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Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations for “Water Resources

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Chapter · January 2020

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22320-5_17

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 Chapter 17
Update, Conclusions,
and Recommendations for “Water
Resources Management in Romania”

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Ionut Minea, Abdelazim M. Negm and Martina Zeleňáková

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1 Abstract This chapter highlights the update of the topic, main conclusions, and
2 recommendations of the chapters presented in the book. Therefore, this chapter con-
3 tains information on water resources management in Romania in the period of climate
4 change. It focuses on hydrological extremes—droughts and flood—its assessment
5

7
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and protection, water quality in Romania and it is devoted to sustainable manage-
ment of water resources. A set of recommendations for future research is pointed out
to direct the future research towards sustainability of water resources management
8 which is one of the strategic themes of the Romania.

9 Keywords Romania · Water resources management · Water quality · Climate

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10 change · Droughts · Floods · Hydrological extremes

11 17.1 Introduction
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12 Water management, like the power industry, is not a sector per se, but it does secure
13 access to water for all other sectors and for society as a whole according to need.
14 However, unlike energy there are no alternative sources of water. And that is why
15 for several years now we have considered water to be a strategic raw material. In
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16 addition to water provision, water management has another no less important task—
17 protection from the undesired effects of hydrological extremes, such as drought

I. Minea
Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Geology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”,
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University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania

e-mail: ionutminea1979@yahoo.com
A. M. Negm (B)
Water and Water Structures Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University,
Zagazig 44519, Egypt
e-mail: Amnegm@zu.edu.eg
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M. Zeleňáková
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University in
Košice, Košice, Slovakia
e-mail: martina.zelenakova@tuke.sk

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 579

A. M. Negm et al. (eds.), Water Resources Management in Romania, Springer Water,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22320-5_17

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 580 I. Minea et al.

18 and floods. Meteorology, climatology and hydrology in particular provide not only
19 the marginal conditions but also direct input values into water management. For
20 a long time, here in Romania and abroad, water management was determined based
21 on the sources of water, the renewability of which was considered as a stationary
22 process, whose central values and variance did not change over time. In considering

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23 of climate change, a phenomenon we are already confronting and which is primarily
24 expressed in meteorological, climatological and hydrological processes, it is shown
25 that these processes are non-stationary. This means that we identify trends in time-
26 related climatic as well as in hydrological orders. Water resources may decrease or
27 increase depending on the development of climate elements. In the past we were able

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28 to resolve annual or perennial fluctuations of available water sources either by using
29 economic instruments or by creating water reserves in our conditions, with annual
30 regulation.
31 This conclusion chapter presents a summary of the essential findings and conclu-
32 sions of the studies on the hydrological hazards, water quality, and water quantity
33

34

35
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mainly from hydrological point of view completed by case studies. A set of rec-
ommendations extracted from all contributions are presented to help academicians,
researchers, practitioners and decision makers to go forward towards reasonable and
36 sustainable management of water resources in Romania.
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37 17.2 Update

38 Assessing water resource management in a country is a problem that can be ana-

lyzed in many ways. First of all, we must take into account the social and economic
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39

40 development of the country in the last decades. In the case of Romania, the changes
41 since 1990, through the post-communist period, have had an exponential impact on
42 the ways of monitoring, evaluation and management of water resources. Moreover,
43 by joining the European Union (starting with 2007), but also the pre-existing actions,
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44 required that the systems for the implementation of the water resource management
45 plans, applied at the level of the administrative and territorial unit, be adapted to the
46 new European requirements.
47 The transposition of the European Water Frameworks Directive (2000/60/EC for
48 water resources management and 2007/60/EC for reducing the impact of hydrologi-
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49 cal risks associated with the maximum leakage) into national legislation has allowed
50 a series of reassessments of monitoring, evaluation, analysis and resource manage-
51 ment of water across the country [35, 36]. This was highlighted in this volume by
52 Romanescu et al. and Paveluc et al. in the chapters related to Implementation of
53 EU Water Framework Directive (2000/60/CE) in Romania-European Qualitative
Requirements and Monitoring and management of water in the Siret River Basin
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54

55 (Romania). Adopting European legislation on how to manage water resources has

56 solved many problems. The first measure focused on how to report the distribution
57 and the volume of water resources by replacing the administrative and territorial units
58 (used in the communist period) with the natural aquatic units (drainage basins, under-

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 17 Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations … 581

59 ground water bodies) [9]. Obviously, this could not be achieved across the country,
60 especially if we refer to cross-border hydrographic basins or to the Danube Delta and
61 Black Sea area. In this respect, the Water Basin Administrations were established
62 incorporated in the National Hydrological Administration or the Romanian Water
63 Company. This allowed, firstly, a more accurate and real reevaluation of the spatial

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64 distribution and extent of all categories of water resources and identify vulnerable
65 areas for that can be found effective measures to reduce water scarcity. In this respect,
66 the two basic principles set out in the EU Water Framework Directive [10] have been
67 integrated, the drainage basin principle and the unitary water management principle
68 [38].

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69 The next step, in line with European legislation translated into the Romanian one,
70 was the identification of water pollution issues. Up to the 1990 level, information on
71 water pollution was virtually censored. By adopting European laws and principles
72 associated (like economic principle and the polluter pays principle) important steps
73 have been taken in identifying situations related to water pollution [2, 6, 12, 25].
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Thus are analyzed the causes and effects of water pollution in Romania (by Breabăn
in the chapter Causes and Effects of Water Pollution in Romania) highlighting the
reduction of the impact of industrial activities and the significant increase of the
77 input of pollutants through the uncontrolled use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture
78 (the lack of water treatment plants associated with human agglomerations) [5]. Sec-
79 ondly the environmental impact of surface water pollution was also assessed (in the
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80 chapter Management of Surfaces Water Resources—Ecological Status of the Mures,
81 Waterbody (Superior Mures, Sector), Romania written by Morar s, i Rus).
82 Another important aspect associated with the effects of the adopted European
83 legislation is the one related to the economic valorization of water resources and
the associated problems [26] that arise in the case of water supply of the population
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84

85 in large urban agglomerations (Constantin and Nit, ă in the chapter Water Supply
86 Challenges and Achievements in Constanta County) and the quality of water used in
87 the water supply systems of the population (in the chapter written by Bacotiu et al
88 Drinking Water Supply Systems—Evolution towards Efficiency).
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89 An important aspect was the identification of anthropogenic impacts on water

90 resources through surface or underground water extraction [8, 19], by making hydro-
91 technical constructions [22] or by reducing the woodland area across the country
92 (Peptenatu et al. in the chapter Deforestation and Frequency of Floods in Romania
93 and Minea partial in the chapter The Vulnerability of Water Resources from Eastern
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94 Romania to Anthropic Impact and Climate Change).

95 Also was analyzed the climate-surface water relation (by Briciu et al. in the chapter
96 Assessment of Some Diurnal Stream water Profiles in Western and Northern Roma-
97 nia in Relation to Meteorological Data) and the impact of climate change on the
98 evolution of water resources (by Zaharia et al. in the chapter Hydrological Impacts
of Climate Changes in Romania and Minea partial in the chapter The Vulnerability of
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99

100 Water Resources from Eastern Romania to Anthropic Impact and Climate Change).
101 Thus, local trends have been identified that integrate in regional trends (both at the
102 climatic parameters and at the hydrological and hydrogeological parameters) [4, 20,
103 27, 39]. From the hydrological point of view, the most important trend identified is

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104 the one related to the trend of increasing the annual and seasonal average values for
105 discharges for more than 50% of rivers [7]. It also highlighted the trend of increasing
106 the groundwater level associated with the increase of surface water from precipitation
107 or hydrographic network [20]. Associated with this type of analysis, the impact of
108 climate change on the manifestation of extreme hydrological phenomena was high-

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109 lighted (associated with either maximum leakage—like flash floods and floods, or
110 minimum leakage spillage—like hydrological droughts) which in the last decades
111 imposed additional pressure on the use of water resources for economic purposes
112 (agricultural and energy) [1, 17, 23], and even to economic resounding bankrupt-
113 cies with negative effect on the population (analyzed by Romanescu and Minea in

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114 the chapter Drought and Insolvency: Case study of the Producer-Buyer Conflict:
115 Romania, the period between the year 2011–2012).
116 Obviously this type of analysis has been integrated with current situations related
117 to the manifestation of extreme hydrological phenomena or the way of capitalizing
118 the water resources in the cross-border basins which in the last decades have raised
119

120

121
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particular problems. We have in mind here the issues related to Romanian Danube
River Floodplain Functionality Assessment (in the chapter written by Trifanov et al.),
the Particularities of Drain Liquid in the Small Wetland of Braila Natural Park
122 located in an intensely anthropic activity area over the last decades (in the chapter
123 written by Diaconu) and Romanian Upper Tisa Watershed (Between Water Resources
124 and Hydrological Hazards, in the chapter written by S, erban et al.).
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125 On this line, the editing of the volume on Water Resources Management in Roma-
126 nia finds its place in the scientific approaches, by the importance of the methodologies
127 used and the ways of assessing the anthropogenic impact on them. All water man-
128 agement issues that may occur in a country could not be covered, but important steps
have been taken to align with European standards for monitoring, evaluation and
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129

130 management of this type of resource [3, 24, 28].

131 One of the main issues that remain unresolved is the reduction of water resource
132 monitoring points, both in quantitative and qualitative terms. This will help to increase
133 the evaluation of the anthropogenic impact on the quantity and quality of water
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134 resources by uncontrolled volumes of water both from the surface (rivers, lakes) or
135 underground (hydrogeological drillings or individual wells), or by domestic waste
136 water or agro-industrial origin intake [21, 29, 37].
137 In this respect, a number of recommendations are required which can be included
138 in the future water resource management plans. The first recommendation is related
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139 to identifying the possibilities for increasing qualitative and quantitative monitor-
140 ing points. This was done partially at the level of the various basin administrations
141 by the introduction of automatic monitoring stations, which are insufficient and do
142 not adequately cover the entire territory of the country. Many of these stations have
143 been located in areas vulnerable to extreme hydrological events such as flash floods
and floods, but supplementing these numbers can bring a surplus of vital information
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144

145 during the occurrence of these hydrological phenomena [13, 16]. At the same time, it
146 is necessary to implement water quality monitoring systems especially around large
147 urban agglomerations and to support investments in the refurbishment and construc-
148 tion of treatment plants to reduce the anthropic pollution degree [30, 31] In parallel,

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149 legalizing adjustments are needed to increase the integration of water resources in
150 good and very good classes (currently only 60% of Romania’s water resources can be
151 integrated into this class). The main recommended measures to achieve a higher per-
152 centage are related to supporting investments in the implementation of a wastewater
153 collection system, especially in rural areas, where surface and underground surface

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154 water pollution is accentuated by lack of septic tanks and garbage disposal sites
155 waste. These measures should also be integrated with the investments to be made in
156 the water supply systems and increasing the access to good quality water, especially
157 in rural areas.
158 In the same sense, a series of measures can be taken to renaturation the main

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159 areas where the anthropic impact is significant. We are considering here increasing
160 the terrestrial and aquatic areas that can be included in protected wetlands (currently
161 at the level of Romania, only 19 sites with a total area of approximately 1.6 million
162 hectares are included within protected areas under the RAMSAR Convention) and
163 where the environmental impact has been significantly reduced by real measures to
164

165

166
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protect and reduce the level of anthropogenic pollution.
Another recommendation that must be included in future local or regional man-
agement plans is to reduce the impact of extreme hydrological phenomena on human
167 communities and the economic activities. This can be achieved by concrete measures
168 to relocate rural and urban sites, especially those severely affected in the last decades
169 by floods [14, 34]. In parallel, work on hydro-technical structures designed to pro-
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170 tect and defend against floods can be continued but adapted to new hydrological
171 conditions where extreme hydrological phenomena such as flash floods and floods
172 reach thresholds beyond the scenarios set out in the original plans [33]. Extreme
173 hydrological phenomena associated with high temperatures and lack of rainfall that
can generate hydrological droughts and which can be mitigated by investing in irri-
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174

175 gation or water supply systems in water surplus areas (especially from mountain
176 drainage basins) must not be forgotten [15, 32]. These actions can also reduce the
177 economic effects of bankruptcy of energy-producing companies (like Hidroelectrica
178 S.A.’s case) or a significant reduction in agricultural production. Also a series of
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179 non-structural measures can be taken that address the ways of evacuating the pop-
180 ulation affected by floods or real afforestation actions in the affected mountainous
181 and sub-mountainous areas in recent decades due to intense grubbing-up legislative
182 gaps.
183 A last recommendation and perhaps the most recent one is to integrate in water
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184 management plans the scenarios related to global and regional climate change. These
185 changes, which at local level are unlikely to be felt, in time can generate devastating
186 effects. Currently there are slight tendencies to increase the average air temperature
187 with effects in increasing the quantities of evaporated water with effect in the drought
188 phenomena that are becoming more and more frequent and severe. At the same time
a slight concentration of atmospheric precipitation in the warm season of the year
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189

190 is observed. Exceptional rains with quantities exceeding 250–300 mm in only a few
191 hours that generated severe floods and floods have become a hydrological normality
192 [18]. That is why it is necessary to integrate all regional climate change scenarios
193 into future management plans so that the most pragmatic measures are taken within a

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194 shorter time frame. At the same time, as proposed in the 2007 Framework Directive
195 [11], it is necessary to carry out as much as possible flood hazard maps and flood risk
196 maps in order to reduce the negative economic effects and, in particular, to reduce
197 the number of people affected.

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198 17.3 Conclusions

199 In the next sections, some of the conclusions and recommendations of the chapters

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200 in this volume of the Environmental Earth Science are presented. The following
201 conclusions are mainly extracted the chapters presented in this volume:
202 1. The environmental objectives for the surface and groundwaters in Romania—in
203 relation to the Framework Directive for Water 2000/60 of the European Union—
204 have been achieved almost integrally. The status of waters is relatively good and
205

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good for about 60% water bodies. The point sources of pollution—belonging to
old industrial units from the Communist period or to new and small ones, mainly
diffuse sources of pollution—bring significant damage to the small streams.
208 2. Since joining the EU in 2007, Romania has significantly improved its environ-
209 mental performance, but water quality problems are still persisting. The most
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210 important problems are related to the surface and groundwater within rural set-
211 tlements because they are polluted by animal and human dejections that end up
212 straight in the bodies of water. By connecting all the localities to the sewerage
213 system and to the water supply system, pollution will cease almost automatically
214 nationwide.
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215 3. It is necessary to continue the process of developing the monitoring system to

216 cover all the elements of quality (biological, hydro morphological, and physic-
217 ochemical) and all investigation media (water, sediment, and biota) with a fre-
218 quency that ensures high levels of confidentiality and precision in assessing the
219 condition of water bodies.
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220 4. The efficiency and low energy consumption are among the goals of the Roma-
221 nian authorities, and the designers enrolled in the rehabilitation programmes,
222 as the infrastructure for drinkable and irrigation water supply is aged. The envi-
223 ronment protection has to be a priority for all decision-makers regarding the
224 technology used in new construction sites, for maintaining or even restoring
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225 the natural habitats that give specific charm and beauty and, above all, assure a
226 healthy living for the inhabitants.
227 5. There is a huge gap between urban areas and rural areas concerning the access
228 to public water supply systems. Things are changing, but slowly, because urban
229 water operators tend to expand their activity in the nearby rural areas and this
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230 will only be possible with big investments, based mainly on EU structural funds.
231 6. Anthropic activities have led to radical changes in the natural conditions under
232 which the water bodies of Eastern Romania have been evolving. These changes
233 require the rethinking of water management systems, both at the surface and

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234 in the underground. Various climatic scenarios must take into account and for-
235 mulate strategies for the adaptation to climate change through the introduction
236 within water management plans of measures.
237 7. Scientific research can still bring important results in reconsideration of eco-
238 nomic activities, although the technological solutions that can be applied imme-

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239 diately, exist and should be introduced without delay, with government support.
240 8. The role of forests on water resources and of the hydrological regime as well as
241 the climate provides a powerful mitigation tool for the effects of global climate
242 change. Cutting the forest to nearly 400,000 ha has caused major imbalances
243 in ecosystems, changing the drainage of the water on the slopes being the

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244 immediate consequence for floods.
245 9. The most important climate changes with hydrological impacts detected in the
246 last half-century (after 1960) are a general warming at annual and seasonal scale
247 (excepting autumn) and increase of the precipitation amount in autumn and of
248 the daily maximum rainfall (mainly in summer and autumn). Important changes
249

250

251
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also affected the snow-related indices (mean snow depth, number of days with
snow cover and with snowfall, continuous snow cover duration), which had
significant downward trends.
252 10. The water resources (surface and groundwater) in the management plan of the
253 Siret, as well as in the other river basins in Romania, are monitored qualitatively
254 and quantitatively for conservation and protection against pollution and floods.
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255 Following the collection of information, a database is being gathered, and it is
256 analyzed then after the results are obtained, a series of measures are taken to
257 improve or eliminate the negative effects.
258 11. The Romanian catchment of the Upper Tisa River indicate a surplus of water.
The quantitative and qualitative monitoring network is very well developed in
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259

260 the basin, but not the hydrotechnical facilities, able to intervene in the maximum
261 discharge phase and in the regularization of the waterflow, which are completely
262 missing in the Vişeu basin.
263 12. From the point of view of the water resource necessary for fire extinguish-
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264 ing in the areas with greater fire risk (Small Braila Wetlands) there should be
265 constructed reservoirs (water basins) from where water for extinguishing vege-
266 tation fires is supplied by pumping with individual groups of pumps and portable
267 electrical generators.
268 13. The natural particularities of the monitoring sites can greatly impact the results
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269 of measurements. The evolution of air parameters can explain the evolution of
270 the water parameters in natural areas, but it is only partly useful in areas with
271 intense human activity, such as the areas where dams and hydroelectric plants
272 exist.
273 14. The global climatic changes affect also Romania. For the past 25 years, drought
periods are longer and more severe, though, the mean amount of precipitations
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275 has also increased. Unfortunately, heavy rains (100–300 mm/24 h) causing large
276 amounts of water within a short time span have become more frequent and more
277 significant; they lead inevitably, to catastrophic floods.

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278 15. The Apuseni Mountains area has a significantly hydric budget, spatially
279 expressed through a dense hydrographic network, with radial drainage, imposed
280 by the high sector of central ridge of the Bihor-Vlădeasa and Muntele Mare
281 mountains.

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282 17.4 Recommendations

The following recommendations are mainly extracted from the chapters presented

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283

284 in this volume:

285 1. It is necessary to decreasing pollution by ecological measures like afforestation
286 or erosion of tailings dumps that belong to the mining companies in the northern
287 Carpathians, the Apuseni Mountains and Oltenia. It is also necessary to bloc
288

289

290 2.
ferrous ores in southern and western Romania. DP
emissions from abandoned quarries by coal, copper or other non-ferrous or

The lack of septic tanks and the storage of rubbish especially at the rural areas
291 make the water supply network seriously affected. It is necessary to urge the
292 generalized water supply of all villages, to conduct sewage disposal and to
293 educate the population.
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294 3. Economic domains with the most significant contributions to the potential for
295 pollution of wastewater are: (i) water capture and processing for the supply of
296 the population; (ii) chemical processing; (iii) industries producing electricity or
297 heat; (iv) extractive industry.
4. With regard to water quality, Romania needs to improve its policy according to
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298

299 the intervention logic of the Water Framework Directive. There are two aspects:
300 (i) investments in urban waste water treatment plants; (ii) reducing pressures
301 in agriculture by better identifying and defining both the compulsory measures
302 that all farmers have to respect and the complementary ones for which they can
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303 receive funding.

304 5. The information on the implementation of relevant legislation on the website
305 of competent European and national authorities should be more detailed.
306 6. The population should be educated to understand and address information on
307 the quality of the environment and the rational use of natural resources and there
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308 should be greater transparency for the public in accessing financial instruments.
309 7. New wastewater treatment facilities have to be bulit. New investments in pres-
310 sure control and automation equipment are needed to modernise the existing
311 pumping stations.
312 8. The use of numerical simulation in all planning and designing activity. A sound
programme for either initial or continuous education of the personnel involved
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314 in engineering design, construction and exploitation of the water systems.

315 9. Regarding water systems is necessary taking specific sectoral measures: increas-
316 ing the number of customers connected to the centralized drinking water supply

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317 system; extending the existing centralized drinking water supply system; per-
318 manently increasing the quality of water and services; improving operational
319 and financial performances; avoiding an uncontrolled increase in the drinking
320 water price.
321 10. Local or regional water operator should be permanently concerned to fulfil

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322 the following: reducing consumptions and network water losses; permanently
323 improving customer relations; decreasing the duration of repairs; increasing the
324 reaction speed to emergencies and complaints; permanently improving employ-
325 ees’ skills.
326 11. It is necessary to include in the local and regional management plans of water

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327 resources the scenarios regarding the changes of climatic parameters (both tem-
328 perature and precipitation) in order to identify the vulnerable areas.
329 12. In the context of increasing the demand for water for economic and social
330 purposes, it is necessary either to make new large-scale hydro-technical works
331 (such as reservoir lakes) or additions from adjacent water-surplus basins.
332

333

334
13.
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Planning policies depend on the spatial context in which they are implemented,
and how they modify this context. The Ecological and Economic Resizing
Program of the Romanian Danube Floodplain presented a spatial planning tool
335 developed and built to design, analyze and evaluate long-term policies in a
336 social, economic and ecological context.
337 14. The main component of the spatial planning tool should be a dynamic land
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338 use model applied to the entire territory of the Danube floodplain. To represent
339 the processes that make and change the configuration of the Danube floodplain
340 requires an overlayered model to represent processes on three geographical
341 levels: national, regional and local.
15. It is necessary to carry out a spatial analysis of the deforested areas and the
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342

343 scale of the phenomenon, detailing the impact on changes on climatic factors,
344 the degradation of the slopes, and last but not least on the local and regional
345 economy.
346 16. A call to action on forests, water and climate is emerging on many fronts. Taking
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347 into account the effects of forests on water and climate, suggests that this call
348 is urgent. Stimulating regional and continental approaches can contribute to the
349 development of more appropriate governance, thus increasing the chances of
350 success.
351 17. The development and updating of scientific knowledge on: water resources
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352 availability and requirements for different uses; future impacts of climate
353 changes on rivers flow; water-related risks and their management are necessary.
354 The scientific studies must be the basis for the adaptation measures. Better col-
355 laboration is needed between the research/academic institutions and stakehold-
356 ers/authorities responsible for designing and implementing adaptation measures
to climate changes (at different spatial scales).
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357

358 18. It is necessary a cooperation between the research/academic institution and

359 those holding hydro-climatic database, based on agreements, which facilitate
360 the use of the database for scientific purposes. In this way it will be possible
361 to use more effectively the hydro-climatic database nationwide, for studying

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362 climate change and their effects. It is desirable that the research results on this
363 topic be integrated into a national platform accessible to all those interested.
364 19. In order to obtain as accurate data as possible it is necessary to multiply the
365 number of the observation points, such as: the hydrometric stations on the rivers,
366 the evaporimetric stations both on the ground and on the lake, the automated

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367 rain gauges should also be multiplied. It is also imperative to use modern hydro-
368 metrical equipment (level sensors, water and air temperature sensors, automatic
369 rain gauges).
370 20. Preventions, reduction and control of pollution on surface and groundwater and
371 conservation of its living resources in accordance with generally accepted inter-

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372 national rules and standards are necessary as well as conservation, improvement
373 and rational use of surface water and groundwater and control of the hazards
374 caused by accidents with pollutants, floods and frost.
375 21. A minimal and limited anthropogenic intervention in the mountainous (where
376 the surface flow forms) are recommended, in order to maintain the high quality
377

378

379
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of water resource for the natural and anthropogenic environments.
The water sources and treatment plants must be constituted in the mountainous
area and connected with the localities from the low altitude spaces through
380 pipelines of large capacity. By this the clean water is assured, and the sustainable
381 development can be made according regulations.
382 23. Although Romania, compared to Europe, does not face large-scale vegetation
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383 fires it is necessary to prepare an adequate infrastructure in order to prevent and
384 mitigate its effects. Global climate change by emphasizing extreme phenomena
385 and protecting natural areas is the premise of the new approaches.
386 24. The implementation of fire mitigation projects can be done gradually, especially
within the areas that are difficult to access and which are in the fire risk. Stag-
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387

388 ing development will offer the opportunity to optimize the technical solutions
389 implemented.
390 25. The analysis of a physical, chemical or biological parameter of a river should
391 take into account the diurnal cycle. The cycle may be useful for estimating a
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392 representative average of a day, for including a daily variation into analysis or
393 for removing the diurnal oscillation/noise from the long term evolution of a
394 time series.
395 26. Smoothing techniques may be applied to all mean profiles of river in order to
396 obtain more abstract representations of diurnal evolution in every site.
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397 27. One must consider reassessing the hydrological forecasts for hydropower pro-
398 duction, taking into account, the minimum mean flows or other conditions
399 accepted by all parties: producer, distributor, recipient.
400 28. Hidroelectrica S.A. must focus its financial resources on updating the technol-
401 ogy of the great-capacity hydropower plants, which have been exploited for
over 30 years.
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402

403 29. The water resource is a particularly important, even decisive, component for
404 the existence of natural and anthropic habitats.

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405 30. Balanced or deficient water resource in a territory, it is obvious the necessity for
406 its management, in the context of increasing vulnerability and the aggravation
407 and chronicisation of dangerous meteorological and hydrological phenomena.

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