Summer Training Report

On

BARH SUPER THERMAL POWER PROJECT

AT

NTPC BARH

SUBMITTED BY:-

AYUSH
EC (2nd year)
(0205EC171029)

SESSION 2017-2021

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION

SHRI RAM INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
 Acknowledgement

With deep reverence and profound gratitude. I express my sincere

thanks to Mr. Divyanshu Rao (H.O.D) for guiding me and providing
all the required permissions to do training at NTPC Barh. I also
would like to thank Mr. PANKAJ KUMAR(C&I) who has helped me
understand the working of various systems, there applications and
giving me all the information I needed to complete this report. I am
also very much thankful to Mr. PANKAJ KUMAR, helping me
throughout the training. Also for going extra mile and showing us
various control & command systems. At last I would like to convey
my thanks to all the members of the staff of NTPC Barh who have
helped me at every stage of training.

Training Duration: 2nd July-29th July

 CONTENT
1. NTPC STATEMENT
2. NTPC OVERVIEW
3. DIVERSIFIED GROWTH & FUTURE
4. BSTPP
5. CHP
 WAGON UNLOADING SYSTEM
 CRUSHING HOUSE
 CONVEYING SYSTEM
6. ASH HANDLING PLANT
 ASH DISPOSAL & DUST COLLECTION PLANT
7. WATER TREATMENT PLANT
8. PULVERISER PLANT
9. TPP OVERVIEW
10. GENERATORS
11. SWITCHYARD
12. CONDENSATE CYCLE
13. FEED WATER CYCLE
14. BOILER
15. TURBINE
16. SAFETY
 NTPC STATEMENT

VISION

“TO BE THE WORLD’S LEADING POWER COMPANY,

ENERGIZING INDIA’S GROWTH.”

MISSION

“PROVIDE RELIABLE POWER AND RELATED SOLUTIONS IN AN

ECONOMICAL, EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY
MANNER, DRIVEN BY INNOVATION AND AGILITY.”

CORE VALUES

I-INTEGRITY
C-CUSTOMER FOCUS

O-ORGANISATIONAL PRIDE

M-MUTUAL RESPECT & TRUST

I-INNOVATION & LEARNING

T-TOTAL QUALITY & SAFETY

NTPC OVERVIEW
NTPC is India’s largest energy conglomerate with roots planted way back in 1975
to accelerate power development in India. Since then it has established itself as
the dominant power major with presence in the entire value chain of the power
generation business. From fossil fuels it has forayed into generating electricity via
hydro, nuclear and renewable energy sources. This foray will play a major role in
lowering its carbon footprint by reducing green house gas emissions. To
strengthen its core business, the corporation has diversified into the fields of
consultancy, power trading, training of power professionals, rural electrification,
ash utilisation and coal mining as well.

NTPC became a Maharatna company in May 2010, one of the only four
companies to be awarded this status. NTPC ranked 492nd in the ‘2019, Forbes
Global 2000’ ranking of the World’s biggest companies

Growth of NTPC Installed Capacity and Generation:-

PLANT LOAD FACTOR
100
90
90.8

80
85

83.1
80.3

80.23

78.61

78.59

77.9
77.7

77.7

70 76.81
75

73.3

60
65.11

62.26

60.91
60.72
59.9

50
40
30
20
10
0
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19

NTPC PLF ALL INDIA PLF

 INSTALLED CAPACITY GROWTH

500000
450000
400000
350000

356100
344002
300000

276350
267637

239770
250000

243029
223344
199877

200000
173626

150000
100000
50000
0
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19

INSTALLED CAPACITY NTPC INSTALLED CAPACITY NTPC GROUP INSTALLED CAPACITY ALL INDIA

GENERATION GROWTH

100%
90%
80%
70% 811.14 876.89 912.06 967.15 1048.4 883.7
1106 1303.37 1371.69
60%
50%
40%
30% 236.71 240.31 249.59 250.63 276.77
260.437 263.42 294.27 306
20%
10% 220.54 222.07 232.03 233.28 241.261 241.975 250 265.798 274
0%
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19

GENERATION-NTPC GENERATION-NTPC GROUP GENERATION-ALL INDIA

The total installed capacity of the company is 55,786 MW (including JVs) with
21 coal based, 7 gas based stations, 2 Hydro based station and 1 Wind based
station. 10 Joint Venture stations are coal based and 11 Solar PV projects. The
capacity will have a diversified fuel mix and by 2032, non fossil fuel based
generation capacity shall make up nearly 30% of NTPC’s portfolio.

NTPC has been operating its plants at high efficiency levels. Although the
company has 15.56% of the total national capacity, it contributes 22.74% of total
power generation due to its focus on high efficiency.

In October 2004, NTPC launched its Initial Public Offering (IPO) consisting of
5.25% as fresh issue and 5.25% as offer for sale by the Government of India. NTPC
thus became a listed company in November 2004 with the Government holding
89.5% of the equity share capital. In February 2010, the Shareholding of
Government of India was reduced from 89.5% to 84.5% through a further public
offer. Government of India has further divested 9.5% shares through OFS route in
February 2013. With this, GOI's holding in NTPC has reduced from 84.5% to 75%.
The rest is held by Institutional Investors, banks and Public. Presently,
Government of India is holding in NTPC has reduced to 56.41%.

NTPC is not only the foremost power generator; it is also among the great places
to work. The company is guided by the “People before Plant Load Factor” mantra
which is the template for all its human resource related policies. In 2019, NTPC
is recognized as “Laureate” for consistently ranking among “Top 50 Best
Companies to Work for in India” for last 11 years in the Great Place to Work and
Economic Times survey. Besides, NTPC was also recognized as the best among
PSUs and in Manufacturing.
Diversified Growth & Future
o NTPC to be a 130 GW company by 2032 with diversified fuel mix and
a 600 BU company in terms of generation.

o Coal would continue as predominant fuel with 65% share of coal

based capacity in the portfolio.

o Non-fossil fuel based capacity would achieve a share of 30% and

Thermal based generating capacity share would be 70%.

o Share of RE (including hydro) would be 28%

o NTPC targets a market share of 25% in ancillary services and

storage

o NTPC aims to achieve 10% of the estimated market share for supply
of electricity in E-mobility business

%MIX By 2032
1.5 1.5

Coal
23.2
Gas
Hydro
3.8 Solar
4.6 65.4 Other RE
Nuclear
BSTPP

 Barh Super Thermal Power Project(BSTPP) or NTPC Barh is located

in Barh in the Indian state of Bihar. NTPC Barh is located barely four
kilometres east of the Barh sub-division on National Highway-31 in
Patna district.
 Atal Bihari Vajpayee, had laid the foundation stone of the main plant
of stage-1 of NTPC Barh on March 6, 1999. The formal inauguration
of its site office and laying of the foundation stone of the training
centre at the plant site was done in September 2003.
 The main power plant and the township is spread over an area of
1,186 acres.
 The 1,320MW (2x660 MW) Barh Stage-2 built by BHEL is operational
while 1,980MW (3x660 MW) Barh Stage-1 is being built by Russian
firm Technopromexport (TPE).
 Total capacity of NTPC BARH is 3300 MW.
 The project site is located near the river Ganga. The makeup water
requirement for the project is proposed to be drawn from river Ganga.
 Also,It is well connected via NH 31 on One Side and Railway
Connectivity on other.
 NTPC has also given due notice to its CSR in the area by funding
several school buildings and various other projects.
COAL HANDLING PLANT (CHP):-
In the thermal power plant required large amount coal so it required to
store. In the thermal power plant the coal is store in the coal handling plant.
The main purpose of coal handing plant to store in huge amount of coal for
continuous generation of power in thermal power plant.

The coal is brought to the NTPC, Barh through rails. The main coal sources
for NTPC,Barh are Pakri Barwadih coal mine. The Coal transported to the
project site through Indian railways system for a distance of approximately
250kms via shorter route. Coal requirement for the project in estimated as
10 million tones/annum considering a GCV of 3350kcal/kg and 80%
PLF. The coal is firstly unloaded from wagon by wagon triplers then
crushed by crushers and magnetic pulley and pulverized to be
transformed to the boiler. The whole transportation of coal is through
conveyor belt operated by 3-Ø Induction motor.

The coal handling plant can broadly be divided into three sections:-

1) Wagon Unloading System.

 Wagon Triplor
Unloads the coal from wagon to hopper to hopper with the help of
wagon Tripler. The Hopper, which is made of Iron, is in the form of
net so that coal pieces of only equal to and less than 200 mm. size
pass through it. The bigger ones are broken by the workers with the
help of hammers. From the hopper coal pieces fall on the vibrator. It
is a mechanical system having two rollers each at its ends. The four
rollers place themselves respectively behind the first and the last pair
of wheels of the wagon. When the motor operates the rollers roll in
forward direction moving the wagon towards the “Wagon Table”.
On the Wagon table a limit is specified in which wagon to be has
kept otherwise the triple would not be achieved.
2) Crushing System.

 Crusher House

It consists of crushers which are used to crush the coal to 20 mm. size.
There are mainly

Two type of crushers working in STPP, Barh:-

1. Primary Crushers i.e. i) Rail crushers or ii) Rotary breaker.

2. Secondary Crushers. I.e. Ring granulators.

3) Conveying System

Belt are used to convey coal from coal handling plant to furnace.

ASH HANDLING PLANT

A natural result from the burning of fossil fuels, particularly coal, is
the emission of fly ash. Ash is mineral matter present in the fuel.
For a pulverized coal unit, 60-80% of ash leaves with the flue gas

This plant can be divided into 3 sub plants as follows:-

1) Fuel and Ash Plant.

2) Air and Gas Plant.

3) Ash Disposal and & Dust Collection Plant.

Fuel and ash plant

Coal is used as combustion material in STPP, Barh. In order to
get an efficient utilization of coal mills. The Pulverization also
increases the overall efficiency and flexibility of boilers.
However for light up and with stand static load, oil burners are
also used. Ash produced as the result of combustion of coal is
connected and removed by ash handling plant. Ash Handling
Plant at STPP, Barh consists of specially designed bottom ash
and fly ash in electro static precipitator economizer and air pre-
heaters hoppers.

Air & Gas Plant

Air from atmosphere is supplied to combustion chamber of boiler
through the action of forced draft fan. In STPP, Barh there are
two FD fans and three ID fans available for draft system per unit.
The air before being supplied to the boiler passes through
preheater where the flue gases heat it. The pre heating of
primary air causes improved and intensified combustion of coal.
The flue gases formed due to combustion of coal first passes
round the boiler tubes and then it passes through the super
heater and then through economizer. In re-heater the
temperature of the steam (CRH) coming from the HP turbines
heated with increasing the number of steps of re-heater the
efficiency of cycle also increases. In economizer the heat.

Ash Disposal & Dust Collection Plant

STPP, Barh has dry bottom furnace. Ash Handling Plant consists
of especially designed bottom and fly ash system for two path
boiler. The system for both units is identical and following
description is applied to both the units the water compounded
bottom ash hopper receives the bottom ash from the furnace from
where it is stores and discharged through the clinker grinder. Two
slurry pumps are provided which is common to both units & used
to make slurry and further transportation to ash dyke through pipe
line.
Dry free fly ash is collected in two number of 31 fly ash hoppers
which are handled by two independent fly ash system. The ash is
removed from fly ash hoppers in dry state is carried to the
collecting equipment where it is mixed with water and
resulting slurry sump is discharged.

Water Treatment Plant

All natural sources of water contain impurities as well as dissolved gasses.
The amount of these impurities depends on type of water source and
location.

The main impurities are:-

1. Suspended (Macro Size)-sand, dirt, silt, this contributes turbidity to raw

water

2. Colloidal-micro size particles (1-100mm)

3. Dissolved form –Alkaline salt and neutral salts organic matter,

 Alkaline salts are mainly bicarbonates rarely carbonates and

hydrate of calcium, magnesium and sodium

Process of Purification
1. The raw water is taken from cooling water plant & reservoir.
2. The chemicals are added such as (ALUM+LIME/PAC & CL) and
remove impurities in the water
 3. This water is fed to flash mixer, which consist of a 900 rotated path
for purpose of mixing chemicals, which are added to water. In BSTPP
natural mixing is used.
4. With help of pumps the water is fed to place of utilization. Various
pumps are

A. Potable water pump: for supplying drinking water.

B. Back wash water pump: for reversing cycle of water for washing
filter bed.

C. Filtered water pump: to supply water to make steam.

D. Filter water treatment pump: To fed water to D.M plant

De mineralizing Plant
Water mainly in plant is used for cooling purpose. In this process water
must be free from all dissolved impurities.

This plant consist of two stream each stream with activated carbon filter ,
weak acid ,carbon exchanger and mixed bed exchanger .The filter water to
DM water plant through 250 dia header from where a header top off has
been taken off to softening plant. Two filtered water booster pumps are
provided on filtered water line for meeting the pressure requirement in D.M
plant.

Sodium sulphate solution of required is dosed into different filtered water

by mean of dosing pump to neutralize cl2 prior to activated carbon
filter. When water passes on activated carbon filter will remove the
residual chlorine from water provision is made for back washing the
activated carbon filter enter works acid carbon unit the deletion water enter
the weak base anion exchanger unit water then enter degasified unit where
free co2 is scrubbed out of water by upward counter flow of low pressure
air flow through degasified lower and degassed water is pumped to strong
base exchanger
Pulveriser Plant
Of the three commercial fuels- coal, petroleum, natural gas, and coal is the
basic fuel used in the boiler for the power generation due to its distribution
and availability. Though coal can be burnt in a boiler in many ways such a
hand firing, stoking firing, pulverised coal firing, cyclone furnace etc, and
pulverised coal firing is favoured over other methods of burning coal
because of many advantages. About 80% of the coals for the generation of
electricity are burnt in the pulverised form.

Fundamental Requirement Of A Pulverised Plant

Supply of coal in the pulverised form to the boiler furnace can be
accomplished by using different type of equipment and systems. The use
of a particular type of equipment is decided on the type of coal used, boiler
requirements, user preference etc.

1. Raw coal feeding

2. Drying

3. Grinding and circulating

4. Classifying

5. Transporting

Raw Coal Feeders

A raw coal feeder is a device that supplies the pulveriser with an
uninterrupted flow of raw coal from the bunker to meet system
requirements. The feeders have to regulate the rate of the coal flow
corresponding to boiler load, calorific value of coal etc.
Rotary Volumetric Feeder
In this type of feeder, a spider wheel is keyed to the centre of a
feed roll shaft. This shaft extends through a cylindrical core, which form
the base of the feed roll. The core is made in two halves, which are bolted
to the opposite side of the feeder body, and the spider wheel is placed in
between these two halves. Numbers of plates are bolted to the spider
wheel along its periphery; these are making number of pockets. When the
feeder runs, the coal is received by the pockets formed by the plates
and emptied into the pulveriser at a rate, which depends on the speed
of the feeder. A hinged levelling gate held in place by spring pressure
limits the amount of coal entering each pocket but allows passage of
foreign material, which might otherwise cause damage to the feeder.

Pulverisers
To effect the coal particle size reduction, needed for pulverised coal firing,
machine known as pulverisers or mill are used to grind or comminute the
coal. The pulverisers are generally based on rock and mineral-ore grinding
machinery. Five major type of coal mills used are tabulated below
according to their speed
 THERMAL POWERPLANT OVERVIEW
Tx LINE

WATER BOILER STEAM GENERATOR GENERATOR

TURBINE TRANSFORMER

HEAT

FOLLOWING CONVERSIONS TAKES PLACE IN A THERMAL POWERPLANT -

Chemical Thermal Mechenical Electrical

Energy Energy Energy Energy

When pressure and boiling point increases together then the latent heat
decreases.

Critical Point

Pure Water
Pure Steam

Saturated Saturated Steam

Water
 At Critical Point the latent heat becomes zero.
If Saturation Point is above critical point then it is called
Supercritical, else Subcritical.
Rankine Cycle:-

BFP

Boiler Feed Pump(BFP): A boiler feedwater pump is a specific type of

pump used to pump feedwater into a steam boiler. The water may be
freshly supplied or returning condensate produced as a result of the
condensation of the steam produced by the boiler. These pumps are
normally high pressure units that take suction from a condensate return
system

Boiler: A boiler is a closed vessel in which fluid (generally water) is

heated. The fluid does not necessarily boil. The heated or vaporized fluid
exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications
Steam Turbine:

Three types of turbine’s are used in a Thermal Powerplant:-

1. HPT-High Pressure Turbine

2. IPT- Intermediate Pressure Turbine
3. LPT-Low Pressure Turbine

Condenser: The exhaust or saturated steam coming from turbine

enters the condenser. In This cold water is continuously circulated
inside tubes. And when the steam comes in contact with these
cold tubes they condenses.

And all processes together are called Simple Rankine Cycle

To increase the efficiency of Rankine Cycle:-

 Increasing Pressure of Main Steam
 Increasing Temperature of Main Steam
 Improving Vacuum
 Reheating-Multi Turbine
 Regenerative Heating
Generator
"An electrical generator is an electro mechanical machine which converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy"

Generator is the main part of a power plant. The generator has stator in gas
cooling construction enclosing the stator winding, core & hydrogen coolers. The
cooling Medium hydrogen is containing within the frame and circulation by fans
mounted either at the ends of the rotor .the generator is driven by directly
coupled prime mover (steam turbine in thermal plant)at constant speed of
3000rpm. Provision has been made for circulating the cooling water in order to
maintain a constant temp of a coolant.

Pic: Generator of Stage 2 unit-4 provided by bhel in partnership with Siemens with generating
capacity of 660 MW.
Parts of Generator
1. Stator Body
2. Stator Core
3. Stator Winding
4. Distillate header
5. Terminal Brushing
6. End Shield
7. Rotor
8. Bearing
9. Brush Gear
BSTPP SWITCHYARD
Switchyard is considered HEART of POWER PLANT. There are
two switchyards at NTPC Barh

A. 400KV SWITCHYARD
B. 132KV SWITCHYARD

One and half Bus System:

In Switchyard two most Bus bar schemes are very popular one is One
and Half Breaker Bus System and Double Bus Bar arrangement. In high
voltage system typically above 220 kV Switchyard, and One & Half
Breaker Bus System is mostly recommended.
Advantage of one and half bus system:

 During any fault on any one of the buses, that faulty bus will be
cleared instantly without interrupting any feeders in the system
since all feeders will continue to feed from other healthy bus.
 It occupies less space.
 Maintenance free. Maintenance of more than one breaker is
possible without any loss of service.
 High stable operation.
 Very less Cost as compared with Two Main and Transfer Bus
Scheme

Double Bus System:

1. In double bus bar system two identical bus bars are used in
such a way that any outgoing or incoming feeder can be
taken from any of the bus.
2. Actually every feeder is connected to both of the buses in
parallel through individual isolator.

There Are 4 MAIN 400KV Line

 Patna line
 Kahalgaon line
 Balia line
 Biharsharif line
CONDENSATE CYCLE
CEP (Condensate Extraction Pump)
This pump is in actual efficiency booster in a thermal power plant. As we all
know that very high temperature and pressure steam expands in a steam
turbine and this expanded(low pressure and low temp) steam can go waste
if CEP doesn't perform it's function.CEP pump circulate the -
Condensate(conversion of steam into water in condenser) again into
deaerator tank which prevent plant from a huge loss of water. This water
can be used for making deaerator level.

GSC (Gland Steam Cooler)

Is simply an efficiency improver in thermal power plants. The working of
GSC is quite simple as like condenser. It has shell inside which some tubes
are mounted. The funda is very simple as the feedwater moves inside the
tubes and the steam coming out from Gland of turbine moves outside the
tubes I.e shell. Two processes will simultaneously takes place here. The
feedwater become hot due to the temperature difference of Gland steam
and after loosing heat Gland steam will condensed down. Now feedwater
can further rotated for temp increment and the condensed steam will be
recirculated to deaerator tank.

CPU (Condensate Policing Unit)

A condensate polisher is a device used to filter water condensed from
steam as part of the steam cycle, for example in a thermal power plant .

DC (Drain Cooler)
The Drain Cooler is a stainless steel cylindrical mixing chamber that.
blends cold water from a humidifier or condensate of a steam dispersion
system. The result is drain water cooled .
LPH (Low Pressure Heater)
In regenerative feed heating system, the entire steam is not expanded in
turbine to get useful work. On the contrary, certain amount of steam is
always extracted from different stages of turbine heat the condensate / feed
water. Thus the thermal energy of the extracted steam is recovered. This
will result in improvement in thermal efficiency of cycle by 3-4%, when
compared with a conventional rankine cycle.

Normally the heaters which are placed before the boiler feed pump are
called as LP Heaters.

In LP Heaters, heat transfer takes place at its sub-cooling zone &

condensing zones.

Deaerator
Deaerator is one of the most effective & thermal efficient device to
remove the dissolved gasses. It works on two principles; one
is Hennery’s Law and the other one is Temperature & Gas
Solubility Relation.

Hennery’s Law:

The mass of a dissolved gas in a given volume of solvent at equilibrium is

proportional to the partial pressure of the gas.

As in the Deaerator, the pressure of the feed-water is low due to the surface
distribution of the water through the nozzles in it. As the pressure of the fluid is
reduced so the solubility of the gasses decreases.

Temperature & Gas Solubility Relation:

According to this relation, the solubility of the dissolved gasses in the water
reduces as the temperature of the water increases. That is the reason we
maintain high temperature of the feed-water and Due to the counter flow of
Water and steam in the Deaerator, scrubbing action takes place and the steam
carries away the gasses with it.
FEED WATER CYCLE
Deaerator (mentioned above)

FST (Feed Storage Tank)

The make-up water and return condensate enters the
deaerator that is fitted with a series of tray compartments
to provide maximum spilling. Heating steam is fed into the
deaerator from below. The make-up water and return condensate
are deaerated and flow directly into the feedwater tank

Booster Pump
In thermal power plant we use feed water pump having very high pressure
must make net positive suction head. for this purpose a small pump called
booster pump is used to save the feed pump from cavitation.

The BFP requires high suction pressure for which you have to place your
DM tank & deaerator at near about 100 mtr. , which will incurr more cost
for the form to build the structure & erect the piping. To save cost without
compromising on suction pressure for BFP, we require Booster pump.

BFPs (Boiler Feed Pumps)

In a thermal power plant, the boiler feed pump (BFP) is one of the critical
auxiliary machines that are equivalent to the heart of the plant. n pace with
the increases in the capacity of equipment for thermal power generation,
improvements to adapt to higher temperatures and pressures, and changes
in operation method, BFPs have been improving and advancing. It is a
specific type of pump used to pump feedwater into a steam boiler. The
water may be freshly supplied or returning condensate produced as a result
of the condensation of the steam produced by the boiler. These pumps are
normally high-pressure units that take suction from a condensate return
system and can be of the centrifugal pump type or positive displacement
type.

MDBFP [1] Motor Driven Boiler Feed Pump.

TDBFP [2] Turbine Driven Boiler Feed Pump.

HPHs(High Pressure Heaters)

The Heaters which are placed after the boiler feed pump are called as HP
Heaters

In HP Heaters an additional zone called as de-superheating zone is also

available. This will result in better “terminal temperature difference (TTD)”,
sometime it may even be negative, which is the reflection of better
performance of heat exchangers

Economizer
Economizers are provided in the boilers to improve the efficiency of the
boiler by extracting the heat from the flue gases and add it as either
sensible heat alone or sensible heat and latent heat to the feed water before the
water enter the evaporating surface of the boiler.

 Advantage
Provision of the economiser in the boiler brings two major advantages.

1. As the economiser recovers the heat in flue gas that leaves the boiler.

2. As the feed water is preheated in the economiser.

BOILER
A boiler is an enclosed vessel that provides a means for
combustion and transfers heat to water until it becomes hot water
or steam. The hot steam under pressure is then usable for
transferring the heat to a process.

Liquid when heated up to the gaseous state this process is called

evaporation.

The heating surface is any part of the boiler; hot gases of

combustion are on one side and water on the other. Any part of
the boiler metal that actually contributes to making steam is
heating surface. The amount of heating surface of a boiler is
expressed in square meters. The larger the heating surface a
boiler has, the more efficient it becomes.

Two Types of boiler are used in thermal power plant:-

1. Corner Firing Boiler (mostly used)

2. Wall Firing Boiler

At NTPC BARH we use Corner Firing Boilers. Also it is a hanging
type boiler.

STEAM SEPERATOR

In recirculation type of the boiler the evaporating tube supply only a

steam-water mixture to the drum. From this, the steam of high purity
acceptable to the super heater and turbine is to be separated. This
separation is to be done in the limited space in the drum. Numbers of
the factors influence the separation of the water from the steam in
drum; important among them are:

 The density of the water with respect to the steam.

 The amount of the water in the mixture delivered to drum.
 Viscosity, surface tension and other factor affected by pressure.
 Water level in the drum.
 The concentration of boiler water solids.
 The available pressure drop from drum internal design.
SUPER HEATER
Super heating of the steam is done in 14 stages. These stages having
following purpose,

Heating of the steam in stage or increase of the temperature in

number of the stage.

 In these stages, we also use spray for cooling the steam.

Re-Heater

Re-heater is use to re-heat the steam for the use of intermediate

pressure turbine (at the same pressure of the outlet of the HP turbine).
In the re-heater steam comes from HP turbine through CRH L&R
(cold re-heat) and after re-heater steam goes to intermediate turbine
through HRH L&R (hot re- heat).
Turbine
Steam turbine is a rotating machine which converts heat energy of the steam to
mechanical energy.

When the steam is allowed to expand through a narrow orifice, its assumes
kinetic energy at the expense of its enthalpy. This kinetic energy changes to
mechanical energy through the impact (impulse) or reaction of the steam against
the blades.
It should be realized that the blade of the turbine obtains no motion force from
the static pressure of the steam or from any impact of the steam jet. The
blades are designed in such way, that steam will guide on or off the blade
without any tendency to strike it.

Three types of turbine’s are used in a Thermal Powerplant:-

1. HPT-High Pressure Turbine

2. IPT- Intermediate Pressure Turbine
3. LPT-Low Pressure Turbine
Safety
ORIGIN OF FAULTS

HUMAN FAILURE

Unsafe Acts Unsafe Conditions

Accident:-The undesirable event giving rise to death, ill health, injury,

property damage or other losses.

Incident:-Event that gave rise to an event which has potential to lead to

accident.

Accident Statistics:-

Accidents

31%
Fall from height
45%
Fall of Material
Electrocution
Others

11%

13%
Impact:-

A. Direct-
 Compention paid to injured person.
 Legal expense
 Medical expense
B. Indirect-
 Lost of Time
 Brand Image Gets affected.

Need For Safety:-

 To safeguard the employee

 To increase the production
 To reduce the cost of the product
 To make proper use of Human Resources.

END