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CHURCH ARCHITECTURE

Term / Building /
Definition
Character
Christians met where they could, mainly in their
own homes. Some of these houses of worship
were entirely converted into places of worship. House Church
An example of this is the ________ at Dura
Europos.
are large rectangular building used as a hall
justice and public meeting place in ancient Basilica
Rome
The oldest known basilica was built in the
Forum of Rome in 184 BC by Cato the Elder Basilica Porcia
and is called the
was an enclosed system; its role within the city
was that of a model, an aspiration, an example, Monastery
not itself part of the community.
Mandated in the 10th century, the church would
be built so that the nave pointed ____ so that East
the rising sun would shine on the altar

BASIC CHURCH TERMINOLOGIES

Term / Building /
Definition
Character
a section on one or both sides of a central
space called the nave; usually separated with Aisle
pillars and arches.
walkway usually behind the high altar or leading
Ambulatory
to a chapel.
part of the church at the east end that protrudes
Apse
outward in a semi-circle.
row of arches supported on pillars. Arcade
smooth-finished masonry cut into square blocks. Ashlar
small cupboard built into church wall. Usually
Aumbry
held items used in communion.
pews that are enclosed with a door. Box pews
memorials that are engraved on
Brasses
brass/copper/zinc alloy known as ‘latten’; rich

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families used them to honour deceased

members.
where the main altar of the church is located;
Chancel
usually at the east end.
raised central section of a nave or chancel that
Clerestory
has windows to give extra light.
projecting block of stone or timber that supports
Corbel
something above it.
leaf-like ornament to decorate pinnacles or
Crocket
arches in gothic architecture.
shape of a cross. Cruciform
vessel to hold water for baptisms. Font
extra seating was provided in a balcony above
the main body of the church with stairs to climb Gallery
up.
carved stone animals, people, or fanciful beasts
Gargoyle
used for decorative or water spout purposes.
a church chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Lady Chapel
narrow window with a sharp pointed arch at the
Lancet
top.
roofed and gated structure at entrance to
Lynchgate
churchyard where coffins passed through.
name for a church that was a mission
headquarters and mother church of the Minster
surrounding area.
carved bracket on underside of hinged choir-
stall seats; designed to give support to choir Misericord
standing for long period.
main section of the church where the
congregation sits; usually at the west end and Nave
center.
moulding that is shaped in a continuous double
Ogee
curve, convex below and concave above.
column supporting an arch. Column
column projecting from a wall for decoration. Pillaster
platform used for preaching. Pulpit
painted or carved screens used as a backdrop
Reredos
to an altar.
the cross of Christ Rood

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divided the chancel from the nave; often carved

Rood Screen
and with traceries.
set of seats recessed in niches in the chancel;
Sedilia
used by the priests and other church helpers.
intersecting stone ribs in decorative forms;
Tracery
supported glass in an upper part of a window.
arms of a cruciform church projecting north and
Transepts
south where chancel and nave meet.

ENGLISH ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

Term / Building /
Definition
Character
This is the period between c600 and the
Norman conquest in 1066. The still surviving
churches mainly date from c966-1066. Look for
primitive looking sturdy towers with two bell
openings, narrow doorways and windows with Anglo-Saxon
round or triangle-headed arches. Also look for
herring-bone masonry. Examples of these
churches in Lincolnshire are at Stow and
Bracebridge.
This is the period between 1066 and c1190. Its
other name is ‘Romanesque’. Look for round
arches, massive cylindrical pillars, and carved
Norman
round-headed doorways. Examples of these
churches in Lincolnshire are Deeping St James,
Sempringham, and Whaplode.
This period dates from c1180-1280. It has two
other names: ‘Early Gothic’ or ‘First Pointed’.
Look for pointed lancet windows, chamfered
Early English
pointed arches, clustered pillar, and foliage
carved capitals. Examples in Lincolnshire are
Kirkstead, Weston, and Lincoln Cathedral.
This period dates from c1280-c1350. Look for
elaborately carved sculpture on surfaces,
complex window tracery, and decorative ‘ogee’ Decorated
arches. Aisles were made wider and porches
were added. Lincolnshire has many churches

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from this period. Examples are at Heckington,

Swineshead, and Stamford.
Dating from c1350-1550, this was the newest
style of English Gothic at the time. It used
straight rather than flowing lines. Look for very
large windows, high arches and angel roofs. Perpendicular
There were wide aisles and large naves.
Examples in Lincolnshire are Louth, Tattershall,
and Theddlethorpe.
From 1158-1603 (Elizabethan or Tudor period)
and during the 17th century (Jacobean/Stuart)
church building was somewhat at a standstill.
This was an era of large and colourful
monuments. During Tudor times church building Elizabethan and
was influenced by Renaissance styles. Jacobean/Stuart
Examples are found in Lincolnshire at
Brocklesby, Edenham, Hainton, and Snarford.
From 1485-1689 churches were influenced by
the Italian style.
This period dates from 1715-1837. The style
was considered ‘classical’ in that it copied styles
of ancient Greece or Rome. Box pews and high
Georgian
pulpits are found in many of these churches. In
Lincolnshire visit Cherry Willingham,
Gainsborough, Moulton Chapel, and Well.
Dating from 1837-1901 during Queen Victoria’s
reign there was a flurry of church building. Most
used the Gothic Revival style which imitated
medieval churches. Examples in Lincolnshire
Victorian
are Nocton and Spalding St Paul’s. The
Victorians also restored and changed the style
of many older churches. Brant Broughton and
Laughton are examples.

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Romanesque Architecture

Term / Building /
Definition
Character
Curved rows of voussoirs outlining tympanum. Archivolts
Vertical element on both sides of a door or
Jamb
window.
Columns found on both sides of a door or
Jamb Columns
window.
Pier that supports lintel. Trumeau
Semi-circle over door lintel lintel. Tympanum
Wedge-shaped stones. Voussoirs
Continuation of the aisled spaces on either side Continuous
of the nave Ambulatory
The junction of the four arms of a cruciform
Crossing
(cross-shaped) church.
A chapel radiating tangentially from one of the
Radiating Chapels
bays or divisions of the apse.
In churches romanesque use ______ cross. Latin Cross
Architectural character of romanesque Sober and dignified
Built by emperor charlemagne as his " royal
tomb-house" prototype of similar churches in Aix-La / Aachen
germany place of coronation of the Holy roman Cathedral
emperor
Typical german romanesque church remained
the seat of bishops, archibishops and electors Worms Cathedral
for 1500 years
is a medieval Roman Catholic cathedral
dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Pisa Cathedral
in the Piazza dei Miracoli in Pisa, Italy.
Lund Cathedral is a huge construction and
perhaps the best example of Romanesque Lund Cathedral
architecture in all of Scandinavia
________ is an outstanding example of the
early use of brick in the construction of large Roskilde Cathedral
religious buildings in Northern Europe.

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Gothic Architecture

Term / Building /
Definition
Character
12th-16th Centuries _______ comes from
Italian: gotico with connotations of “rough and Gothic
barbarous” coined during the Renaissance.
characterized by ribbed and domed vault, flying
buttresses, stained glass windows, pointed Gothic Architecture
arches.
A widnow shape formed by tracery using eight
Octofoil Tracery
foils
Considered w/ loftiest vaults in europe at 157 ft.
Beauvais Cathedral
and 6 inches
Has greatest total length (560 ft.) than-any
Winchester Cathedral
medieval cathedral.
Famous for its 160 stained glass windows Chartres Cathedral
A small dormer window set into a spire often
Lucarne
louvred
A column composed of several shafts Clustered Column
The usually triangular part of the wall enclosing
Gable
the sloping faces of a pitched roof
A window giving light to a crypt Undercroft Window
The largest cathedral in northern europe
Cologne Cathedral
covering witn approx. area of 91,000 sq. m
Largest in area and width in any english
York
medieval cathedral.
Coronation church of france, west facade is
Reims Cathedral
famouse for its 500 statues
A window piercing the outer wall of the
Aisle Window
aisles
Ornamental stonework set within the aperture of
Curvilinear Tracery
a window
An exterior set of steps leading to a grand
Perron
entranceway or portal
An elongated triangular form, narrowing towards
Pinnacle
the top and extending to the air.
Famous for its 500 statues. Reims Cathedral
One of the largest benedictine monasteries.
Westminster Abbey
comprises an abbey church and a square

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cloister court. it was built by several master

masons and master carpenters. it is
geometrically in style w/ pinnacles and tracery
windows.
A masonry structure providing support to a wall Buttress
A large entranceway composed of three
openings typically found at the west end of Tripartite Portal
medieval cathedrals
Has a palace w/c was the headquaters of the
Avignon
Popes
A ________ is a church with nave and side
aisles of approximately equal height, often Hall Church
united under a single immense roof.
One of the oldest french gothic church. it was
Notre Dame De Paris
begun by bishop maurice de sully
Counterpart of salibury of england, famous for
its carved woodwork in the choir stalls. designed Amiens Cathedral
by robert de luzarches
Built as a palace chapel by King Louis IX to
house relics he had acquired from Saint-Chapelle, Paris
Constantinople
The crowning ornament of a pinnacle spire or
Finial
roof
Largest medieval cathedral in europe 2nd
Seville Cathedral
largest in the world.
Surrounded by moat water Carcassone
A tracery formed from series of continuously
Curvilinear Tracery
curving bars
A bracket projecting from a wall to support a
Corbel
structure alone
Circular window delineated with often highly
complex tracery that gives it the appearance of Rose Window
a multipetalled rose
A low protective wall running along the edge of
Parapet
the roof
The Sphere-shaped crowning ornament of a
Orb Finial
pinnacle
A narrow, tall structure, here projecting from the
Tower
crossing or west end of the church

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A small gable used to top a buttress Gablet

A window piercing the upper storey of the nave,
Clerestory Window
transepts and looking over the aisle roof
A series of arched recesses in a wall designed
to hold statues or simply provide surface Arcade of Niches
variegation
Part of the tower where the bells are hung Belfry
A statue set in an arched recess in a wall
Niche With Statue
surface
A tapering triangular structure often set atop a
Spire
tower in a church or other
A manifestation of belief that cathedrals could
be an image of the truth communicating a vision Stained Glass
of heaven.
The _____ vault has additional ribs (tiercerons,
from tierce, third) springing from wall shaft or
Tierceron Vaults
pier at the corner of each bay to the ridge ribs
along the apexes of the vault.
________ have short linking ribs (liernes, from
French lier to bind) in the crown of the vault Lierne Vaults
between the main ribs.
is a form of vault used in the Gothic style, in
which the ribs are all of the same curve and
Fan Vaults
spaced equidistantly, in a manner resembling a
fan.
in which intersecting ribs forming diamond
mesh, which gives it the shape of the net. The
vault was introduced at the end of the gothic Net Vaults
period. Used mainly in Germany, the
Netherlands and Poland.
French middle phase Gothic Rayonnant
French late phase Gothic Flamboyant

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