 6p). In order to obtain the
air-gap flux waves of the stator, the MMFs waves are
combined with the air-gap permeance waves
(P=Paverage*Pstator*Protor). In Fig.3 we represent only the
mechanism of interaction of MMFsa and P. The space
harmonic content of the permeance is represented by a, b, c, d
and e in the 3D referential of Fig. 3.
Qs-0 I stator
due to MMFs-0
spectrums represented in a 3D stator referential, ad =MMFo*P
Fig. 3. aS-o
The aS-o
spectrum components can be derived from the
combination of MMFsa with each space harmonic of the
permeance: for example, the components 2 and 3 of are
derived from the combination of MMFSa with b; the order of
the space component of 3 is equal to the sum of the respective
space orders of P (jVY) and MMFS.o (p); the order of the time
component of 3 is equal to the sum of the respective time
orders of P (0) and MMFsa (fs>; the order of the space
component of 2 is equal to the difference between the space
orders of MMFsa and P; the order of the time component of 2
is equal to the difference between the time orders of MMFsa
and P. The space and time spectrum of aSa can then be
obtained by projection on zOx and zOy (cf Fig.4. a and b)
367
-- -brkwd tiws@%?l!&lrd b)
Fig. 4. spectrums in a stator frame: a) space spectrum b) time spectrum
C. Air-gap rotor flux waves
The representation of in a 3D referential in the rotor
frame which is rotating at a mechanical frequency f , is
illustrated by Fig.5. A simple algorithm is used to pass from
the stator frame to the rotor frame.
CPS-0I rutor
Fig. 5. spectrums represented in a 3D referential in the rotor frame
For example, the order of the time component of 3 in the
new rotor frame (cf Fig. 5 ) is obtained from the time order of
the stator frame by substracting its space order multiplied by
the mechanical frequency: fs - (p+Ns)fm. The order of the
space component is the same in both frames (cf Fig. 5).
The waves qf the flux induce voltages in the rotor
winding with the same time and space orders. These rotor
voltages also generate rotor currents waves with the same
orders. The orders of the time components of the rotor
voltages and currents depends only on the distortion related to
the stator slots. They do not depend on the distortion related to
the rotor slots. If the same approach is applied to the other
MMFs components with orders lr6k or ly(Ns/p), the
time m t r u m I, of the rotor currents in a rotor frame is
obtain& (cf Fig.6).All space harmonics of MMFs are
t;
reflected in time harmonics of electrical rotor quantities.
:
f o_
lrvdrevolvlw Ir 1 rotor
b a c k w d rcvolvins times spectrum
k=13,3...
Fig. 6. I, Time spectrum of rotor current in the rotor frame
But the number of rotor slots N, is also imposing and
limiting the order of the space harmonics which can appear in
the magnetomotive force of the rotor MMFr. The only
permissible space harmonics have orders equal to l ~ 2 q , k
(where qr is the phase number of the rotor equivalent balanced
winding). The rotor pole aliasing is also limiting the upper and
lower permissible rotor space order to 1+NJp and 1-NJp [3].
 In our case, the rotor cage is equivalent to a balanced three- A step by step resolution method to compute the
phase winding (Nik2 6p) and Nr >Ns. All harmonic instantaneous voltages and currents of the machine in rotation
components of as can then provoke a rotor reaction at the is performed by taking account of solid conductors (bars) [4].
same space order in MMFr.There are no reflected harmonic In this case <'T.>Ns and Ns=k16p, N ~ k 26p), the stator
componenlts in MMFr due to rotor reaction for the numbers of harmonic flux are inducing large high-frequency rotor
pole pairs above p+Nr and below p-N, (seethe dashed zone currents, MMFr interacts to MMFs to reduce the stator space
in Fig.3 and the components 8 and 9). For this range of harmonics to a small value.
frequency, the rotor currents will product MMFr components
corresponding to p pairs of poles.The components of the rotor
flux specbum 9, can be derived from the combination of the
components of MMFr with each space harmonic of the air-
gap permeance in a rotor frame by using the same previous
approach.
D.Air-ga,p resultantflux waves
The representation of arin the stator frame can be derived
from its representation in the rotor frame by using the same Fig. 7. Stator/rotor current spectrum (IJ / (&), a)/ b), of a squirrel-cage
kind of algorithm which has been described previously. In the induction motor: is=l@t(2nf$), Ns=36, N , 4 8 , fs=641 Hz,4 . 1 . fm=27Hz
stator frame, the resultant flux as+@,is then inducing the
b w b m: A wound-rotor induction motor
resultant back emf in the stator winding. The final time with (Nr<Ns, N, =k16p and Nr=k26p) is tested on an
spectrum of the stator back-emf is presented in Fig.7. experimental rig. High-frequency waves (orders equal to
foward
-- - backward tim~@&%!rneasure.d rNsf, + (fs - pf ) ) cannot produce space harmonics with
Ip
rNs + p poles pairs (Nr<Ns), they are inducing MMFr with p
t2l
I1
- i
1
t
1 I
i I
I.Y
pairs of poles, which reflects the stator slot frequency back
1; N J m % N&+f, ZNrfm-fs 2Nrfm+fb into the stator.
Yb--65.305 demrms
POWER S P E C 2
Fig. 7. T h e spectrum of stator resultant back-emf in a 3D stator frame

The proposed 3D representation and the simple analytical

theory which has been presented can be applied to all
electromagnetic variables (currents, fluxes, voltages) of the
induction machine to predict their space and time harmonic
content. Furthermore, the influence of their interaction on
machine performance can be easily illustrated and quantified
in terms of the parameters of the machine structure: for
X-481.2 M Y--37.540 d0mrms
example, the synchronous crawling can be derived from the Ya--01.272 d0mrms
interaction of as+a,with 1, harmonics with the same space 0.0r
- 2POWER SPEC1.
- ----
-pf,+f. *
_.
I
,
- , O z y ? ~ H a ? h _ _r I 7

I
and time orders. The algorithms associated to the 3D Irlrotor
dEm
representation are implemented in a specific software tool.
rms
III. SIMULATION AND ExpeRlMBNTAL &!SULTS V2

The methodology has been validated by many simulated -90

Fxd
experiments using a field calculation software and
experimeiital tests. Some examples are presented below. Fig. 8 Stator and rotor current spectrum of wound-rotor induction motor:
Ns=48, N,.=36, f , 4 0 Hz,s=O.O18, f,=29.43 Hz.
.
EXamDk l(Fin.7 a. bl A three-phase squirrel-cage induction
motor with N i 4 8 bars, without skewing is supplied by an IV.RapERENcEs
imvosed sinusoidal stator current.
P.L.Alger, The Nature of the Polyphase Induction Machines, Chapman
&Hall,Ltd..London, 1951.
-
Taliyat H.A..Lip0 TA. Transient Analysis of Cage Induction Machines
Under Stator. Rotor Bar and End Ring Faults IEEE Transactions on -
Energy Conversion, vol. 10. no. 2 June 1995 p. 241-247.
131 H.Guldemir, K.J.Bradley -
Estimation of Rotor Slot Harmonic
Amplitudes and Frequencies in the Line Current of Induction Motors -
ICEM, Turkey, September 1998, p.209-214.
J.Cros. P.Viarouge. -
Modeling of the Coupling of Several
Electromagnetic Structures using 2 0 Field Calculatiim IBEB -
Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 34. no. 5 Sept. 1998 p. 3178-3181.
368

View publication stats