SYMBOLS, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND USEFUL EQUATIONS

Note that NOT all information included in this list is relevant to the questions in this examination paper!
Symbols used for main physical quantities:
quantity symbol Definition quantity symbol Definition
cartesian coordinates: x, y, z; u velocity: v v = du/dt
spherical coordinates: r; ϑ; φ speed: v v = |v|
cylindrical coordinates: r; ϑ; z acceleration: a a = dv/dt
length: l acceleration of gravity: g
deflection: u, w, z force: F F = ma
maximum deflection: δ internal normal force: N, S
thickness: t internal shear force: Q
width: w force per unit length: w
radial length, radius: r, R moment (torque): M (T) T=u×F
diameter: d bending moment: M
distance from axis: h moment per unit length: Mx,y,r,ϑ
plane angle: ϑ; φ pressure: p, P p = F/A
area: A normal stress: σ σ = F/A
volume: V shear stress: τ τ = F/A
time: t linear strain: ε ε = Δl/l
angular velocity: ω ω = dφ/dt Poisson’s ratio: ν
y dA   modulus of elasticity,
first moment of area: J Jx = ∫ A Young’s modulus: E E = σ/ε
second moment of area, shear strain: γ γ = Δx/t
moment of inertia: I Ix = ∫ y 2 dA shear modulus: G G = τ/γ
A
mass: m energy: W
density, mass density: ρ ρ = m/V potential energy: U

Material Properties:
Material: Density: Young’s modulus Yield stress: Poisson’s ratio Thermal expansion coeff.
Stainless steel (AISI 440) ρ = 7800 kg/m3 E = 200 GPa σY = 1280 MPa ν = 0.29 α = 10.1 µm/m K
Aluminium (214-T4) ρ = 2800 kg/m3 E = 73 GPa σY = 276 MPa ν = 0.33 α = 24.0 µm/m K
PVC ρ = 1450 kg/m3 E = 3.2 GPa; σY = 52 MPa; ν = 0.40 α = 50.4 µm/m K
Silicone rubber ρ = 1250 kg/m3 E = 3.5 MPa; σY = 9 MPa; ν = 0.45 α = 270 µm/m K

Useful equations:

Radial and hoop stresses for thick cylinders subjected to pressure:

B and B (A and B constants)
σr = A− 2 σθ = A + 2
r r

Radial and circumferential stresses for rotating discs:

D 3+ ν and D 1+ 3ν (C, D const.)
σr = C − 2 − ρω 2 r 2 σϑ = C + − ρω 2 r 2
r 8 r2 8

Circular Plates of uniform thickness t:

Deflection z, at a radius r, for a circular plate, when:
- deflection for a uniformly distributed normal load p, per unit area: pr d ' 1 d ! dz $* ;
= ) # r &,
2D dr ( r dr " dr %+
- deflection for a concentrated central force F: d ' 1 d ! dz $* F ;
) # r &, =
dr ( r dr " dr %+ 2π rD
where: Et 3
D=
(
12 1 − ν 2 )
Bending moments per unit length: " d 2 z ν dz % and " d 2 z 1 dz % ;
M r = −D $ 2 + ' M ϑ = −D $ν 2 + '
# dr r dr & # dr r dr &
Stress distribution by: 12 M r h and 12 M c h (h distance from neutral surface).
σr = σϑ =
t3 t3

Useful standard integrals:

ϑ 1
∫ sin 2 ϑ dϑ = 2 − 4 sin 2ϑ + C
ϑ 1
∫ cos2 ϑ dϑ = 2 + 4 sin 2ϑ + C
1
∫ sin ϑ ⋅ cosϑ dϑ = 2 sin 2 ϑ + C
END OF PAPER