Chemistry Syllabus: GRADES 10 - 12

Republic of Zambia
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE, VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND EARLY EDUCATION
CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS
GRADES 10 – 12
-
9 789982 005289 >
ISBN 9982-00-528-6
PREPARED AND WRITTEN BY THE CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

Printed by P.O. BOX 50092, LUSAKA – ZAMBIA
Zambia Educational Publishing House 2013
Republic of Zambia
CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS
GRADES 10 - 12
-
Prepared and Written by The Curriculum Development Centre
P.O. Box 50092
Lusaka - Zambia
2013
© Curriculum Development Centre, 2013
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright owner.
ISBN: 9982-00-528-6
First Published 2013 by

Zambia Educational Publishing House
Light Industrial Area
Chishango Road
P. O. Box 32708
Lusaka, Zambia
CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12

VISION
Quality, lifelong education for all which is accessible, inclusive and relevant to individual, national and global needs and value systems
iii CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12

TABLE OF CONTENTS
VISION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iii

PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................................................................................................... viii
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................................... ix
MATHEMATICAL REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................. xi
ASSESSMENT........................................................................................................................................................................................................ xii
TIME ALLOCATION.............................................................................................................................................................................................. xiv
GRADE 10 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
10.1 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY ............................................................................................................................................................ 2
10.1.1 Introduction to Chemistry .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
10.2THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER ............................................................................................................................................... 3

10.2.1 Matter and the Kinetic theory................................................................................................................................................................... 3
10.2.2 Diffusion.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
10.3EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES .................................................................................................................................................................. 4

10.3.1 Measuring of quantities ............................................................................................................................................................................ 4
10.3.2 Criteria of purity....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
10.3.3 Separating mixtures .................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
10.4 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MOLECULES........................................................................................................................ 7

10.4.1 Atomic structure and Periodic Table ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
10.4.2 Bonding..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
10.4.3 Macromolecules........................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
10.4.4 Chemical formulae and equations ............................................................................................................................................................ 13
GRADE 11 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
11.1 ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 15
11.1.1 Characteristic properties of acids and bases............................................................................................................................................ 15
11.1.2 Preparation of salts................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12 iv

11.1.3 Types of oxides ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
11.1.4 Identification of ions and gases (Qualitative analysis).......................................................................................................................... 19
11.2 THE MOLE CONCEPT ................................................................................................................................................................................. 20

11.2.1 Relative Masses......................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
11.2.2 The Mole ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
11.2.3 Empirical and Molecular formulae......................................................................................................................................................... 23
11.3 CHEMICAL REACTIONS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 24

11.3.1 Rates of chemical reactions........................................................................................................................................................................ 24
11.3.2 Chemical Equilibrium .............................................................................................................................................................................. 25
11.3.3 Redox reactions ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
11.3.4 Energetics of reactions.............................................................................................................................................................................. 27
11.4 THE PERIODIC TABLE ................................................................................................................................................................................. 29

11.4.1Groups and Periods .................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
11.4.2 Groups and Periodic trends ....................................................................................................................................................................... 29
11.4.3 Transition metals........................................................................................................................................................................................ 30
GRADE 12 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
12.1 CHEMISTRY AND ELECTRICITY .............................................................................................................................................................. 32
12.1.1 Conductors................................................................................................................................................................................................. 32
12.1.2 Electrolysis................................................................................................................................................................................................. 32
12.1.3 Simple cells (chemical cell) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 34
12.2 METALS.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
12.2.1 General properties of a metals .................................................................................................................................................................. 35
12.2.2 Reactivity and Electro Chemical Series..................................................................................................................................................... 35
12.2.3 Alloys ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
12.2.4 Corrosion ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
12.3 NON -METALS............................................................................................................................................................................................... 39

12.3.1 General properties of non-metals. ............................................................................................................................................................. 39
12.3.2. Hydrogen................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
v CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12

12.3.3. Oxygen ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
12.3.4 Nitrogen ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
12.3.5. Chlorine .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
12.3.6 Sulphur....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
12.3.7 Carbon and carbonates ............................................................................................................................................................................. 48
12.3.8 Silicon ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 51
12.4 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY .............................................................................................................................................................................. 52

12.4.1 Saturated and unsaturated Hydrocarbons............................................................................................................................................... 52
12.4.2 Alcohols (Alkanols).................................................................................................................................................................................... 55
12.4.3 Carboxylic acids (alkanoic acids) ............................................................................................................................................................. 56
12.4.4 Esters (Alkanoates) .................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
12.4.5 Homologous series.................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
12.4.6 Macromolecules (Polymers) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 58
CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL DATA ........................................................................................................................................................................ 61

APPARATUS TECHNIQUES ................................................................................................................................................................................ 62
APPARATUS........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 63
REAGENTS............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 64
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS TESTS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 65
SCOPE AND SEQUENCE CHART ....................................................................................................................................................................... 67
CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12 vi

PREFACE
The syllabus was produced as a result of the Curriculum review process carried out by the Ministry of Education, Science, Vocational Training and Early
Education under the auspices of the Curriculum Development Centre (CDC). The curriculum reform process started way back in 1999 when the Ministry of
Education commissioned five (5) curriculum studies which were conducted by the University of Zambia. These studies were followed by a review of the
lower and middle basic and primary teacher education curriculum. In 2005 the upper basic education National survey was conducted and information from
learners, parents, teachers, school managers, educational administrators, tertiary institutions traditional leader's civic leaders and various stakeholders in
education was collected to help design a relevant curriculum.
The recommendations provided by various stakeholders during the Upper Basic Education National survey of 2005 and National symposium on curriculum
held in June 2009 guided the review process.
The review was necessitated by the need to provide an education system that would not only incorporate latest social, economic, technological and political
developments but also equip learners with vital knowledge, skills and values that are necessary to contribute to the attainment of Vision 2030.
The syllabus has been reviewed in line with the Outcome Based Education principles which seek to link education to real life experiences that give learners
skills to access, criticize, analyse and practically apply knowledge that help them gain life skills. Its competences and general outcomes are the expected
outcomes to be attained by the leaners through the acquisition of knowledge, skills, techniques and values which are very important for the total development
of the individual and the nation as a whole.
Effective implementation of Outcome Based Education requires that the following principles be observed: clarity of focus, Reflective designing, setting high
expectations for all learners and appropriate opportunities.
It is my sincere hope that this Outcome Based syllabus will greatly improve the quality of education provided at Grade 8 and 9 as defined and recommended
in various policy documents including Educating Our Future`1996 and the `Zambia Education Curriculum Framework `2013.
ChishimbaNkosha
Permanent Secretary
vii CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The syllabus presented here is a result of broad-based consultation involving several stakeholders within and outside the education system.
Many individuals, institutions and organizations were consulted to gather their views on the existing syllabus and to accord them an opportunity to make
suggestions for the new syllabus. The Ministry of Education wishes to express heartfelt gratitude to all those who participated for their valuable
contributions, which resulted in the development of this syllabus.
The Curriculum Development Centre worked closely with other sister departments and institutions to create this document. We sincerely thank the
Directorate of Teacher Education and Specialized Services, the Directorate of Planning and Information, the Directorate of Human Resource and
Administration, the Directorate of Open and Distance Education ,the Examinations Council of Zambia, the University of Zambia, schools and other
institutions too numerous to mention, for their steadfast support.
We pay special tribute to co-operating partners especially JICA in collaboration with Hiroshima University and UNICEF for rendering financial and
technical support in the production of this syllabus.
C.N.M Sakala (Mrs.)

Director-Standard and Curriculum
CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12 viii

ix CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12
CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12 x
xi CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12
ASSESSMENT
Continuous assessment will be emphasised by using various methods of testing according to topics and themes at various levels. The examinations council
of Zambia will prepare detailed procedures on how continuous assessment will be conducted by the teachers. The examination council will also develop
examination syllabus to provide teachers with guidelines on the objectives to be tested. The scheme of assessment will consists of school based assessment
and final examination that will be conducted by the examinations of council of Zambia.
School based assessment will be in the form of tests. Tests will be in the form of diagnostic, aptitude, achievement, oral, practice attitude and performance,
learners.
Assessment objectives
The following aspects of the aims will be assessed:

1. Knowledge with understanding
The candidates should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding in relation to:-
(a) Scientific phenomena, facts, concepts, theories and laws.
(b) Scientific terminology, use of symbols, quantities and units.
(c) Scientific apparatus and instruments and their safe operations.
(d) Scientific quantities and their determination.
(e) Scientific and technological applications with social, economic and environmental relevance.
Questions testing these outcomes will in most cases begin with the terms such as:
“describe, discuss, state, explain, name, outline or define”.
2. Handling information and solving problems.

The candidate should be able to:-
(a) Locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources.
(b) Translate information from one form to another.
(c) Manipulate numerical data.
(d) Identify patterns and draw inferences from information.
(e) Give reasonable explanations for patterns and relationships.
CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12 xii

(f) Make predictions and hypotheses.
(g) solve problems
Questions testing these outcomes will often begin with the term such as “predict, calculate, or determine”.
3. Experimental Skills and Investigating.

The candidate should be able to:-
(i) Follow instructions.
(ii) Use basic laboratory techniques, apparatus and materials.
(iii) Observe, measure and record.
(iv) Plan investigations.
(v) Interpret and evaluate observations and results.
(vi) Predicts trends.
(vii) Evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements.
xiii CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12

TIME ALLOCATION
A minimum of six teaching periods of forty (40) minutes each per week. Preferably two (2) double periods to be taken in the Laboratory.
CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12 xiv

GRADE 10
GENERAL OUTCOMES AND KEY COMPETENCES
General Outcomes: Key competences

?Develop an understanding of Chemistry and its branches ?
Demonstrate the ability to measure time ,temperature, mass and
?Develop investigative skills about Chemistry volume
?Demonstrate an understanding of the particulate nature of ?
Show basic skills and knowledge in constructing balanced
matter chemical equations with state symbols
?Develop investigative skills about states of matter ?Demonstrate investigative skills in Experimental Techniques
?Demonstrate an understanding of Experimental Techniques
and its application in everyday life
?Develop investigative skills in Experimental Techniques
?Demonstrate an understanding of atoms, elements, molecules
and compounds.
?Develop investigative skills about the nature of substances.
?Demonstrate an understanding of the importance,
production, use, and effect on the environment of common
elements and simple compounds
1 CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12

SPECIFIC CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC
OUTCOMES KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
10.1.1.1 Describe ?
The study of matter and ?Classifying of ?
Asking
10.1 INTRODUCTION 10.1.1 Introduction to Chemistry. their chemical changes chemistry into its questions for
TO CHEMISTRY Chemistry 10.1.1.2 Classify the ?
Branches such as: branches more
branches of Analytical, Biochemistry, ?Identifying understanding
chemistry Inorganic, Physical and different ?
Awareness of
Organic branches of chemistry
chemistry branches
10.1.1.3 Explain the ?

Improved life through ?
Differentiating ?
Appreciating
importance of manufacture of soaps, chemistry from chemistry
chemistry. detergents, plastic, sugar, the other natural
cement, paper, medicines, sciences
10.1.1.4 Describe the food production and other
challenges of life necessities
chemical ?
Production of undesired
industrial harmful by-products.
activities
10.1.1.5 Demonstrate an ?
Safety rules in the lab
appreciation of
safety in the
laboratory.
CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12 2

SPECIFIC CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC
10.2 10.2.1 Matter and 10.2.1.1 Describe matter ?
Anything that has mass ?Classifying the ?
Appreciating
THE PARTICULATE the Kinetic and occupies space basic units and the basic units
NATURE OF MATTER theory 10.2.1.2 Classify the basic ?
Atoms ,molecules ,ions states of matter of matter and its
units of matter existence in
10.2.1.3Classify the states ?
Kinetic theory: in terms of three states
of matter. particle arrangement and
movement. Solid, liquid,
gas
10.2.1.4 Illustrate changes ?

Changes of states such as ?
Demonstrating ? Applying
of states of melting, freezing, boiling, the changes of changes of
matter. condensation, sublimation states of matter states of matter
10.2.1.5 Describe the in terms of kinetic theory ?
Inferring data in everyday life
absorption of heat ?
Changing states of matter, on absorption
and release of exothermic-release of heat and release of
heat during during a reaction, heat during
changes of states endothermic-absorption of changes of states
of matter heat during a reaction, of matter
include heating and cooling
curves

SPECIFIC CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC
10.2.2.1 Describe diffusion ?
Movement of particles ?Demonstrating ?
Appreciating
10.2.2 Diffusion from region of higher the movement of diffusion
concentration to region of particles in ?
Asking more
lower concentration fluids questions to
10.2.2.2 Demonstrate ?
Liquids and gases ?Comparing learn more
diffusion in fluids (Brownian motion) movement of Fostering
particles in teamwork
10.2.2.3 Describe the ?Factors of diffusion E.g. fluids and
factors that affect molecular mass, factors affecting
the rate of temperature, concentration their speed of
diffusion movement
10.3 10.3.1Measuring of 10.3.1.1 Demonstratehow ? Quantities such as time, ?

Demonstrating ? Applying
EXPERIMENTAL quantities different quantities temperature, mass and accurate safety rules
TECHNIQUES are measured. volume measurement of in use of
10.3.1.2 Identify different ?Measuring apparatus such values of various apparatus
measuring as stopwatch or stop clock, quantities
apparatus used in thermometers, balances, ?
Identifying
chemistry. burettes, pipettes, different
volumetric flask, measuring
10.3.1.3 Identify various measuring cylinder, and apparatus
measuring gas syringes
instrument and ?
Other apparatus: spatula,
other apparatus stands and clamp, test-
used in chemistry tubes, burners, , glass rods,
evaporating dish, funnel
beaker, conical flask etc.

SPECIFIC CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC
10.3.2.1Describe the ?
In terms of melting points ?Differentiating ?
Appreciating
10.3.2 Criteria of differences between melting purity of
and boiling points
purity between a pure points and substances
substance and a boiling points
mixture
10.3.2.2Demonstrate how ?
Sharp melting for pure ?
Demonstrating
to determine the substance and melting over determination of
purity of a purity of
a range of temperatures for substances
substance a mixture.
?
Comparing pure
and impure
substances
10.3.2.3 Explain the ?Importance of purity in ?
Communicating ?
Appreciating
importance of substances such as the importance of the purity
purity of a foodstuffs, medicines, of purity in of substances
substance drinks substances

SPECIFIC CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC
10.3.3 Separating mixtures 10.3.3.1 Distinguish ?
In terms of mass changes, ? Analysing the ?
Applying
between physical irreversibility/reversibility, components in separation
and chemical chemical substance the mixture techniques
changes ?
Identifying in everyday
formed and energy
appropriate life
involved.
methods for
Methods such as separating
different methods decantation, filtration, different mixtures
of separating crystallisation, simple
mixtures and fractional distillation,
magnetism,
chromatography,
evaporation, sublimation,
floatation, use of
separating funnel and
centrifugation
10.3.3.3 Interpret simple ?
Uses such as Rfvalues
paper and distances covered by
chromatograms. components (restricted to
paper chromatography)

SPECIFIC CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC
10.4 ATOMS, 10.4.1 Atomic 10.4.1.1 Describe an atom ?
As the smallest particle ?Communicating ?
Awareness of
ELEMENTS, structure and its structure. of an element which atoms, elements the atomic
COMPOUNDS and takes part in a chemical molecules and structure
Periodic compounds
AND reaction.
Table ?Calculating
MOLECULES Structure: use Bohr model
relative atomic
(nucleus at the centre
mass
surrounded by electron
10.4.1.2Describe the shells)
relative charges ?
Charges as: +1,0,-1
and approximate Masses as: 1, 1, 1/1840
relative masses of
protons, neutrons
and electrons
10.4.1.3Describe the ?
As number of protons: ?
Calculating ?
Asking more
proton (atomic) Z, number of nucleons: relative atomic questions to
number and A (protons + mass learn more
nucleon(mass) ?
Fostering
neutrons)and nuclide
number and teamwork
nuclide notation notation X

SPECIFIC CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC
10.4.1.4 Describe an ?
As substance made up of ? Communicating ? Appreciating
element same chemical atoms. elements and elements from
10.4.1.5 Identify elements the periodic the
?
Symbols of the elements
using their table environment
chemical symbols with atomic number 1 up
10.4.1.6 Describe the basis to 20 and other common
of the Periodic elements in the local
Table environment
?
Group determined by
valence electrons
Period determined by
number of shells
10.4.1.7 Describe isotopes ?As atoms with same ? Calculating ?
Asking more
number of protons but relative atomic questions to
different numbers of mass of an learn more
10.4.1.8 Calculate relative element ?
Fostering
neutrons, including
atomic mass of an teamwork
element given the radioactive and non-
% abundances of radioactive isotopes
isotopes and from ?As sum of the products of
mass spectrum. the percentages and their
mass numbers

SPECIFIC CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC
10.4.1.9Describe the use ?
Such as in medical ?Communicating ?
Awareness of
of radioactive treatment of cancer, the uses of the uses of
isotopes industrial use as tracers isotopes isotopes
10.4.1.10 Demonstrate the

build-up of ?Electronic configuration
electrons in shells of atoms (spdf
configuration is NOT
required)
10.4.2 Bonding 10.4.2.1 Describe a ?
As substance formed from ? Classifying ?
Appreciating
compound two or more elements ionic the use of
10.4.2.2 Describe the chemically combined compounds and ionic
formation of ions covalent compounds
(radicals). ?
Cations by electron loss,
compounds and covalent
10.4.2.3Describe the anions by electron gain. compounds
formation of ionic ?Electrovalent bonding as
(electrovalent) loss and gain of electrons
bonds. between metallic and non-
metallic atoms. Ionic bonds
as electrostatic force
between cations and
anions. Such as NaCl,
CaCl2 and MgO

CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS VALUES
10.4.2.4 Describe the ?
Covalent bonding as sharing ? Communicating ?
Asking more
formation of of electrons between non- the formation of questions to
covalent bonds metallic atoms. Covalent covalent bonds learn more
bonds as shared pairs of ? Inferring the ?
Fostering
arrangements of teamwork
electrons. Such as H2,
simple multiple
Cl2, H2O, NH3, CH4, HCl, covalent
10.4.2.5 Describe the C2H6 molecules
electronic ?
Such as double bonds in ? Demonstrating
arrangement in O2, C2H4 and CO2 , Triple bond formation
simple multiple using models
bond in N2 and C2H2
covalent molecules
10.4.2.6 Describe the uses ?
As refractory materials for Communicating ?
? Asking more
of ionic and ionic compounds (CaO) and theuses of ionic questions to
covalent polar and nonpolar solvents and covalent learn more
compounds compounds ?
Fostering
for covalent compounds.
10.4.2.7 Describe a teamwork
molecule ?
As the smallest particle of
?
Appreciating
an element or compound ionic and
which exists independently. covalent
compounds

CONTENT
10.4.2.8 Describe valency ?
Valency as combining power of ? Demonstrating ?
Asking more
and valence an atom or radical. the deducing of questions to
electrons. Valence electrons as the number valency learn more
10.4.2.9 Demonstrate how to of electrons in the outer most ?
Fostering
deduce valency of shell. teamwork
an element.
?
From the formula of a
compound, ionic charge,
valence electrons.
10.4.2.10 Formulate ?Using valency and chemical ?
Formulating ?
Asking more
chemical formulae symbols of elements, charges chemical questions to
of compounds. on ions, models, relative formulae learn more
10.4.2.11 Identify the numbers of atoms present, ?
Differentiating ?
Fostering
differences in diagrammatic representation chemical teamwork
properties of ionic ?
Differences such as volatility, formulae ?
Appreciating
and covalent electrical conductivity, density, ?
Investigating ionic and
compounds. melting point, boiling point and properties of covalent
basic units. ionic and compounds
covalentcompou
nds

CONTENT
10.4.2.12Describe metallic ?
As lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea’ ?Communicating ?
Asking more
bonding of delocalised electrons metallic bonding questions to
10.4.2.13Describe the and thermal learn more
?
Electrical and thermal: due to free
electrical and conductivity
thermal conductivity electron movement/delocalised
of metals electrons
10.4.3 Macromolecules 10.4.3.1 Describe the giant ?
Graphite as giant structures of ?
Comparing the ?
Awareness of
covalent structures carbon atoms arranged in structures and macromolecules
of graphite and hexagonal layers while diamond uses of graphite, .
diamond as a giant structure of carbon diamond and ?
Appreciating
10.4.3.2 Describe the uses of atoms arranged tetrahedrally. silicon dioxide. the structures
graphite and ?
Uses of graphite as a lubricant, and uses of
diamond in relation pencil leads, electrodes and uses ?
Comparing the macromolecules
to their structures of diamond in cutting, jewellery properties of
Macromolecular structure of diamond and ?
Cooperating in
macromolecular silicon (IV) oxide(silicon silicon dioxide. group work.
structure of silicon dioxide): As oxygen atoms
(IV) oxide(silicon bonded to silicon atoms
dioxide) tetrahedrally despite the formula
10.4.3.4 Identify the being SiO2.
similarities in ?
Similarities in properties between
properties between diamond and silicon dioxide: such
diamond and silicon as atoms held together by
dioxide covalent bonds tetrahedrally.

CONTENT
10.4.4 Chemical 10.4.4.1 Demonstrate how to ?
Equation showing reactants and ?
Demonstrating ?
Appreciating
formulae and construct word products separated by a full curled construction of the
equations equations. arrow (? ). word equations conservation
10.4.4.2 Formulate and balance ?
Formulating of matter.
?
Number of atoms of each element
chemical equations. balanced
being equal on both sides of the chemical and
equation. Balancing can be done by ionic equations.
inspection. Equations may include
state symbols (s-solid, l – liquid, g
– gas, aq – aqueous).
10.4.4.3 Construct net ionic ?
Only ionic aqueous
equations from reactants/products must be broken
balanced chemical down into their respective ions then
equations.
cancel out spectator ions to come
up with net ionic equation.

GRADE 11
General Outcomes: Key Competences

?Demonstrate an understanding of acids, bases and salts. • Demonstrate the skills and knowledge in relating number
?Develop investigative skills about acids, bases and salt. of valence electrons to the Group number and the number
?Demonstrate an understanding of the importance, production, of shells to the Period.
use, and effect on the environment of acids, bases and salts. • Demonstrate skills in classifying salts according to their
?Demonstrate an understanding of the Mole Concept solubility.
?Develop investigative skills about quantitative analysis. • Demonstrate ability to classify oxides as acidic, basic,
?Demonstrate an understanding of chemical reactions and energy neutral and amphoteric.
changes • Demonstrate ability to use tests in identifying aqueous
?Develop investigative skills about various types of reactions. cations, anions and gases.
?Demonstrate an understanding of the Periodic Table • Demonstrate basic skills and knowledge in calculating
?Develop investigative skills about the Periodic Table stoichiometric reacting moles.
• Show ability to identify factors that affect rates of
chemical reactions.

CONTENT
11.1 ACIDS, 11.1.1 Characteristic 11.1.1.1 Describe acids, bases ?
Acid as compound that ?Identifying ?
Applying the
BASES properties of or alkalis in terms of produces hydrogen ions as acids and bases. uses of acids
acids and ions they contain or the only positively charged ? Investigating and bases
AND
bases produce in aqueous the acidity and
SALTS ions in aqueous solutions,
solution. alkalinity of
Base generally as an oxide
substances in
or hydroxide of a metal
everyday life
including ammonium
hydroxide
Alkalis as soluble bases that
produce hydroxide ions in
aqueous solution as the only
negatively charged ions.
11.1.1.2 Describe the meaning ? Strength as degree of
of weak, strong, dilute ionisation,
and concentrated acids Concentration as the
and alkalis number of ions per volume
of solution.

CONTENT
H ?
As scale ranging from 0 to 14 ?
Identifying ?
Applying the
11.1.1.3 Describe the P scale
showing the degree of acidity and acids and bases. uses of acids
alkalinity. ?
Investigating and bases
the acidity and
11.1.1.4 Describe neutrality, The PH values: 7 for neutrality,
?
acidity and alkalinity in alkalinity of
below 7 for acidity and above 7 for substances in
terms of PH value alkalinity everyday life
11.1.1.5 Determine the PH value ?
Using universal indicator: different
of a solution. colours at different PH values,
Using PH meter: precise values
11.1.1.6 Demonstrate the ?
Such as reactions with metals,
characteristic bases, carbonates/bicarbonates and
properties of acids effect on indicators.
Such as reactions with acids and
characteristic ammonium salts, effect on
properties of bases indicators.
11.1.1.8 Illustrate the ?
Such as in controlling the acidity in
importance of acid- the soil, treatment of indigestion,
base reactions brushing teeth with toothpaste.

CONTENT
H
11.1.1.9 State the uses of ? Such as control of P in agriculture, ? Identifying acids ?Applying the
acids and bases. making of soap, in car batteries and bases. uses of acids
? Investigating the and bases
acidity and
alkalinity of
substances in
everyday life
11.1.2 Preparation 11.1.2.1 Describe a salt ?As a compound formed when the ? Classifying of ?
Awareness of
of salts hydrogen ions of an acid are fully or salts salts
partially replaced by a metal or ?
Applying
ammonium ions. Or a compound safety rules in
preparation of
made of positive metallic/ammonium
salts
ions and any negative ion of an acid.
?Demonstrating
11.1.2.2 Classify salts ?As acid, basic and normal salts. the preparation of
according to their Solubility rules of salts soluble and
nature and solubility ?
Using precipitation method and insoluble salts
in water separated by filtration. E.g. Barium ?
Differentiating
sulphate, Silver chloride hydrated and
11.1.2.3 Demonstrate the anhydrous salts
?
By reaction of acids with bases,
preparation of an ?
Experimenting on
suitable metals and carbonates/ preparation of
insoluble salt.
bicarbonates. Separated by salts
11.1.2.4 Demonstrate the crystallisation and filtration. E.g. Zinc
preparation soluble sulphate, copper (II) sulphate
salts.

CONTENT
Using titration method (use of ?
Classifying of ?
Awareness of
preparation of indicator for ease detection of end salts salts
ammonium, potassium point) ?
Demonstrating Applying
and sodium salts. the preparation safety rules in
of soluble and preparation of
Hydrated salts as salts containing
insoluble salts salts
existence of hydrated water of crystallisation. Anhydrous
?
Differentiating
salts and differentiate salts as salts not containing water of hydrated and
from anhydrous salts crystallisation. anhydrous salts
?Experimenting
on preparation
of salts
11.1.2.7 Describe the behaviour ?As hygroscopic, efflorescent, ?
Classifying of ?
Awareness of
of salts with reference deliquescent. salts salts
to the atmosphere. ?
Demonstrating ?
Applying
the preparation safety rules in
of soluble and preparation of
insoluble salts salts
?
Differentiating
hydrated and
anhydrous salts
Experimenting
on the
behaviour of
salts

CONTENT
11.1.3 Types of oxides 11.1.3.1 Describe the ?
Acidic oxides as oxides with acidic ?
Classifying ?
Awareness of
various types of properties such as SO2 and CO2. different types different types
oxides. Basic oxides as oxides with basic of oxides of oxides.
properties such as CaO and MgO. ?
Applying acid-
Neutral oxides as oxides with neither base reactions
acidic nor basic properties such as
CO, H2O.
Amphoteric oxides as oxides with
both acidic and basic properties
ZnO, Al 2O3 and PbO.
11.1.4 Identification of 11.1.4.1 Demonstrate the ?
Cations being aluminum, ?
Observing and ?
Awareness
ions and gases identity of aqueous ammonium, calcium, copper (II), interpreting about
cations and anion. iron (II), iron (III), and zinc using results of composition
(Qualitative analysis)
aqueous sodium hydroxide and reactions of ions of salts
aqueous ammonia. with different
Anions being carbonate, chloride, test reagents.
iodide, nitrate and sulphate using ?
Analysing
various reagents. Refer to chemical
Qualitative notes composition of
salts.

CONTENT
11.1.4.2 Demonstrate the ?Gases being ammonia, carbon ?Identifying gases ?
Appreciating
identity of gases. dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen, different types of
oxygen and sulphur dioxide. gases.
Refer to Qualitative notes
11.2 THE MOLE 11.2.1 Relative 11.2.1.1 Describe Relative ?

RAM as relative mass of an ?
Comparing the ?
Appreciating the
CONCEPT masses Atomic Mass and element’s isotopes as compared to relative atomic relative atomic
relative molecular carbon-12 masses and relative masses and the
mass. molecular masses relative molecular
RMM as relative mass of a
Calculating masses
molecule as compared to carbon-12
11.2.1.2 Calculate the relative molecular
relative formula ? As the sum of the relative atomic
mass of
mass of a masses of all the atoms in the compounds
compound compound.
11.2.2 The mole 11.2.2.1 Describe a mole. ?

As number or quantities of particles ?
Analysing ?
Applying mole
11.2.2.2 Determine the e.g. atoms, ions, molecules, chemical concept
physical masses electrons equivalent to 6.02 x substances ?
Asking questions
(m) of any quantitatively to learn more
1023(Avogadro’s constant)
substance using the m ?
Awareness of the
molar mass (Mr) ?Apply n = /Mr and
mole concept
and the physical n =v/Vm Fostering team
volume (v) of any where n = number of moles work
gas at r.t.p and vice
versa.

CONTENT
As Molar gas volume (Vm) of any ? Demonstrating ?
Applying mole
relationship of 3 3
gas at rtp is 24dm or 22.4 dm at acid-base concept
Avogadro’s law to stp. titrations ?
Asking
reacting moles and ?Problem solving questions to
volumes of gases at in mole concept learn more
r.t.p and s.t.p. 3
Concentration as mol/dm or g/dm .
? 3
?
Awareness of
11.2.2.4 Determine the the mole
The number of moles of solute
concentration of a concept
before dilution is the same as after
solution and apply ?
Fostering team
dilution, M1V1 = M2V2.
dilution law. work
11.2.2.5 Illustrate calculations ?
Using molar mass and molar ?
Problem solving ?
Applying mole
involving volume of a gas using the mole in mole concept concept
stoichiometric reacting concept. (Questions on gas laws ?
Asking
moles and volumes of questions to
and conversions of gaseous
gases and solutions. learn more
volumes to different temperatures
?
Awareness of
and pressures will not be required). the mole
Proportional stoichiometric masses concept
and the given quantities Fostering team
work

CONTENT
11.2.2.6 Describe and calculate ? % yield as actual amount obtained ? Problem solving ?
Applying mole
the percentage yield in a divided by theoretical amount x in mole concept concept
reaction and the 100% ?
Asking questions
percentage purity of a to learn more
% purity as amount of substance
substance ?
Awareness of the
divided by total amount of the
mixture x 100% mole concept
11.2.2.7 Determine limiting Fostering team
reagent in a given ?Using proportional stoichiometric
work
reaction masses and the given quantities
The different types of acid–base ?
Demonstrating ?
Applying mole
calculations involving titration reactions:Using titration acid-base concept
different types of acid– law titrations ?
Asking questions
base titration reactions. to learn more
?
Awareness of the
mole concept
Fostering team
work

CONTENT
11.2.3 Empirical 11.2.3.1 Calculate the ?
Percentage composition of ?Appreciating ?
Appreciating
and percentage composition elements in a compound: As chemical chemical
Molecular of elements in a relative mass of element divided composition of composition of
formulae compound. by relative formula mass of substances substances
11.2.3.2 Determine the compound x 100% ?Applying ?
Applying
empirical formulae of a ?
The empirical formulae by using chemical analysis chemical analysis
compound given the atom ratios ?Fostering team ?
Fostering team
molecular formula work. work.
?Asking more ?
Asking more
questions for questions for
better better
understanding. understanding.
11.2.3.3 Determine the ?

Empirical formula: By calculating ?
Appreciating ?
Appreciating
empirical and molecular the number of moles of each chemical chemical
formulae using component then converts to the composition of composition of
percentage composition simplest mole ratios to get substances substances
or masses. empirical formula. Molecular ?
Applying ?
Applying
formulae as a multiple of empirical chemical analysis chemical analysis
formula given the relative ?
Fostering team ?
Fostering team
molecular mass. work. work.
M.F = (E.F)n, ?
Asking more ?
Asking more
where n = RMM/REM questions for questions for
better better
understanding. understanding.

CONTENT
11.3 CHEMICAL 11.3.1 Rates of 11.3.1.1 Describe rate of a ?
As speed of a chemical ?Demonstrating ?
Applying safety
REACTIONS chemical chemical reaction. reaction. factors that control rules and the
reactions 11.3.1.2 Demonstrate the ?
Factors such as temperature, the rate of factors that
factors that affect the chemical reactions. affect the rate of
rates of chemical concentration, surface area,
? Comparing chemical
reactions catalyst, pressure, light. experimental reactions.
11.3.1.3 Interpret data on the results at different Awareness of
rate of chemical ?
Such as graphical slow and
conditions
reactions. representations for rate of spontaneous
chemical reactions. reactions.
11.3.1.4 Describe methods of ?
Made by either reducing or ?
Analysing and ?
Applying safety
controlling the rate reducing the frequency of interpreting rules and the
of chemical collisions between reacting experimental factors that
reactions. particles such as explosions results. affect the rate of
in flour mills/coal mines chemical
11.3.1.5 Describe the effect of when ignited to surface area reactions.
a catalyst on the ?
Catalyst lowers the activation Awareness of
activation energy energy thus increasing the slow and
rate of a chemical reaction. spontaneous
reactions.

CONTENT
11.3.2. Chemical 11.3.2.1 Describe what ?Chemical equilibrium: as ?Communicating ?
Awareness of
equilibrium chemical equilibrium is when the rate of the forward information in reversible
reaction equalises with rate reversible reactions.
of the backward reaction and reactions. ?
Applying and
the concentrations of the ?Classifying appreciating
substances remain constant. reactions as the optimum
It occurs in reversible reversible and conditions of a
reactions. irreversible. reaction.
11.3.2.2 Describe the effect on ?
As changes in temperature, ?Comparing ?
Asking more
the position of pressure, concentration. reversible questions for
equilibrium of a Apply Le Chartelier’s reactions to better
reaction upon changing Principle (candidates may not irreversible understanding.
conditions. be required to state the reactions.
principle) ?Inferring the
NB:Catalysts have no effect direction of a
on the position of reaction based on
equilibrium relevant data.
11.3.3 Redox reactions 11.3.3.1 Describe what ?
Redox in terms of electron ?Experimenting ?
Awareness of
oxidation and reduction transfer, hydrogen/oxygen with redox redox and
is transfer, changes in oxidation reactions. non-redox
state. reactions

CONTENT
11.3.3.2 Describe what redox ?
Oxidizing agent as a reactant that gains ?Observing ?
Applying redox
reactions is. electrons and/or reduces oxidation state colour changes. reactions
11.3.3.3 Identify oxidizing and ?
Reducing agent as a reactant that loses ?Comparing
reducing agents in a electrons and/or increases oxidation state oxidizing and ?
Appreciating
reaction. reducing agents redox reactions.
11.3.3.4 Demonstrate how to ?Determining oxidation numbers using ?Classifying ?
Participating
determine the oxidation standard rules. redox and non- actively in
number of an element redox reactions group activities
with ariable valency in ?Planning an
a compound/ion. experiment to ?
Applying safety
11.3.3.5 Deduce a redox reaction ?As changes in oxidation numbers of show the effects rules when
using oxidation numbers. reactants and products of an oxidizing experimenting
11.3.3.6 Describe what non- ?
Non-redox reaction: As reaction in which and reducing
redox reaction is there is neither oxidation nor reduction agent
involved.
11.3.3.7 Identify the ?
Oxidizing agents identified using ?
Applying redox
characteristics of potassium iodide solution as reducing ?
Predicting the reactions
oxidizing and reducing agent in the presence of starch or starched oxidation number ?
Appreciating
agents potassium iodide paper. of an element redox reactions.
Reducing agents identified using acidified ?
Participating
potassium dichromate or potassium ?
Predicting a actively in
permanganate as oxidizing agents and reaction as being group activities
observe colour changes only. redox or non- ?
Applying safety
NB: No equations involving potassium redox. rules when
dichromate and potassium permanganate experimenting
will be required.

CONTENT
11.3.4 Energetics 11.3.4.1Describe what ?
Types of Energetics of reactions: As ?
Experimenting ?
Applying
of endothermic and energy in(endothermic) and energy with endothermic
reactions exothermic reactions out(exothermic) reactions endothermic and and exothermic
are exothermic reactions
11.3.4.2 Determine a reaction ?
Identification of endothermic or reactions. ?
Applying
which is endothermic exothermic reactions: Such as changes in ?
Classifying safety rules
or exothermic. enthalpy, energy level diagrams. reactions as during
Calculating ? H using bond energies. endothermic and experiment
exothermic.
11.3.4.3 Describe endothermic ?
Endothermic as bond breaking and ?
Classifying ?
Applying
and exothermic exothermic as bond formation. reactions as endothermic
reactions in relation to endothermic and and exothermic
bonds. exothermic. reactions
11.3.4.4 Identify activation ?
As in energy level representations: lower ?
Investigating ?
Applying
energy for a catalysed for catalysed and higher for uncatalysed. the effects of safety rules
and uncatalysed fuels on the during
reaction on an energy environment experiment
level diagram ?
Applying
Advantages and disadvantages of energy information on
advantages and sources: Such as safety, cost of available energies of
disadvantages of reserves, renewable/non-renewable reactions in
energy sources (fuels). sources everyday life.
11.3.4.6 Describe the effects of ?
Effects of the use of fuels on the
the use of fuels on the environment: Such as pollution,
environment greenhouse effect (global warming).

CONTENT
11.3.4.7 Describe the use of ?
Use of silver halide in photography: ? Planning an ?
Applying safety
silver halide in As reduction of silver ions to investigation to rules during
photography metallic silver by absorption of show that experiment
light.(endothermic reaction) respiration and ?
Applying
11.3.4.8 Describe respiration ?
Respiration as exothermic process photosynthesis information on
and photosynthesis in between oxygen and glucose involve energy energies of
terms of energy producing carbon dioxide and water changes. reactions in
changes Photosynthesis as endothermic ? Communicating everyday life.
process between water and carbon use of halides in
dioxide through absorption of light photography
producing glucose and oxygen.
11.3.4.9 Describe use of ?
The use of radioactive isotope: As a ? Investigating the ?
Applying
radioactive isotope in source of nuclear energy. effects of fuels on information on
relation to energy the environment energies of
changes. ? Investigating to reactions in
11.3.4.10 Explain batteries as ?
The convenient source of electrical show that batteries everyday life.
convenient source of energy: such as batteries as they are are a source of
electrical energy. potable. electrical energy.

CONTENT
11.4 THE PERIODIC 11.4.1 Groups and 11.4.1.1 Describe the Period ?
As a tool for classifying ? Identifying of ?
Appreciating the
TABLE Periods Table elements. vertical Periodic Table
?
Vertical columns as Groups columns and ?
Applying the
11.4.1.2 Identify vertical
and horizontal rows as Periods horizontal classification of
columns and
rows of the elements
horizontal rows.
periodic table.
11.4.1.3 Demonstrate how to ?
As metallic and non-metallic ? Classifying
use the Periodic Table elements as
to classify elements metallic and
non-metals
11.4.2 Groups and 11.4.2.1 Describe trends in ?
As chemical relativity of group ? Identifying ?
Awareness of
Periodic various Groups given I, II, and VII, elements characteristics elements and
trends information about the ?
Properties such as solubility, of their positions on
elements effect of heat on compounds, representative the Periodic
11.4.2.2 Describe the physical melting points, boiling points elements from Table
and chemical and displacement reactions. Groups. ?
Appreciating
properties of elements For Group VII consider ? Classifying positioning of
in Group I, II, VII and atomicity, colour changes, elements elements on the
VIII. changes in physical states, for according to Periodic Table
Group I including description their Groups ?
Appreciating the
as a collection of soft metals. and Periods uses of elements
Such as fluoride in toothpaste, on the Periodic
importance of chlorine in water treatment, Table
halogens antiseptic, bromide in
photographic film

CONTENT
11.4.2.4 Describe the harmful ?
Such as drugs, pesticides, ?Communicating ? Awareness of
effects of halides. CFCs in ozone layer depletion harmful effects harmfulness
11.4.2.5 Describe the use of (CFCs) of halides and of halides
the noble gases in ? The significance of their non- uses of noble ?
Appreciating
providing an inert reactivity in providing an inert gases of uses of
atmosphere atmosphere. Such as argon in noble gases
electrical lamps, helium in
balloons
11.4.3 Transition 11.4.3.1 Describe transition ?As a block elements between ?Investigating ?
Appreciating
metals metals. Group II and Group III of the the physical and transition
Periodic Table chemical metals
11.4.3.2 Describe general properties of
?
As variable valencies, high
properties of transition
densities, high melting points, elements.
transition metals. form coloured compounds, ?Identifying
catalysts. transition metals
Note: Electronic
configuration of
transition metals will not
be required
11.4.3.3 Describe the uses of ?Uses such as catalysts, alloys,
transition metals engineering materials
NB: Heavy metals are no
longer used to make paint for
health reasons

GRADE 12
General Outcomes: Key competences:

?Demonstrate an understanding of Electricity and ? Demonstrate ability to determine the reactivity series of
chemistry metals
?Develop investigative skills about conductivity ? Demonstrate ability to prepare and test gases
? Demonstrate ability to classify conductors,non-
?Demonstrate an understanding of metals conductors,electrolytes and non-electrolytes
?Develop investigative skills about some properties and ? Show understanding of common pollutants of land , water
uses of metals. ,and air
?Demonstrate an understanding of Non- metals. ? Demonstrate ability to identify organic compounds
?Develop investigative skills about some industrial uses of
non-metals
?Demonstrate an understanding of Organic Chemistry

SPECIFIC CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC
12.1 CHEMISTRY 12.1.1. Conductors 12.1.1.1 Classify ?
Conductors being metals ?Classifying ?
Appreciating
AND conductors and such as copper, aluminium, conductors and conductivity of
ELECTRICITY non- conductors silver and Non-conductors non conductors. substances.
being non-metals such as ?
Participating
?Planning an
sulphur, phosphorus, in class work
except carbon in form of experiment to actively
graphite. investigate ?
Applying safety
conductors and rules when
non conductors. experimenting
?Experiment to
conductors and
non conductors.
12.1.2 Electrolysis 12.1.2.1 Classify ?
Difference between ?Classifying ?
Asking more
electrolytes and electrolytes and non- electrolytes and questions for
non-electrolytes electrolytes: Electrolytes as non electrolytes better
ionic compounds and non- ? Formatting a understanding
electrolytes as covalent hypothesis about ?
Awareness of
compounds. the products at the the application
12.1.2.2 Describe what ?
Electrolysis: As electrodes during of electrolysis
electrolysis is decomposition of electrolysis. in everyday
electrolyte using electricity life.
in an electrolytic cell.

CONTENT
12.1.2.3 Describe the products at ?
Products by electrolysis of ?Classifying ?
Asking more
the electrodes during molten binary ionic electrolytes and questions for
electrolysis of molten compounds: metals at the non electrolytes better
binary ionic compounds. cathode by reduction, non- ?Formatting a understanding
metals at the anode by hypothesis about ?
Awareness of
oxidation the products at the the application
12.1.2.4 Describe the products at ?
Products by electrolysis of electrodes during of electrolysis in
the electrodes during aqueous ionic solutions: electrolysis. everyday life.
electrolysis of aqueous Refer to selective discharge ?
Applying safety
ionic solutions. of ions given conditions. rules when
Electrolytes should include experimenting.
molten lead (II) bromide, Participating
molten aluminium oxide, actively in
dilute sulphuric acid group work.
(acidified water),
concentrated hydrochloric
acid, concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride (brine) using
carbon electrodes, and
aqueous copper (II) sulphate
using carbon and copper
electrodes.

CONTENT
12.1.2.5 Describe the industrial ?
Applications of electrolysis: ?Communicating ?
Awareness of
applications of Such as extraction of the industrial the application
electrolysis. aluminium from its oxide, application of of electrolysis in
copper refinery and electrolysis. everyday life.
electroplating. ?Calculatingthe ?
Applying safety
12.1.2.6 Calculate the quantity of ?
The quantity of electrolytic quantities of rules when
electrolytic products. products: Using Faradays electrolytic experimenting.
laws products. Participating
actively in
group work.
12.1.3 Simple cells 12.1.3.1 Describe what a ?
A chemical cell: Two ?
Comparingelectrol ?
Awareness of
(chemical cell) chemical cell is different metals connected ytic and simple the two types of
together and dipped in an cells cells.
electrolyte to produce ?
Classifying the ?
Asking more
electricity. electrolytic cells questions for
12.1.3.2 Compare electrolytic ?
Types of cells: Similarities and simple cells in better
cells and simple cells such as oxidation at the the chart understanding
anode and reduction at the
cathode. Differences such as
cathode being negative in
electrolytic cell while
positive in simple cell and
vice versa for the anode.
Simple cell must use two
different electrodes while
electrolytic cell can use any.

CONTENT
12.2 METALS 12.2.1 General properties of 12.2.1.1 Describe ?
Similar nuclei positive ions ?Identifying ?
Appreciating
a metals diagrammatic in a ‘sea’ of delocalised properties of metals
representations of electrons. metals.
pure metals
Similar In terms of density,
physical melting points, boiling
properties of points, appearance
metal
All metals are electropositive
chemical properties as illustrated in the reaction
of metals with air, water / steam, dilute
non- oxidizing acids,
aqueous solutions of other
metal ions.
12.2.2 Reactivity and 12.2.2.1 Describe the ? As arrangement of metals ?
Comparing ?
Awareness of
Electro Chemical reactivity series of in the order of either their methods of methods of
Series metals increasing or decreasing extracting extracting metals
metals. and dangers
order of reactivity as being
some metals
potassium, sodium, pose.
calcium, magnesium,
aluminium, zinc, iron, lead,
(hydrogen), copper and
silver

CONTENT
12.2.2.2. Explain the apparent ?Due to the presence of ? Demonstrating ?
Appreciating
non reactivity of adhesive oxide/coat. reactivity of of aluminium
aluminium. Reactivity of aluminium due aluminium and
order of
to adhesive coat
reactivity
12.2.2.3 Demonstrate an order ?
From a set of experimental
of reactivity. results Such as reduction of
oxides of metals by other
metals.
12.2.2.4 Describe the effects of ?
As related to the ?
Demonstrating ?
Asking
heat on hydroxides, reactivity/stability of the effects of heat on questions to
carbonates, nitrates of metallic ion present in the salts learn more
metals and ammonium compound. Compounds of ?
Awareness of
compounds. more reactive metals difficulty the heat on
to decompose while salts
compounds of less reactive ?
Fostering team
metals easily decompose. work

CONTENT
Chemical reduction. ?Comparing ?
Asking
extraction of Chemical reducing agents methods of questions to
copper, iron and being Carbon, carbon extracting learn more
zinc from their metals. ?
Awareness of
monoxide, and hydrogen.
ores. the importance
12.2.2.6 Describe the uses of metals
?
Such as electrical wires,
of copper, iron, ?Fostering
construction, aircraft parts.
zinc and team work
aluminium
12.2.2.7 Explain th e
harmful effects of
?
Such as lead poisoning (brain
some metals.
damaging), sodium ions in
raising high blood pressure,
alzehermia by aluminium
12.2.3 Alloys 12.2.3.1 Describe alloys. ?As mixture of two or ?Identifying ?
Appreciating
12.2.3.2 Describe metals/carbon such as steel, characteristics of alloys.
diagrammatic brass, bronze alloys
representations of ?Different nuclei positive ?
Comparing
alloys. ions in a ‘sea’ of delocalised structures of
electrons alloys and pure
metals.

CONTENT
Such as alloys exhibiting ?Identifying ?
Appreciating
advantages of better properties compared characteristics of alloys.
using alloys over to a pure metal (conductor, alloys
pure metals. ?Comparing
strength, weight ratio,
structures of
hardness).
alloys and pure
12.2.3.4 Identify common ?
Such as cutlery, food metals.
uses of alloys packaging, aircraft.
12.2.4 Corrosion 12.2.4.1 Describe ?

As chemical wearing of ?Identifying ?
Appreciating
corrosion metals resulting from attack corrosion. ways of
by atmospheric oxygen in ?Applying minimizing
methods of corrosion.
presence of moisture.
12.2.4.2 Relate corrosion reducing
?
As more reactive metals corrosion.
to the reactivity of easily corrode while less
metals. ?
Relating
reactive metals do not easily sacrificial
corrode. protection
12.2.4.3 Describe different ?
Such as sacrificial methods to
methods of protection, painting, reactivity series.
preventing greasing/oiling, alloying and
corrosion. galvanising.

CONTENT
12.3 NON - 12.3.1 General 12.3.1.1 Describe the ?
In terms of density, melting ? Identifying the ?
Appreciating
METALS properties of physical and points, boiling points, physical and non-metals.
non-metals. chemical properties oxidizing agent chemical
of non-metals. (electronegative elements) properties of
non-metals
12.3.2. Hydrogen 12.3.2.1. Demonstrate the ?
By action of moderate ?
Demonstrating ?
Appreciating
laboratory reactive metals on laboratory physical and
preparation, water/steam and dilute preparation of chemical
collection and test acids and collect by hydrogen. properties of
for hydrogen. upward delivery method, hydrogen and
puts out a lighted splint its uses.
with a ‘pop’ sound.
In terms of colour, odour,
physical and density/”weight”, solubility
chemical and chemical (effect on
properties of litmus, inflammability,
hydrogen combustion)(COWSLIPS)
12.3.2.3 Describe ?
By cracking, electrolysis of
industrial water (brine) and from
manufacture of natural gas
hydrogen.

CONTENT
Such as reducing agent, fuel ? Communicating ?
Appreciating
of hydrogen. for rockets, manufacturing the uses of physical and
ammonia and margarine, hydrogen chemical
balloons filler, welding. properties of
hydrogen and
its uses.
12.3.3. Oxygen 12.3.3.1 Demonstrate the ?By catalytic ?
Demonstrating ?
Appreciating
laboratory decomposition of laboratory physical and
preparation, hydrogen peroxide and preparation of chemical
collection and test thermal catalytic oxygen. properties of
for oxygen. decomposition of ?
Observing the oxygen and its
12.3.3.2 Describe the potassium chlorate, reaction. uses.
physical and collected above water and ?
Communicating
chemical re-lights the glowing the uses of
properties of splint oxygen
oxygen. ?Such as colour, odour,
12.3.3.3 Describe the solubility ,combustion
industrial ?By fractional distillation
manufacture of of liquid air
oxygen.

CONTENT
12.3.3.4 Describe the uses of ?
Such as reducing agent, fuel ? Communicating ?
Appreciating
hydrogen. for rockets, manufacturing the uses of physical and
ammonia and margarine, hydrogen chemical
balloons filler, welding. properties of
hydrogen and
its uses.
12.3.3.5 Demonstrate the ?By catalytic ?

Demonstrating ?
Appreciating
laboratory preparation, decomposition of laboratory physical and
collection and test for hydrogen peroxide and preparation of chemical
oxygen. thermal catalytic oxygen. properties of
decomposition of ?
Observing the oxygen and
potassium chlorate, reaction. its uses.
collected above water and ?
Communicating
re-lights the glowing the uses of
splint oxygen
12.3.3.6 Describe the physical ?Such as colour, odour,
and chemical properties solubility ,combustion
of oxygen.
12.3.3.7 Describe the industrial ?
By fractional distillation
manufacture of oxygen. of liquid air

CONTENT
Such as burning, welding, ?Communicating ?
Appreciating
oxygen in industry and in in blast furnace and the uses of uses of oxygen .
natural processes. respiration oxygen
12.3.3.9 Explain the importance of ?
It traps radiation, if
ozone layer and dangers of depleted by CFCs causes
its depletion. skin cancer, respiratory
diseases
12.3.3.10 Demonstrate the chemical ?

Using white anhydrous ?
Demonstrating ?
Appreciating
test for water. copper (II) sulphate which the chemical importance of
turns blue. testing of water water
12.3.3.11 Describe the importance ?
For laundry, drinking, as ?
Communicating
of water. solvent. the importance

CONTENT
12.3.4 Nitrogen 12.3.4.1 Describe industrial ?
By fractional distillation of ?Demonstrating ?
Appreciating
manufacture of nitrogen. liquid air laboratory physical and
preparation of chemical
ammonia. properties of
nitrogen and
As non- reactive insoluble ?
Observing colour ammonia and
characteristics and gas hence used as refrigerant, changes. their uses.
importance of Nitrogen food packaging. Manufacture
as a gas. of ammonia gas.
Action of a base on ?
Demonstrating ?
Appreciating
preparation collection ammonium salt and collected laboratory physical and
and test for ammonia in by upward delivery method, preparation of chemical
the laboratory turns damp red litmus paper ammonia. properties of
blue. ?
Observing colour nitrogen and
Haber Process changes. ammonia and
manufacture of (Temperature, catalyst, their uses.
ammonia. pressure (Haber process).

CONTENT
In terms of colour, odour, ?Demonstrating ?
Appreciating
physical and density/”weight”, solubility laboratory physical and
chemical properties and as reducing agent, a preparation of chemical
of ammonia. base/alkali, a complexing ammonia. properties of
reagent. ?Observing nitrogen and
12.3.4.6 Describe the thermal ?
Such as ammonium chloride, colour changes. ammonia and
dissociation of ammonium nitrate, their uses.
ammonium salts. ammonium carbonate.

In manufacture of fertilisers,
ammonia explosives, nitric acid
by Ostwald Process
manufacture of nitric
acid
Nitrogen for growth.
importance of Include Phosphorous for
nitrogenous fertilizers root development and
potassium for seed
formation (NPK).
12.3.4.10 Describe the effects ? Such as eutrophication and
of nitrogenous acidic soils
fertilisers on the
environment

CONTENT
12.3.5. Chlorine 12.3.5.1 Demonstrate the ?
By action of hot concentrated ? Experimenting ?
Awareness of
laboratory preparation, Hydrochloric acid on the laboratory physical and
collection and test for manganese (IV) oxide, preparation of chemical
chlorine gas. collected by downward chlorine. properties of
delivery method, turns damp ? Observing chlorine and its
blue litmus paper red and colour changes uses.
then bleaches it during the ?
Applying safety
12.3.5.2 Describe the physical and ?
Physical and chemical preparation of rules during
chemical properties of properties of chlorine gas chloride. experiments
chlorine gas Such: as colour, odour, ?Investigating
density, solubility, the physical and
poisonous. Reactions with chemical
Iron, non-metals (H2,S,O2,P), properties of
sulphur dioxide, Iron(II)salts chloride gas.
and halides.
12.3.5.3 Describe the uses of ?Uses of chlorine For ?Communicating ?
Awareness of
chlorine. sterilizing water, uses and physical and
manufacture of PVC, HCl industrial chemical
and in bleaching agents. manufacture of properties of
12.3.5.4 Describe the industrial ?Manufacture of chlorine:By chlorine chlorine and its
manufacture of chlorine. the electrolysis of brine uses.
(NaCl(aq))

CONTENT
12.3.5.5 Demonstrate the method ?Preparation of hydrogen ?Experimentingt ? Awareness of
for preparation, collection chloride: By action of he preparation of physical and
and test for hydrogen concentrated sulphuric acid hydrogen chemical
chloride gas on solid metallic chlorides, chloride gas. properties of
collected by downward ?Investigating hydrogen
delivery method, react with the physical and chloride and
ammonia to form white chemical its uses.
smoke. properties of ?
Applying
12.3.5.6 Describe the physical and ?
In terms colour, odour, hydrogen safety rules
chemical properties of density, solubility chloride gas. during
hydrogen chloride gas andpoisonous. experiments
Reactions with ammonia and
water
12.3.5.7 Demonstrate the method ?By dissolving hydrogen ?Experimenting ?
Applying
for preparation of chloride gas in water the preparation safety rules
hydrochloric acid. of hydrogen acid during
12.3.5.8 Describe the reactions of ?Such as reaction with and its reactions. experiments
dilute hydrochloric acid. alkalis, metals, carbonates,
ammonia and silver nitrate.

CONTENT
12.3.6 Sulphur 12.3.6.1 Describe the formation ?The formation of sulphur ?Experimenting ?
Awareness of
of sulphur dioxide. dioxide: By combustion of laboratory the physical
sulphur, fossil fuels preparation of and chemical
12.3.6.2 Demonstrate the ?Laboratory preparation, sulphur dioxide properties of
laboratory preparation, collection and test for sulphur
collection and test for sulphur dioxide: By action ? Observing dioxide and its
sulphur dioxide of warm dilute acids on colour changes uses.
sulphites, collected by during the ?
Applying
downward delivery, turns preparation of safety rules
acidified potassium sulphuur dioxide when
dichromate (VI) ? experimenting
green/decolourises purple
potassium manganate
(VII).
12.3.6.3 Describe the physical ?The physical and chemical ? Communicating ?
Awareness of
and chemical properties properties of sulphur information on the physical
of sulphur dioxide dioxide: In terms of colour, properties of and chemical
odour, density, solubility, sulphur dioxide properties of
poisonous. and its everyday sulphur
Reaction with water, action life. dioxide and its
on indicators and as a ?Investigating uses.
reducing agent E.g. turns properties of ?
Applying
acidified potassium sulphur dioxide safety rules
dichromate (VI) when
green/decolourises purple experimenting
potassium manganate
(VII).

CONTENT
12.3.6.4 Describe the uses of ?Uses of sulphur dioxide: ?Investigating ?
Awareness of
sulphur dioxide As food preservative, uses of sulphur the physical
bleaching wood pulp for dioxide and chemical
paper making, manufacture ? Communicating properties of
12.3.6.5 Describe the industrial of sulphuric acid the industrial sulphur
manufacture of sulphuric ?Manufacture of sulphuric manufacture of dioxide and its
acid. acid: By Contact Process sulphuric acid uses.
(catalyst, temperature) ?
Applying
12.3.6.6 Describe the uses of ?Uses of sulphuric acid: safety rules
sulphuric acid. Such as in explosives, as when
drying agent, making of experimenting
soaps, fertilisers
12.3.7 Carbon and 12. 3.7.1 Describe allotropes ?
As different forms of an ? Investigating
carbonates element existing in the same properties of
physical state. allotropes of
12.3.7.2 Describe the physical carbon
properties of the allotropes ?
In terms crystalline and non-
of carbon. crystalline allotropes of
carbon.

CONTENT
By incomplete combustion of ? Demonstrating ?
Appreciating
formation and carbon and carbon laboratory physical and
properties of compounds, reduction of preparation of chemical
carbon monoxide. carbon dioxide by carbon. In carbon dioxide. properties of
terms of colour, odour, ?Observing carbon dioxide
density, solubility, colour changes. and limestone
poisonous. and their uses.
Reacts as reducing agent.
By reaction of dilute acids
laboratory with carbonates or
preparation, bicarbonates, collected by
collection and downward delivery method/
the test for above water, forms white
carbon dioxide. precipitate with limewater.

CONTENT
In terms of colour, odour, ?Demonstrating ?
Awareness of
physical and density, solubility. laboratory Global
chemical properties Reactions with preparation of warming
of carbon dioxide. limewater/alkalis, water and carbon dioxide. ?
Appreciating
carbon. ?Observing physical and
12.3.7.6 Describe the us es ?
Such as in fire extinguishers, colour changes. chemical
of carbon dioxide. carbonated drinks, dry ice, properties of
baking, photosynthesis carbon dioxide
By thermal dissociation of and limestone
manufacture of lime limestone and their uses.
from limestone.
12.3.7.8 Describe the uses of ?Such as in neutralizing acidic

lime and slaked lime. soils, lime as a drying agent
for ammonia.
12.3.7.9 Describe the uses of ?Such as in manufacturing of
limestone. lime, cement, glass, iron.

As global warming due to
greenhouse effect increase of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere

CONTENT
12.3.8 Silicon 12.3.8.1 Describe the properties ?
The properties of silicon: As ? Communicating ?
Awareness of
of silicon. a metalloid the properties of the use of
12.3.8.2 Describe the use of ?
Use of silicon: Used in semi- silicon and its silicon in
silicon. conductors Such as uses everyday life.
transistors, diodes and
capacitors.
12.3.8.3 Describe what silicones ?
Silicones: As ?Comparing the ?
Cooperating
are. macromolecules that exist as fire resistance of in group work.
oils, waxes or plastics and macromolecules.
their structures represented
as:
12.3.8.4 Compare the fire ?

The nature of silicones: ?
Comparing fire ?Awareness of
resistance of With reference to nature of resistance of the use of
siliconeplastics to carbon combustion products, silicone to silicon in
based macromolecules carbon based everyday life.
silicones produce silicon
molecules Cooperating in
dioxide (sand) while organic group work.
based macromolecules
produce carbon dioxide.

SPECIFIC CONTENT
TOPIC SUB TOPIC
Uses of silicon dioxide: ? Communicating ?
Awareness of
uses of silicon Such as in making glass, the uses of the use of
dioxide (sand) as fire extinguisher, in silicon silicon in
dioxide(sand) everyday life.
iron extraction.
?
Cooperating
in group work.
12.4 ORGANIC 12.4.1 Saturated and 12.4.1.1 Describe an ?
As a compound of carbon ?
Identifying ?
Appreciating
CHEMISTRY unsaturated organic other than oxides and alkanes and economic
Hydrocarbons compound. carbonates alkenes. values of
12.4.1.2 Describe alkanes and
?
As a binary compound of ?
Comparing
hydrocarbon alkenes.
carbon and hydrogen. properties of
?
Awareness of
12.4.1.3 Illustrate and ?
Involve concept of alkanes and
organic
name the alkenes
catenation (Chain), use compounds.
structures of the the general formula
aliphatic alkanes CnH2n+2, Named by
up to five carbon
IUPAC system, all
atoms.
should end with ane,
Involve concept of
catenation (Chain), use
the general formula
CnH2n+2, Named by
IUPAC system, all
should end with ane,

CONTENT
12.4.1.4 Demonstrate the structures of ?
Use idea of branched (side chains) ? Identifying ?
Appreciating
isomers and their names. and unbranched butane and alkanes and economic
pentane and nomenclature follows alkenes. values of
?
Comparing alkanes and
IUPAC system.
properties of alkenes.
12.4.1.5 Describe fractional ?As different fractions of crude oil alkanes and ?
Awareness of
distillation of petroleum collected at different boiling alkenes organic
(crude oil) temperatures. ?
Observing compounds.
12.4.1.6 Describe the uses of the ?
Such as domestic fuel, road colour ?Identifying
fractions of crude oil construction. changes. alkanes and
NB: leaded fuel is no longer alkenes.
recommended due to harmful ?Comparing
effects properties of
12.4.1.7 Describe the chemical ?
Such as combustion, cracking, alkanes and
properties of alkanes. alkenes
substitution, steam reforming.
?Observing
12.4.1.8 Account for the apparent non ?
Lack of a specific site of chemical colour
reactivity of alkanes as attack (functional group) and they changes.
compared to other organic are saturated.
compounds.
12.4.1.9 Illustrate unsaturation in ?
Using the concept of catenation
alkenes. and models

CONTENT
12.4.1.10 Describe and name the ?
Use the concept of catenation ?
Identifying ?
Appreciatin
structures of the alkenes and the general formula alkanes and g economic
up to 5 carbon atoms. CnH2n.Structures must contain alkenes. values of
?
one carbon to carbon double
properties of alkenes.
bond. Named using the IUPAC
alkanes and ?
Awareness
system all should end with- ene. alkenes of organic
?
Using the unbranched ?
12.4.1.11 Demonstrate the
structures of isomers of structures of butene and colour changes. ?
alkenes. pentene (positional isomers).
Such as combustion, addition
properties of alkenes. reactions (hydrogenation,
hydration, hydrohalogenation,
halogenation, addition
polymerisation).
12.4.1.13 Illustrate the differences ?
Using structures and bromine ?
Identifying ?
Appreciatin
and similarities between solution to distinguish between alkanes and g economic
saturated and unsaturated saturated and unsaturated alkenes. values of
Hydrocarbons. ?
hydrocarbons.
12.4.1.14 Describe the chemical properties of alkenes.
tests for unsaturated ?
As alkenes decolourise bromine alkanes and ?
Awareness
hydrocarbons (alkenes) solution rapidly. alkenes of organic
As in formation of polymers ?
alkenes. (Petrochemical industries) colour changes

CONTENT
12.4.2 Alcohols 12.4.2.1 Describe the chemical ?
As an organic compound with a ? Identifying ?
Appreciating
(Alkanols) composition of an alcohol. hydroxyl group with general composition economic values
formula CnH2n+1OH of alcohols of alcohols.
Comparing ?
Awareness of
12.4.2.2 Describe and name ?
Using concept of catenation
structures of organic
structures of primary (Chain). Named following IUPAC alcohols compounds.
alcohols up to five carbon nomenclature and all should end
atoms.
with- ol).
12.4.2.3 Demonstrate isomerism in ?

Using branched and unbranched and ? Identifying ?Appreciating
alcohols positional isomers of propanol, uses of alcohols economic values
butanol and pentanol. ?
Comparing of alcohols.
12.4.2.4 Describe the formation of properties of ?Awareness of
?
By hydration of alkenes, hydrolysis
alcohols. alcohols. organic
of esters and fermentation for compounds.
ethanol.
Such as combustion, esterification,
properties of alcohols dehydration and oxidation
Uses such as fuel, antiseptic,
alcohols organic solvent, alcoholic beverages

CONTENT
12.4.3Carboxylic acids 12.4.3.1 Describe and name ?Using concept of catenation ? Identifying ?
Appreciating
(alkanoic acids) structures of (Chain), organic compounds structures of the properties
carboxylic acids up to with a carboxylic group carboxylic and economic
five carbon atoms. acids. uses of
(COOH), general formula
carboxylic
CnH2n+1COOH, all should end acids.
with- oic acid.
12.4.3.2 Describe the ?By the oxidation of alcohols
formation of and hydrolysis of esters
carboxylic acids
12.4.3.3 Demonstrate the ?Such as reaction with bases, ? Demonstrating ?
Appreciating
chemical properties carbonates, metals and alcohols the chemical the properties
of carboxylic acids. (esterification). properties of and economic
carboxylic uses of
acids carboxylic
12.4.3.4 Describe the uses of ?Such as formation of esters.
acids.
carboxylic acids

CONTENT
12.4.4 Esters 12.4.4.1 Describe and name ?Using the concept of catenation (Chain), ?
Identifying ?
Appreciating
(Alkanoates) the structures of Organic compounds with an ester link structures and the properties
esters up to five o and all should end with –oate.
characteristic and economic
carbon atoms. properties of uses of esters.
c o esters.
12.4.4.2 Describe the ?Such as combustion and hydrolysis.
chemical properties
of esters
12.4.4.3Describe the uses of ?Such as in perfumes, food flavourants ?
Describing Appreciating the
esters and relate because of having pleasant smell. the chemical properties and
the uses to properties of economic uses of
properties. esters.
esters
12.4.5 Homologous 12.4.5.1 Describe ?As a collection of organic compounds ?

Identifying ?
Awareness of
series homologous series belonging to the same family with the different homologous
same general formula (consider alkanes, homologous series.
alkenes, alcohols, acids, esters). series.
12.4.5.2 Describe the ?Such as members of each homologous
general series have the same general formula and
characteristics of similar chemical properties. Physical
homologues properties (states, melting point, boiling
(members). point, density, solubility) of members
show gradual changes as molecular mass
changes. Adjacent members differ by
CH2 and have a general method of
preparing members.

CONTENT
12.4.6 Macromolecules 12.4.6.1 Describe ?As giant molecules formed by ? Classifying ?
Awareness of
(Polymers) macromolecules combination of many small macromolecules polymers.
(polymers) molecules (monomers). ? Identifying ?
Appreciating
12.4.6.2 Describe synthetic linkages in economic use
?As human made giant molecules
macromolecules. different of polymers.
(polymers). macromolecules
12.4.6.3 Describe the ?By addition polymerisation E.g.
formation of polyethene, polyvinylchloride,
polyalkenes. polypropene, polystyrene.
12.4.6.4 Classify plastics ?As thermoplastics and
Thermosets
12.4.6.5 Describe the ?By condensation polymerisation, ?

Classifying ?
Awareness of
formation of nylon Nylon: from a diamine and dioic macromolecules polymers.
and Terylene. acid structures represented as: ?
Identifying ?
Appreciating
Terylene linkages in economic use
different of polymers.
macromolecules
c c
Nylon
c c N N
H H

CONTENT
12.4.6.6 Differentiate ?
Terylene: from diol and dioic ?Classifying ?
Awareness of
between the acid. Structures represented as: macromolecules polymers.
structure of Nylon Nylon as polyamide and Terylene ? Identifying ?
Appreciating
and Terylene. as polyester. linkages in economic use
12.4.6.7 Describe typical ?
Plastics used as in carrier bags, different of polymers.
uses of plastics and macromolecules
buckets, pipes
synthetic fibres. Nylon and terylene as in clothing,
tents, strings, ropes.
12.4.6.8 Describe the ?As non-biodegradable (cannot be ? Classifying ?
Awareness of
biodegradability of broken down by microorganisms) macromolecules polymers.
synthetic fibres. ?Identifying ?
Appreciating
linkages in economic use
12.4.6.9 Describe natural ? Such as Carbohydrates, proteins different of polymers.
macromolecules and fats (lipids). macromolecules

CONTENT
12.4.6.10 Describe composition ?Carbohydrates contain carbon, ?
Classifying ?
Awareness of
of carbohydrates hydrogen and oxygen in the form macromolecules polymers.
CxH2yOy where x is a multiple of six.
12.4.6.11 Identify linkages in ?In starch – glycosidic, ?
Identifying ?
Appreciating
starch, proteins and linkages in economic use
fats Proteins – amide, different of polymers
fats – ester linkages macromolecules
12.4.6.12 Relate linkages in ?Such as difference and similarities
synthetic and natural between nylon and proteins.
polymers. Terylene and fats.
12.4.6.13 Describe hydrolysis of ?As formation of soaps and glycerine ?

Classifying ?
Awareness of
fats (saponification). (glycerol). macromolecules polymers.
12.4.6.14 Identify the products of ?Using chromatography to identify ?

Identifying ?
Appreciating
the hydrolysis of starch the amino acids from proteins, linkages in economic use
and proteins. simple sugars from starch. different of polymers
macromolecules

CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL DATA
The following points should be considered during practical in chemistry:
(i) The student should have the knowledge of volumetric analysis in relation to one set of titrations.
The student is expected to comprehend acid-alkali titrations using ordinary methyl orange, screened methyl orange, phenolphthalein or any other
suitable indicator. Other titrations using different reagents may be set as well e.g. redox titration.
(ii) Other experiments involving the determinations of quantity, temperature change and rates of reactions are necessary. Experiments of this nature will
rely on the use of ordinary apparatus in the laboratory.
(iii) Experiments involving identification of an unknown substance or mixture could be set. A learner is expected to observe and investigate the expected
outcome. This may comprise elementary chromatography and simple tests for oxidising and reducing agents. Detailed analysis is not necessary but
a learner is expected to have the knowledge of the reactions of the cations with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia which should
include elementary cations like aluminium, ammonium, calcium, copper(II), iron (II), iron (III) and zinc.
A learner should also carry out the tests for the anions such as carbonate, chloride, iodide, nitrate and sulphate. Chemical tests for gases which should
include ammonia, carbon dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen, oxygen and sulphur dioxide.
Organic substances and ions not mentioned above may be included in the practical sessions. A learner is expected to have sufficient knowledge in this
area. Examination involving different salts with cations similar to the ones specified above may be set but candidates are expected to draw out their
conclusions from the observations.
N.B. No note books, course books, information booklets and text books will be allowed in the practical examination.
A learner shall be expected to perform simple calculations as outlined by the chemistry syllabus. However non programmable calculators are
allowed.

PRACTICAL TECHNIQUES
Schools and students are reminded of the importance of accuracy in quantitative and qualitative exercises during the practical lessons.
(i) A learner is expected to read the burette accurately and to the nearest volume of 0.1cm3. At least 3 titrations should be done by a student to ensure a
correct result and marks. Only values that fall within ±0.2 with respect to the supervisor's volume will score full marks.
(ii) A student is expected to take note of the temperature readings to the nearest 0.5oC. Recommended thermometer range is -10oC to 110oC. The time
should be recorded in seconds and the stop clock/stop watch will be the most convenient timing instrument.
(iii) Learner must show the ability to ignore certain values on the titration table and use only those that are consistent and compute the average of the
consistent values. Consistent values must fall within 0.2 to one another.
In case of qualitative exercises a learner should use around 1cm depth of a solution i.e. (about 2cm3) in a test tube. Reagents should be added drop by drop
and thoroughly mixing them, to ensure effective results for each test. The student should make sure that no further changes may occur if more reagents
are added. A learner should take note of the stage at which the precipitate forms and also the colour changes. Furthermore the learner must take note of
chemicals used to detect gases, if any, during the experiments. Observations must be recorded as stipulated in the qualitative notes. Equations are not
required during practical.

APPARATUS
The following apparatus should be stocked for teaching and examination purposes. Each learner should be provided with the necessary apparatus to
conduct the experiments.
Bunsen burner
Test-tubes
Measuring cylinder calibrated 25cm3 or 50cm3.
Filter funnel.
Beaker (polystyrene, glass) volume of 250cm3.
Conical flasks with volume of 250cm3.
Burette with a volume of 50cm3.
Pipettes with volumes of 25cm3 or 20 cm3
Pipette fillers.
Thermometers calibrated -10oC to 110oC at intervals of 1oC.
Stop clocks/stop watches which record time in seconds.
Wash bottles.
Pyrex test tubes are essential for heating purposes with capacities 125mmx 16mm.
Boiling tubes i.e. of dimension 150mm x 25mm.
Stirring rods for stirring or mixing purposes.
Electronic balances /triple beam balances.

REAGENTS
The following standard reagents should be stocked among others. These are of paramount importance during practical.
Hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol/dm3
Nitric acid 1.0 mol/dm3
Sulphuric acid 0.5mol/dm3
Aqueous ammonia 1.0 mol/dm3
Aqueous sodium hydroxide 1.0mol/dm3
Lime water (a solution of calcium hydroxide)
Aqueous silver nitrate 0.05 mol/dm3
Aqueous potassium dichromate (VI) 0.1 mol/dm3
Aqueous potassium iodide 0.1 mol/dm3
Aqueous lead (II) nitrate 0.2 mol/dm3
Aqueous potassium permanganate (VII) approximate 0.02 mol/dm3
Barium nitrate 0.2 mol/dm3
In addition chemical substances such as aluminium foil, red litmus paper, blue litmus paper and universal indicators should be in stock.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS TESTS
Notes for use in qualitative analysis
Test for anions
Anions Test Test result
Carbonate (CO32 – ) Add dilute acid Effervescence occurs, carbon dioxide

produced
Chloride (Cl – ) [in solution] Acidify with dilute nitric acid , then add White ppt.
aqueous silver nitrate
Iodide (I – )[ in solution] Acidify with dilute nitric acid , then add Yellow ppt.
aqueous lead (II) nitrate
Nitrate (NO3 – )[ in solution] Add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then Ammonia produced
aluminum foil, warm carefully.
Sulphate (SO42 – ) [in solution] Acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add White ppt.
aqueous barium nitrate

Test for aqueous cations
Cations Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide Effect of aqueous ammonia

Aluminium ions (Al3+) White ppt. soluble in excess giving a White ppt., insoluble in excess
colourless solution
Ammonium ions (NH ) Ammonia produced on warming -
Calcium ions (Ca2+) White ppt., insoluble in excess No change

Copper ions (Cu2+) Light blue ppt., insoluble in excess Light blue ppt., soluble in excess, giving a
dark blue solution
Iron(II) ions (Fe2+) Green ppt., insoluble in excess Green ppt., insoluble in excess, turns
reddish-brown on standing
Iron (III) ions ( Fe3+) Red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess Red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess
Zinc ions (Zn2+) White ppt., soluble in excess giving a White ppt. soluble in excess giving a
colourless solution colourless solution.
Test for gases
Gas Test Test result

Ammonia Introduce damp red litmus paper to the gas Turns damp red litmus paper blue
Carbon dioxide Bubble the gas through limewater White precipitate formed
Chlorine (Cl2) Introduce damp blue litmus paper to the Turns litmus paper red then bleaches it
gas
Hydrogen (H2) Introduce a lighted splint into the gas Puts out the lighted splint with a
‘pop’sound
Oxygen (O2) Introduce a glowing splint into the gas Glowing splint relighted
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Bubble the gas through acidified potassium Turns orange potassium dichromate green.
dichromate (VI)

SCOPE AND SEQUENCECHART
Topic Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12

SUB-TOPIC SUB-TOPIC SUBTOPIC
Introduction to 10.1.1 Introduction to Chemistry Acids, Bases 11.1.1 Characteristic Chemistry 12.1.1. Conductors
Chemistry and Salts properties of and
acids and bases Electricity
The Particulate 10.2.1 Matter and the Kinetic 11.1.2 Preparation of Metals 12.2.1 General properties
nature of matter theory salts of a metals
10.2.2 Diffusion 11.2.3 Types of oxides 12.2.2 Reactivity and

The mole Electro Chemical
concept Series
Experimental 10.3.1 Measuring of quantities 11.2.4 Identification of 12.2.4 Corrosion
Techniques ions and gases
(Qualitative
analysis)
10.3.2 Criteria of purity 11.2.1 Relative masses 12.2.5 Thermal stabi lity
of the compounds
10.3.3 Separating mixtures 11.2.2 The mole Non-Metals 12.3.1 General properties
of non-metals.
Atoms, elements, 10.4.1 Atomic structure and 11.2.3 Empirical and 12.3.2. Hydrogen
molecules and Periodic Table Molecular
compounds formulae
10.4.2 Bonding Chemical 11.3.1 Rates of 12.3.3. Oxygen
reactions and chemical
energy reactions
changes

Topic Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12
10.4.3 Macromolecules 11.3.2.Chemical 12.3.4 Nitrogen
equilibrium
10.4.4 Chemical formulae and 11.3.3 Redox reactions 12.3.5. Chlorine
equations 11.3.4 Energetics of 12.3.6 Sulphur
reactions
The Periodic 11.4.1 Group and the 12.3.7 Carbon and
Table periodic trends carbonates
11.4.2 Group properties Organic 12.4.1 Saturated and
Chemistry unsaturated
Hydrocarbons

Chemistry Syllabus: GRADES 10 - 12

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Republic of Zambia

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE, VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND EARLY EDUCATION

PREPARED AND WRITTEN BY THE CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

First Published 2013 by

CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12

iii CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12

VISION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iii

10.2THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER ............................................................................................................................................... 3

10.3EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES .................................................................................................................................................................. 4

10.4 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MOLECULES........................................................................................................................ 7

CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12 iv

11.2 THE MOLE CONCEPT ................................................................................................................................................................................. 20

11.3 CHEMICAL REACTIONS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 24

11.4 THE PERIODIC TABLE ................................................................................................................................................................................. 29

12.3 NON -METALS............................................................................................................................................................................................... 39

v CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12

12.4 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY .............................................................................................................................................................................. 52

CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL DATA ........................................................................................................................................................................ 61

CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12 vi

vii CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12

C.N.M Sakala (Mrs.)

CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12 viii

The following aspects of the aims will be assessed:

2. Handling information and solving problems.

CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12 xii

3. Experimental Skills and Investigating.

xiii CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12

CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12 xiv

GENERAL OUTCOMES AND KEY COMPETENCES

General Outcomes: Key competences

1 CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS - GRADE 10 - 12

10.1.1.3 Explain the ?

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10.2.1.4 Illustrate changes ?

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10.3 10.3.1Measuring of 10.3.1.1 Demonstratehow ? Quantities such as time, ?

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10.4.1.10 Demonstrate the

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GENERAL OUTCOMES AND KEY COMPETENCES

General Outcomes: Key Competences

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11.2 THE MOLE 11.2.1 Relative 11.2.1.1 Describe Relative ?

11.2.2 The mole 11.2.2.1 Describe a mole. ?

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11.2.3.3 Determine the ?

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