PERFECT PARTICIPLES 

1. Definition:
The perfect participle is a compound verb form consisting of the auxiliary ‘having’ and
the past participle of the verb, e.g having collected, having treated.
2. Usage:
 To talk about an action that comes before another connected one.
Ex: Having collected all necessary information, he started writing his report.
 To talk about the reason for the action in the main clauses.
Ex: Having treated the environment irresponsibly, we now have to suffer the effects of
climate change.
Note: We tend not to use participle clauses so much in speech since they can be rather
formal.
Ex: After we identified the causes of global warming, we decided to sell our car and get a
bicycle instead.
=> Having identified the causes of global warming, we decided to sell our car and get a
bicycle instead.
How to rewrite?
 Remove “After” and the pronoun “we”

After we identified the causes of global warming, we decided to sell our car and
get a bicycle instead.

 Define the verb of the sentence, rewrite it with the form “having + V3/ed” 
“indentifed” => “having identified”
 Preserve the rest of the sentence.
Having identified the causes of global warming, we decided to sell our car and get
a bicycle instead.
Ex: Because farmers had been informed about the bad effects of chemical fertilisers, they
started using them sparingly on their farms.
=> Having been informed about the bad effects of chemical fertilisers, they started to
using them sparingly on their farms.
How to rewrite?
 Remove “Because” and the pronoun “farmers”.
Because farmers had been informed about the bad effects of chemical fertilisers,
they started using them sparingly on their farms.
 Define the verb of the sentence: 
“had been informed”
 Rewrite it with the form “having + V3/ed”: 
“had been informed” => “having been informed”
 Preserve the rest of the sentence.
Having been informed about the bad effects of chemical fertilisers, they started
using them sparingly on their farms.
PERFECT GERUNDS
1. Usage: To emphasize that an action happened in the past, before the past action
denoted by the main verb of the sentence.
2. Structures:

Structure Verb Example

Verb + Object + apologise for, accuse...of, admire...for, He apologised for
Preposition + blame...for, congratulate...on, having made us
Perfect Gerund criticise...for, punish...for, praise…for, wait so long
thank...for, suspect...of
Verb + perfect deny, admit, forget, mention, remember, She denied having
gerund recall, regret... broken the flower
vase.

Ex: Someone had started a fire in the forest. Tom admitted that he had done it.
=> Tom admitted having started a fire in the forest.
How to rewrite?
 Remove the pronoun “Someone”.
Someone had started a fire in the forest. Tom admitted that he had done it.
 Rewrite with the beginning of the second sentence “Tom admitted” and the verb 
with the form “having + V3/ed”.
Tom admitted having started...
 Change “it” with “a fire in the forest”
Tom admitted having started a fire in the forest.
Ex: You had saved the lives of hundreds of wild animals. Thank you for that.
=> Thank you for having saved the lives of hundreds of wild animals.
 Remove “You”
You had saved the lives of hundreds of wild animals. Thank you for that.
 Rewrite with “Thank you for” and turn the verb into the form “having + V3/ed”
Thank you for having saved...
 Change “that” with “having saved the lives of hundreds of wild animals”
Thank you for having saved the lives of hundreds of wild animals.
PARTICIPLE AND TO-INFINITIVE CLAUSES
Present participle s can be used when the verb in the clause if in the continuous tense, or
denotes a habitual action or a wish.
Ex: Many students who attend this college at the Heritage museum. 
=> Many students attending this college volunteer at the Heritage Museum.
How to rewrite?
 Remove the relative clause.
Many students who attend this college at the Heritage museum. 
  Rewrite the verb with the form “V-ing”
“attend” -> “having attended”
Ex: The Japanese Bridge that was built in the early 1600s became a main tourist
attraction in Hoi An.
The Japanese Bridge built in the early 1600s became a main tourist attraction.
 Remove the relative clause.
The Japanese Bridge that was built in the early 1600s became a main tourist attraction in
Hoi An.
 Rewrite the verb with the form “V3/ed”
“built” -> “having built”
Note: We can also use a past participle to replace a relative clause with a passive verb.
QUESTION TAGS

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE 0
1. Usage: 
 To talk about a scientific fact or something that is generally true. 
 To express habitual or automatic result.
2. Forms:

If- clause Main clasus/Result clause

present tenses present simple/imperative form

Ex: You travel on a budget flight, so you have to pay for your drinks and food.
=> If you travel on a budget flight, you have to pay for your drink and food.
How to rewrite?
 Define which is if-clause, main clause.
 Rewrite with the form below.
Ex: You travel by train. It takes five hours to get to Nha Trang.
=> If you travel by train, it takes five hours to get to Nha Trang.
REPORTED SPEECH WITH CONDITIONALS
 When we use reporting verbs in the present, verb tenses in conditional sentences
remain unchanged in reported speech.
 When we use reporting verbs in the past, we follow these general rules:

Direct speech Reported speech

type 0 unchanged (simple fact or general truth)

type 1 unchanged (if reported simultaneously or still true)

become type 2 (is the reported statement is out-of-date)
 type 2 usually unchanged (if the reported statement is still true)

Ex: “Flowers die if they don’t get any water” he said. (type 0)
=> He said flowers die if they don’t get any water.
Ex: “If you miss the bus, you’ll be late for school.” said my mother. (type 1)
=> My mother said if I miss the bus, I’ll be late for school. (reported simultaneously ;
the bus hasn’t arrived yet”.
=> My mother said if I missed the bus, I’d be late for school. (The reported statement is
out-of-date, he was probably late for now).
Ex: “If I lost my job, I could be in trouble” Jane’s father said. (type 2)
=> Jane’s father said if she lost her job, she could be in trouble.
REPORTED SPEECH WITH TO-INFINITIVE AND GERUNDS
 When we report actions such as agreements, promises, orders, offers, requests,
advice, apologies, or suggestions, we usually use a to-infinitive or -ing clause.
Forms:

Reporting verbs Reported speech

ask, advise, invite, order, remind, tell, warn O + to-infinitive

agree, offer, promise, refuse, threaten  to-infinitive

admit, apologise for, insist on, suggest  -ing form

Ex: “You should drive slowly” said he.

=> He advised me to drive slowly.
How to rewrite?
 Define the verb of the sentence.
 Define the reporting verb should be used.
 Rewrite with the form above.
Ex: “I won’t be late again” Jane said.
=> Jane promised not to be late again.

1. THE FUTURE PERFECT

Usage: The future perfect is a verb tense used for actions that will be completed before
some other point in the future.

 
 Formula Example

   
  1.      Ex:
By/ Before/ By the end of+ ( future 2.      The children will eat all the cake. (before
time), S+ will have V3/ed. their mother comes.)
 

 
Ø  How to rewrite?
  3.      – Define the verb in the sentence
 
 
4.       -Change “ will + eat” ( will + Vo) into
 

 
“ will have eaten ( will + have +V )3/ed

  5.      – Rewrite the sentence with “ before+

 
 
clause”
By the time + (clause in past  simple à The children will have eaten all the cake
tense ), S+ will have V 3/ed.
before their mother comes.
  1.        
2.       
 

 
3.      My mother won’t prepare the dinner
until we come. (by the time)
Ø  How to rewrite?
6.      – Define the verb in the sentence
4.      -Change “won’t prepare” into “ won’t
have prepared
5.      – Remove “ until” and replace by “ by
the time”
6.      – Change “ we come” into “we came”
(past simple tense)
7.      - Rewrite the sentence with the
structure given.
8.      à My mother won’t have prepared the
dinner by the time we came
 

2.DOUBLE COMPARATIVES

1. Comparative and comparative

 S+ be + adj/adv

à S+ short adjective- er and short adjective- er

   S+ more and more + long adjective

Ø  How to transform?
-         Identify the adjective/ adverb in the sentence.
-         Add “er” after short adj and “ and” between two short adj/ “more
and more” before long adj
-         Rewrite the sentence as the given structure

Ex: Because he was afraid, he walked faster and faster.

2.The comparative … the comparative …

·        S+ be/ V + short adj/ adv, S+ be/V + short adj/ adv.

à The + short adj / adv- er + S + V, the + short adj/ adv - er + S + V

Ø  How to transform?
-         Identify the adjective/ adverb in the sentence.
-         Add “The” before short adj/ adv and “er” after short adj.
-         Rewrite the sentence as the given structure
 

Ex:  They are big, they fall fast

-         Identify the adjective in the sentence: big, fast

-         Change “big” into “the bigger” and “ fast” into “ the faster”
-         Rewrite the sentence as the given structure

à The bigger they are, the faster they fall.

·        S+ be/ V + long adj/ adv, S+ be/V + long adj/ adv.

à The more + long adj / adv. + S + V, the more + long adj / adv.  +S+V

Ø  How to transform?
-         Identify the adjective/ adverb/ clause in the sentence.
-         Add “The more” before each adjective/ adverb/ clause.
-         Rewrite the sentence as the given structure
 

      Ex: I look into your eyes much, I love you much.

 -         Identify the clause in the sentence: “I look into your eyes” and “I
love you”
-         Remove “much” in the sentence
-         Add “The more” before each clause
-         Rewrite the sentence as the given structure

à  The more I look into your eyes, the more I love you.

THE CAUSATIVE

Form                                                           S + V + O + for + O 1 2

-> S + have / get + O + V + (by/with + O )           

1 3/ed 2 (1)
                       -> S + have / get + O + V/ to V                               (2)

·        How to transform?

(1)

-         Turn the object 2 into the subject.

-         Turn the subject into the object 2.

-         Convert the verb into its past participle form (V ). 3/ed

(2)

-         Turn the object 2 into the subject.

-         Turn the object 1 into the object.

-         Convert the verb into the bare-infinitive (V ) with have or to infinitive (to V) with
0

get.

Ex: A shop mended my CD player for me.

à I had my CD player mended.

à I had/got a shop mend/to mend my CD player.

7.      REPORTED SPEECH ( như cũ)

8.       PHRASAL VERBS

A phrase that consists of a verb with a preposition or adverb or both, the meaning of
which is different from the meaning of its separate parts.

·        There are several commonly used phrasal verbs which consist of a verb
followed by an adverb and followed by a preposition.

Phrasal Verb Meaning

Add up to Amount to

Back down from Withdraw, avoid

Back out of Not fulfill

Boil down to Can be reduced to

Bow out of Withdraw

Brush up on Refresh knowledge of

Carry on with Continue with

Catch up to Overtake

Clean up after Tidy for

Come down to Can be reduced to

Come down with Become ill with

Come out in Develop

Come up against Meet an obstacle

Come up with Produce

Creep up on Approach undetected

Cry out for Urgently require

Cut back on Reduce

Do away with Abolish

Face up to Accept and deal with

Fall back on Turn to for help

Fit in with Be suited to

Fool around with Not be serious, have as a hobby

Get away with Not be punished

Get down to Begin dealing seriously with

 ·        There are a few phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by an adverb
and a preposition where the verb may have an object. 

Phrasal Verb Meaning

Get over with Undergo, finish

Let in on Allow to share

Play off against Encourage to fight

Play down to Attribute to

Take out on Vent bad feelings on

Take up on Accept an offer

Talk out of Dissuade from

Ex: We played them off against each other.

NOTE: In this example, the verb played of the phrasal verb to play off
against has the object them, while the preposition against has the object each
other.

9.      ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

-         An adverb clause is a group of words that function as an adverb in a

sentence. Adverb clauses can be used to add explanatory detail to your
writing and explain how or why things happen.

-         There are four basic types of adverbial clause: Adverb clauses of

condition, manner, result and comparison

o   How to transform?
-         Step 1: Identify the type of adverbial clause based on the verbs
-         Step 2: Rewrite the whole sentence.
 

·        Adverbial  clauses of condition tell us about the circumstances under which

something happens. These clauses often begin with ‘if’, ‘unless’, or ‘provided that’:
 Ex: - If  you follow the rules, you can play the game
-         Identify If clause in the sentence
-         Replace ‘If” by “provided that”
-         Rewrite the whole sentence.
-     

        à You can play the game, provided  that you  follow the rules.

·        Adverbial  clauses of manner show us how something happens. They

usually begin with ‘like’, ‘as though’ or ‘as if’:
Ex: I think it is going to rain.

-         Identify the main clause in the sentence: “it is going to rain”

-         Add  as though’ or ‘as if’ before the main clause
-         Rewrite the whole sentence.

à  It looks as if/ as though it is going to rain. 

 
·        Adverbial  clauses of result or consequence is used to say what
happens or what may happen as a result of the action mentioned in the main
clause. They usually begin with : so that, in order that, so…that and such…
that.
 
Ex:  They were beautiful flowers. We took a photograph of them.

-         Add “such” before “beautiful flower” and “that” before the next
clause “we took a photograph of them”

-         Rewrite the whole sentence.

à  They were such beautiful flowers that we took a photograph of them.

               I have given him my number. He can phone me later.

-         Identify the clauses in the sentence: “ I have given him my number”

and “He can phone me later”
-         Remove “.” , use “ so that” as the conjunction to connect the clauses
-         Rewrite the whole sentence.

        à  I have given him my number so that he can phone me later.

·        Adverbial clauses of comparison are of two kinds:

 -         Adverbial  clauses of comparison of degree are introduced by the
subordinating conjunction than, or by the relative adverb as.

Ex:  He works harder than I do.

  She is not so stupid as you think.

Notes: In adverb clauses of comparison of degree, the verb is usually understood and not
expressed.
Ex:  Nobody loves you more than I (do).

-         Adverb clauses of comparison of manner are introduced by the

relative adverb as.

 Ex:   You may do as you please

        It ended as I expected.

Past simple
        S + present perfect (negative) + for + time
       It’s + time….+ since …+ last + past simple (positive)

Ex: I haven’t seen my father for one month. 

   – It is one month since I last saw my father.

   Tom hasn’t had his hair cut for over three months. 

  – It is three months since Tom last had his hair cut. 

 
     S + Present perfect (negative) + before
     It’s + the first time + S + Present perfect (positive)
Ex: I haven’t seen that man here before. 
– It is the first time I have met that man here.
   It is the first time I have read this book. 

– I haven’t read this book before.

   -  S + Present perfect (negative) + since / for + …..
   - S + last + Past simple (positive) …+ when + clause
   - The last time + S + Past simple (positive)+ was + time
Ex: I haven’t heard him since August. 

     – The last time I heard him was in August.

   I haven’t seen him since I left school. 
     – I last saw him when I left
school.                                                                   
     S + HTHT (khẳng định) + for + thời gian
    - S + began / started + V-ing + thời gian + ago
Ex: I have worked here for ten years. 

     – I began working here ten years ago.

      It started raining two days ago.   
– It has rained for two days.

Hardly + had +S + V3 when S + V2: ngay sau khi... thì…

     No sooner + had +S + Vpp than S + Vpast
S +had+ V3+ ….. before +S + V2.

– After S +had+ V3+ ….. , S+ V2

2. S + V2 ( action 1) then S + V2 ( action 2 ) -> a series of actions

– Before S + v2 ( action 2), S + had + v3 ( action 1 )

3. S1 +had+ V3+ ….. before +S2 + V2.

When S2 + v2 , S + v3 + …………
1

4.After S +had+ V3+ ….. , S+ V2

– By the time S+ V2, S +had+ V3+ …..

1

5. S +had+ V3+ …..by the time S+ V2

1

 – Before S+ V2, 5. S +had+ V3+ ….

1

SUBJUNCTIVE

The subjunctive is a specific verb form. It usually expresses something that you wish for,
or a hypothetical rather than actual situation: If only I were ten years younger. I only
wish that what you say were true.
Use with verbs.
This is some of the verbs that need to be followed by THAT

advise ask command decree

deman insist move order
d propose recommen reques
prefer stipulat d t
require e suggest urge

 
The verb in the second clause is in bare form     

Subject + verb + that + subject + [verb in simple form] +

…

The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking.

The doctor suggested that his patient not stop smoking.
*if we don’t use that then the verb in the second clause must come with to
The doctor suggested his patient to stop smoking.
The doctor suggested his patient not to stop smoking.
* Verbs that could be followed by a subjunctive clause
S + V + that + clause ( or to + V ) 
0

 
ASK
ORDER
REQUIRE
URGE
 
- Ex:
+ WE ASK THAT SHE BE PRESENT.
+ WE ASK HER TO BE PRESENT.
3. With adjectives
This is some of the adjectives  that need to be followed by THAT

advised important mandator

necessary obligatory y
recommende required proposed
d imperativ suggested
urgent e

The verb in the second clause is in bare form     

It + be + adj + that + S + [verb in simple

form]

It is necessary that he find the books.

It is necessary that he not find the books.
It has been proprosed that we change the topic.
It has been proprosed that we not change the topic.
If we leave out that then the second clause will turn into to + V after for ( it will not be a
subjunctive clause anymore but an obligating clause.
It is necessary for him to find the books.
It is necessary for him not to find the books.
It has been proprosed for us to change the topic.
It has been proprosed for us not to change the topic.
It + be + adj + that +……
There is suggestion from the doctor that the patient stop smoking.
It is recommendation that the vehicle owner be present at the court
* List of SUBJUNCTIVE 
It is advisable that…
It is crucial that…
It is desirable that…
It is essential that…
It is important that…
It is mandatory that…
It is necessary that…
It is vital that…
- Example
+  IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT WE VOTE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.
+ THE MANAGER INSISTS THAT THE CAR PARK BE LOCKED AT NIGHT.
Transformation of a Simple Sentence into a Complex Sentences
This is a frequently met exercise that need to be practiced.
Noun clause
·         A noun may be expanded into a noun clause.
He admitted his mistake.
He admitted that he had made a mistake. (Here the noun mistake is expanded into
the noun clause ‘that he had made a mistake’.)
We heard of his death. (Simple)
We heard that he had died. (Complex)
·         A noun phrase can also be expanded into a noun clause.
He seems to be a fool. (Simple)
It seems that he is a fool. (Complex. Here we expand the phrase ‘a fool’ into the
clause ‘that he is a fool’.)
I would like to know the secret of your success. (Simple)
I would like to know how you succeed. (Complex)

 
Adjective clause
Prudent boys work hard. (Simple)
Boys who are prudent work hard. (Complex)
There I saw a beautiful girl. (Simple sentence)
 There I saw a girl who was beautiful. (Complex sentence)
A wounded tiger is very fierce. (Simple sentence)
A tiger that is wounded is very fierce. (Complex sentence)

Adverb clauses
It is too hot to go out without an umbrella. (Simple)
->It is so hot that we cannot go out without an umbrella. (Complex)
Seeing the snake, the boy shouted.
->When the boy saw the snake, he shouted.
We didn’t go out because of the rain.
We didn’t go out because it rained.
She was too poor to educate her children. (Simple sentence)
She was so poor that she could not educate her children. (Compound sentence)
On being challenged they ran away. (Simple sentence)
When they were challenged they ran away. (Complex sentence)

RELATIVE CLAUSE ( which)

Sometimes we use a relative clause to qualify not just a noun or pronoun, but a whole
sentence or clause. In such cases, the relative clause is introduced by which ,we don’t
use that or what.
Example we can connect 2 sentences together to make a more complex sentence using
which
The street is very noisy. I find sleeping very difficult.
-> The street is very noisy which makes sleeping difficult.