PHED 1042 – PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TOWARDS HEALTH AND FITNESS

(Outdoor and Adventure Activities)

First Handout for Prelim

INTRODUCTORY LESSON
Resources: Rovegno, I. & Bandhauer, D. (2013) Elementary Physical Education: Curriculum
Instruction. Burlington, MA: Jones and Barlett Learning. / Rink, J. (2013). Teaching Physical
Education for Learning (7th Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill /
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure

Adventure activity is an activity that involves greater than normal risk which may include: travel
into a relatively undeveloped area of the country in which vehicle contact is difficult and/or
uncertain. Is an unusual, exciting, and possibly dangerous activity, trip, or experience, or the
excitement produced by such activities

An adventure is an exciting experience that is typically a bold, sometimes risky, undertaking.

[1]
 Adventures may be activities with some potential for physical danger such
as traveling, exploring, skydiving, mountain climbing, scuba diving, river raftingor participating
in extreme sports. Adventures are often undertaken to create psychological arousal or in order
to achieve a greater goal such as the pursuit of knowledge that can only be obtained in a risky
manner.

Motivation

Adventurous experiences create psychological arousal,  which can be interpreted as negative

(e.g. fear) or positive (e.g.flow). For some people, adventure becomes a major pursuit in and of
itself. According to adventurer André Malraux, in his La Condition Humaine (1933), "If a man is
not ready to risk his life, where is his dignity?". Similarly, Helen Kellerstated that "Life is either a
daring adventure or nothing."

Outdoor adventurous activities are typically undertaken for the purposes

of recreation or excitement: examples areadventure racing and adventure tourism. Adventurous
activities can also lead to gains in knowledge, such as those undertaken by explorers and
pioneers – the British adventurer Jason Lewis, for example, uses adventures to draw
globalsustainability lessons from living within finite environmental constraints on expeditions to
share with schoolchildren.Adventure education intentionally uses challenging experiences
for learning.

Author Jon Levy suggests that an experience should meet several criteria to be considered an

adventure:

EXAMPLES
 Exploration
 Tourism
 Travel
 Sports
 Adventure travel

Exploration 
is the act of searching for the purpose of discovery ofinformation or resources. Exploration
occurs in all non-sessile animal species, including humans. In human history, its most dramatic
rise was during the Age of Discovery when European explorers sailed and charted much of the
rest of the world for a variety of reasons. Since then, major explorations after the Age of
Discovery have occurred for reasons mostly aimed at information discovery.

In scientific research, exploration is one of three purposes of empirical research (the other two
being description and explanation). The term is often used metaphorically. For example, an
individual may speak of exploring the Internet, etc.

Tourism 
is travel for pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring, the business of
attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of
operating tours. The World Tourism Organization defines tourism more generally, in terms
which go "beyond the common perception of tourism as being limited to holiday activity only", as
people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure and not less than 24 hours, business and other purposes".

Tourism can be domestic (within the traveller's own country) or international, and international
tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country's balance of payments.

Tourism numbers declined as a result of a strong economic slowdown (the late-2000s

recession) between the second half of 2008 and the end of 2009, and in consequence of the
outbreak of the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus, but slowly recovered. Globally, international tourism
receipts (the travel item in balance of payments) grew to US$1.03 trillion (€740 billion) in 2005,
corresponding to an increase in real terms of 3.8% from 2010. International tourist arrivals
surpassed the milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in 2012, emerging source
markets such as China, Russia, and Brazil had significantly increased their spending over the
previous decade. The ITB Berlin is the world's leading tourism trade-fair. Global tourism
accounts for c. 8% of global greenhouse-gasemissions.

Travel 
is the movement of people between distant geographical locations. Travel can be done
by foot, bicycle, automobile, train, boat, bus, airplane, ship or other means, with or without
luggage, and can be one way or round trip. Travel can also include relatively short stays
between successive movements, as in the case of tourism.

Reasons for traveling include recreation, tourism or vacationing, research travel, the gathering

of information, visiting people, volunteer travel for charity, migration to begin life somewhere
else, religious pilgrimages and mission trips,business travel, trade, commuting, and other
reasons, such as to obtain health care[5] or waging or fleeing war or for the enjoyment of
traveling. Travellers may use human-powered transport such as walking or bicycling;
or vehicles, such aspublic transport, automobiles, trains and airplanes.

Motives for travel include:

 Pleasure
 Relaxation
 Discovery and exploration
 Intercultural communications
 Taking personal time for building interpersonal relationships.
Travel safety

Authorities emphasize the importance of taking precautions to ensure travelsafety. When

traveling abroad, the odds favor a safe and incident-free trip, however, travelers can be subject
to difficulties, crime and violence. Some safety considerations include being aware of one's
surroundings, avoiding being the target of a crime, leaving copies of
one's passport and itinerary information with trusted people, obtaining medical insurance valid in
the country being visited and registering with one's national embassy when arriving in a foreign
country. Many countries do not recognize drivers' licenses from other countries; however most
countries accept international driving permits. Automobile insurance policies issued in one's own
country are often invalid in foreign countries, and it is often a requirement to obtain temporary
auto insurance valid in the country being visited. It is also advisable to become oriented with the
driving-rules and -regulations of destination countries. Wearing a seat belt is highly advisable for
safety reasons; many countries have penalties for violating seatbelt laws.

There are three main statistics which may be used to compare the safety of various forms of
travel (based on a DETR survey in October 2000):

Sport 

includes all forms of competitive physical activity or gameswhich, through casual or organised

participation, at least in part aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills while
providing enjoyment to participants, and in some cases, entertainment for spectators. Hundreds
of sports exist, from those between single contestants, through to those with hundreds of
simultaneous participants, either in teams or competing as individuals. In certain sports such
as racing, many contestants may compete, simultaneously or consecutively, with one winner; in
others, the contest (a match) is between two sides, each attempting to exceed the other. Some
sports allow a "tie" or "draw", in which there is no single winner; others providetie-breaking
methods to ensure one winner and one loser. A number of contests may be arranged in
a tournament producing a champion. Many sports leagues make an annual champion by
arranging games in a regular sports season, followed in some cases by playoffs.

Sport is generally recognized as system of activities which are based in physical athleticism or

physical dexterity, with the largest major competitions such as the Olympic Games admitting
only sports meeting this definition, and other organizations such as the Council of Europe using
definitions precluding activities without a physical element from classification as sports.
However, a number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition as mind sports.
The International Olympic Committee (through ARISF) recognizes
both chess and bridge as bona fide sports, and Sport Accord, the international sports federation
association, recognizes five non-physical sports: bridge,
chess, draughts(checkers), Go and xiangqi, and limits the number of mind games which can be
admitted as sports.

Sport is usually governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve to ensure fair competition,
and allow consistent adjudication of the winner. Winning can be determined by physical events
such as scoring goals or crossing a line first. It can also be determined by judges who are
scoring elements of the sporting performance, including objective or subjective measures such
as technical performance or artistic impression.
Records of performance are often kept, and for popular sports, this information may be widely
announced or reported insport news. Sport is also a major source of entertainment for non-
participants, with spectator sport drawing large crowds tosport venues, and reaching wider
audiences through broadcasting. Sport betting is in some cases severely regulated, and in
some cases is central to the sport.

According to A.T. Kearney, a consultancy, the global sporting industry is worth up to $620 billion
as of 2013. The world's most accessible and practised sport is running, while association
football is the most popular spectator sport.

Adventure travel 

is a type of niche tourism, involving exploration or travelwith a certain degree of risk (real or

perceived), and which may require special skills and physical exertion. In the United States,
adventure tourism has grown in recent decades as tourists seek out-of-the-ordinary or "roads
less traveled" vacations, but lack of a clear operational definition has hampered measurement of
market size and growth. According to the U.S.-based Adventure Travel Trade
Association, adventure travel may be any tourist activity that includes physical activity,
a cultural exchange, and connection withnature.
Adventure tourists may have the motivation to achieve mental statescharacterized
as rush or flow, resulting from stepping outside their comfort zone. This may be from
experiencing culture shock or by performing acts requiring significant effort and involve some
degree of risk, real or perceived, or physical danger. This may include activities such
as mountaineering,trekking, bungee jumping, mountain biking, cycling, canoeing, scuba
diving,rafting, kayaking, zip-lining, paragliding, hiking, exploring, canyoneering,sandboarding, ca
ving and rock climbing. Some obscure forms of adventure travel include disaster and ghetto
tourism.[4] Other rising forms of adventure travel include social and jungle tourism.

As a closely related subspecies of adventure travels, event trips involve various kinds of

touristic travels that aim at particular activities as an important part of the travel, which don't
necessary fulfil the criteria of being proper adventures. Activities comprised under the term
"event trips" range from international sports events (i.e. FIFA World Cup, Super Bowl) to
renowned cultural events (i.e. Bayreuth Festival, Venice Film Festival).

Access to inexpensive consumer technology, with respect to Global Positioning

Systems, flashpacking, social networking andphotography, have increased the worldwide
interest in adventure travel. The interest in independent adventure travel has also increased as
more specialist travel websites emerge offering previously niche locations and sports.

Types

There is a trend for developing tourism specifically for the disabled. Adventure travel for the
disabled has become a US$13 billion a year industry in North America. Some adventure travel
destinations offer diverse programs and job opportunities developed specifically for
the disabled.

Extreme tourism

Extreme tourism involves travel to dangerous (extreme) locations or participation in dangerous

events or activities. This form of tourism can overlap with extreme sport.

Jungle tourism

Jungle tourism is a subcategory of adventure travel defined by active multifaceted physical

means of travel in the jungle regions of the earth. According to the Glossary of Tourism Terms,
jungle tours have become a major component of green tourism in tropical destinations and are a
relatively recent phenomenon of Western international tourism.

Overland travel

Overland travel or overlanding refers to an "overland journey" – perhaps originating with Marco
Polo's first overland expedition in the 13th century from Venice to the Mongolian court of Kublai
Khan. Today overlanding is a form of extended adventure holiday, embarking on a long journey,
often in a group. Overland companies provide a converted truck or a bus plus a tour leader, and
the group travels together overland for a period of weeks or months.

Since the 1960s overlanding has been a popular means of travel between destinations
across Africa, Europe, Asia(particularly India), the Americas and Australia. The "Hippie trail" of
the 60s and 70s saw thousands of young westerners travelling through the Middle East to India
and Nepal. Many of the older traditional routes are still active, along with newer routes like
Iceland to South Africa overland and Central Asian post soviet states.

REFERENCES

1. ^ "Outdoor Recreation". national industry insights. Australian industry and skills

committee. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
2. ^ Jump up to: a b Rolston, H III. (1988). Environmental ethics: Duties to and values in the
natural world. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. ISBN 0877226288
3. ^ http://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/795/files/health_benefits_081505.pdf
4. ^ "Cycling Mountain Bike - Summer Olympic Sport". olympic.org. 15 May 2018.
5. ^ Mintz, Daniel. "The different mountain biking disciplines and bikes explained". Trail
Guide and Reviews - iBikeRide. Retrieved 2017-12-28.
6. ^ "Mountain bike styles explained". BikeRadar. Retrieved 2017-12-28.
7. ^ House of Commons, Education and Skills Committee (2005). "Education Outside the
Classroom" (PDF).

 Davidson, L., & Stebbins, R.A. (2011). Serious Leisure and Nature: Sustainable
Consumption in the Outdoors. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

ASSIGNMENT: What are well-known Filipino outdoor and adventure games? Get history and
mechanics of the game.

Prepared by:

Mr. Tuz U. Bariuan Jr.

Instructor