HOA 4 3.

Dait – dait - Mamanua Aeta from Mindanao used iwhen

hunting. Wild banana leaves, coconut fronds with grass of
1. Pre- Hispanic Era rattan

Early Philippine shelter C. Arboreal Shelters

Prehistoric Buildings - Dwelling on high trees of tree houses

- First shelter – made of interlocking branches 20,30- 60ft
a. Caves above ground /6,12 or 18 meters above the ground
b. Lean to Shelters
c. Arboreal shelters - Architectural institution fashioned by nature

Gaddang & Kalinga of Luzon

A. Cave Dwellings Manobo & Mandaya of Mindanao of Lake Lanao
- Earliest form of human habitation
- Homo sapiens
- Excavation rather than construction Tingguian- in Palan Abra had separate daytime and nocturnal abode

Aligang – smaller and rested on the topof a tree 18-24 meters from
the ground safe guard from night time ambush
Pleistocene People – earliest dwellers in PH, Iced age, Theory of
land/tulay na lupa Small hut- of bamboo and thatch built on the ground for day abode
1. Tabon Cave
- Largest
- Ph’s “cradle of civilizations” Rice Terraces – Prehistoric Megastructure
- Lipuun Point, N Quezon, Palawan
- Philippine Tabon Megapode/Scrufowl bird - Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordillera (Nat’l Treasure)
- Complex of 29 explored caves (7 public) Tabon cave, - Carved into the mountains
Diwata Cave, Igang cave, and Liyang Cave. - Testament to modern engineering
- Dwelt 30,000 years ago - Up to 6 meters high
- Tabon man discovered - Stone walls
- Managed by Nat’l museum - Exceeded the amount of stones of Egypt pyramids and
- 2011 Feb. National Cultural treasure Great wall of China
- Protected by Republic Act No. 10066
Manunggul Jar – burial jar from Neolithic burial site in Manunggul
cave in Tabon Caves 3 Basic Elements

- 890-710 BC 1. Terrace space

- Figures represent journey of a soul to the after life 2. Embankment
3. Soil Body

Bawang – enclosed pond-field surface. The area enclosed by each

2. Tau’t-Batu Cave – “People of the Rock” terrace dike that primarily functions to cultivate rice.
- Last discovered tribe in PH
- Singnapan Valley, Southern Palawan Tau’ – fish sump. A low portion in an enclosed pond field that is
- Fear of thunder usually stocked with mudfish.

Datag – basic sleeping platform
Angono Petroglyphs – petro (stone) Glyoh (illustration)
- Oldest known work of art in PH, Province of Rizal
- 127 Human & Animal figures 3000BC
3. Callao Cave
- Callao man – fossilized remains discovered in Callao cave,
Penablanca Cagayan
- 2007, found 61mm metatarsals 67,000 yrs.old by Armand
Salvador Mijares
Pumpudungan – property marker. A marker that is intended to
identify the limit of one’s property, especially in a rice field.
Inado – vegetable mulch mounds. An earthen mound intended for
cultivating vegetables.
Banong – dike/pond-field rim. The topmost part of the retaining wall
(topeng) that is relatively flat and used both as a pathwalk and water
confinement at the pond-field.
Topeng – stone retaining wall. Quarried angular broken stones laid
in a slight angle, one above the other, to serve as terrace walling.
Lobong – water. The irrigated water from the forest, naturally
distributed to every rice field to foster rice growth.

Guheng – spillway. A water outlet constructed at the retaining wall,

just above the required water level of the pond-field, as means of
passage for surplus water as well as a drainage conduit.

Luyo – worked pond-field soil. The soil that is ploughed, planted with
rice, and provided with proper water irrigation.
B. Lean-to Shelters
Haguntal- hard earth fill. Earth soil with pisces of crushed stones or
- Ephemeral Architecture (one of the first artifacts created rocks that serve as pond-field soil bedding.
by humans
- Temporary shelters Adog – rough gravel fill. Small pieces of rock or gravel that work both
- Demountable (they carry their shelter, don’t need a support for the terrace stone walling and the artificial pond-field.
permanent shelter)
Gonad- foundation stone. Huge boulders that serve as foundation of
- Nomads
the terraces
- Windbreak (lean to) windscreen, or windshield, wind-sun
and rain screen anchored by pole/stick Áhbubul – submerged water source. The natural source of water for
- PINANAHANG – lean to of Agta People from Pampanga the pond pond-field coming from the ground.
and Zambales made out of grass and bamboo
Ánul – drainage conduit. An artificial stone conduit for distributing
Lean-to Shelters and draining excess water constructed based on the natural
topography of the land.
1. Hawong - Pinatubo Aeta, with ridge pole supported by
forked stakes or limbs Gangal – course fill/small stones. The space in a stonewalled terrace
2. Panahang – Agta & Casiguran damages Aetas from Aurora composed of small, broken stones laid directly on the hill’s bedrock.
Áldoh – second-course walling stone. The second layer of stones of Three layered structure:
the terrace terraces resting above the “gonad “or foundation stones.
1. Bubungan- warm air rises and exits through the shingles
Doplah – bedrock/original valley-floor earth 2. Sala – main multi-purpose living space used for sleeping,
eating, entertaining and working
3. Silong – storage area, domestic animals
PHILIPPINE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE Roof – Nipa & anahaw
“Vernaculus”- domestic, native, indigenous Walls – Sawali & Bamboo
- Folk, indigenous tribal, ethnic and traditional architecture Frame – Wood & bamboo
- Architecture based on local needs, construction materials
and reflecting local traditions
- Rearranging the environment, it becomes architecture
- Protection from animals, tribe and natural calamities Balai/Bahay
- Demonstrates the achievements and limitations of early
Archetypal Tropical Characteristics
technology
- Utilizing technologies learned only through tradition 1. Elevated living floor
- Addresses the most common of structural problems with 2. Buoyant Rectangular volume
simplicity and logical arrangement of elements. 3. Raised pile foundation
4. Voluminous thatched roof
5 principal features:
- Botanic building materials :
1. The builders, whether artisans or those who are planning Timber
to live in the buildings, are non-professional architect or Bamboo
engineer Thatch
2. There is consonant adaptation, using natural materials, to Fibers
the geographical
Construction techniques:

- Post and lintel

- Framing; vertical studs slotted into horizontal sills
- Without nails
- Tongue & groove mortise, tenon, lapped and notched
jointing system

REGIONAL HOUSE TYPES:

Upland and lowland houses have distinct architectural features bcs.

Of difference of environmental conditions and site contexts.

Lowland dwellings- open, airy interior

Upland/ Highlands – sealed of solid planks, having few or no

windows as defense against the cold upland climate

Batanes “Ivatan Architecture”

3. The actual process of construction involves intuitive
thinking, done without the use of blueprints or any for
construction drawings.
4. There is balance between social/economic functionality Ivatan Idjang – defensive engineering of
and aesthetic features. the early Ivatan settlers
5. Architectural patterns and styles are subject to a
protracted evolution of traditional styles and specific to an
ethnic domain. Aboriginal Ivatan – made up of wood,
ba,boo and thatched
PH vernacular Architecture - inspired the invention of a new
structural system; made possible the soaring skyscrapers of Chicago Rahaung – working area/ place of storage for fishing implements,
school doesn’t have wall enclosure
- Structural logic and Architectonic principle: steel frame to
replace the Philippine wooden frame construction of
bahay kubo
- Tectonic principle: iron steel frame to replace timber and
bamboo

Austronesian Ancestry Cal y Canto technique

- Southeast Asian culture descendants - Dominican friars

- Water born lifestyle - Stone and mortar construction
- Manifest vernacular Architecture - Fireplace at one end of the house
- In Philippines, vernacular architecture professes strong
allegiance to a greater Austronesian Building heritage
Ivatan House – noth south orientation
Archetypal Austronesian House “ Stilt Houses “
Cogon grass – main roof materials
- Austronesian legacy Fango – mortar fromed by mixing mud and cogon, holds
- Raised wooden structure stone together
- Rectangular structure Panpet – roof net
- Elevated post Rakuh – two story ivatan house
- Thatch pitch roof with extended ridges
- Aquatic base of life Classified acc. To roof:
- Settlement has direct connection to the bodies of water
- Maytuab – hip roof
Bahay Kubo - Sinadumparan – gable roof

- Pure southeast Asian domestic structure

- Cube house
- Non hispanized
 SOUTHERN STRAIN

BONTOC

CORDILLERA REGION Ili ; 3 Basic Residential Stuctructures

Igorot (Mountain chain dwellers) A. Bontoc ili – Bontoc Village

1. Ato – men’s meeting place/ council/dormitory for the
THE NORTHERN STRAIN young and old unmarried males
2. Ulog / olog – dprmitory for female, public where young
Isneg- rectangular plan, high gabled roof
women sleep
Kalinga – octagonal plan & three divided floorings 3. Afong
- family residence or Bontoc house
Roof framing is independent of the floor framework - house within a house
- windowless
- shelter for people, rice, chicken, pigs
SOUTHERN STRAIN - with attic

- Ifugao
- Bontoc
- Ibaloi
- Kankanay

Square plan, high gabled roof

Roof framing is dependent of the floor framework

Northern Strain B. Bontoc - Katyufong / kol-lob

- for the poor
ISNEG (Apayao Province) - smaller & enclosed
- Isneg and Apayao - stone walled
- Austronesian ethnic group native to Apayao Province in - residence for widows and unmarried old women
the Philippines’Cordillera Administrative Region
A. Binuron
- Windowless
- Low walls & roof (warm)
- 0.9 above ground
- Boat like
- Apayao, only region in Cordillera
with a NAVIGABLE RIVER
- Rectangular plan
- High gable roof bowed to a shape of a boat (BARANAY) C. Bontoc - Fayu
- Roof framing INDEPENDENT from the floor framework
- Largest among
- ROLL UP FLOOR- practical feature, made from long reeds
- Can be converted, to be used for rituals/ceremonies
- TARAKIP – extension structure

B. ALANG (Rice storage/granary)

- House as WOMB; Space concept
- Basket like D. Bontoc – Akhamang – rice granary
- Comparison to the tudong or rain cape E. Bontoc – Al-Lang – Repository of food and other supplies
- Interior ; womb F. Bontoc – Falinto-og – pigpens
- Occupants; Husband, wife,& children G. Bontoc – pabafunan – open court where people gathers to
- Symbol of fertility rituals

IFUGAO

KALINGA - 12 to 30 houses amid rice terraces and near spring /groove

A. Fale/Bale
A. Binayon - For wealthy family
- Octagonal shaped plan - 3-layer structure
- Three divided floorings, lowest in the center - Square plan
- Pyramidal or conical roof
- Windowless
- 12-15 SQM
- HALIPAN – rat guard, 1.2 – 1.8 from ground
B. Foruy
- 2years Construction & can be dismantled in a day
- Elevated rectangular, one room house
- 5-6 generations
- Timber materials
- Gateways made of vertical sharp edges stones
- Roof; 8-10 layers of cut bamboo laid one above other B. Abong
- Removable wall panel for ventilation - house for the poor
- Elevated wall along perimeter of the wall
Bul-ul – carved granary guardians

Kankayaw

- any ritual dancing by indigenous peoples of cordillera

- Pig and carabao skulls, remains of the sacrificial animals

Hagabi – prestige bench of upper class

KANKANAY B. Okir carving and Burak (a mythical winged creature, half-
human, half horse)
- Typical village with 700 inhabitants
- Slopes are flattened so that houses can be built Sheik Karimol Makhdum Mosque

Main tyoes of dwelling: - Oldest Mosque in the Philippines

- Brgy. Tubig Indangan, Simunul,
1.Binangiyan – abode Tawi-tawi
- Built on 1380
2. Apa/Inapa & Allao – for poorer family
- Square in plan
A. Binangiyan - Undergone lot of construction
- Kankanay abode
Masjid Al-Dahab / Golden Mosque
- Resembles Fale
- Piramydal in form - Modernized style of Mosque
- Box like compartment- a single - Built on 1976
room dwelling with spacious attic (baeg) - Maranao Okir Patterns
B. Babayan Baey
- Elevated, square, one room ISLAMIC PLACES OF PRAYERS:
house of kankanay and ibaloi
a. Masjid – daily prayer
b. Jami – congregational Friday prayer
c. Idgah/Musalla – worship on special occasions

MUSLIM SPACE
- Sulu 14th Century
- Islam in Mindanao, 15th century
- Religion Congregational worship
- Permanent and separate Architecture
- “TWAHID” means unity of Allah
Philippine Mosque
MUSLIM SECULAR ARCHITECTURE
Forts and Royal Residence
- Early Filipinos constructed forts or KOTA
- A fortified settlement bordered by a palisade, which series
of long strong timber stakes pointed at the top and set
close to each other to form a defense wall

- Five Pillars (pattern of a quincunx) Mindanao Sulu Archipelago Manila

- Architecturally derived from early Christian Churches
Ex.
Two types:
1. Kota of Raja Sulayman in Manila
1. Masjid 2. Kota of Sultan Kudarat in Lamitan
- Place of worship
- Bulbous dome – vault of heaven Mindanao and Sulu Vernacular Houses
- Minaret
- Distinct archipelagic features of Sulu and the Mindanao
- Ablution area or wudu
- Terrestrial and Naval Architecture
- Large and permanent construction
- Stone foundation 3 house Categories of Muslim Community
- Near bodies of water where faithful perform rituals of
ablution 1. Land based Stilted dwellings – situated along shoreline
- Originally multi-tiered bamboo 2. Oceanic Dwellings – built completely over the sea and
- To accommodate light and air entirely detached from shoreline.
2. Langgal/ Ranggar (Tausug and Yakan) & Ranggar 3. Houseboats – serves as both home and fishing boat for
(Maranao) Badjao.
- Smaller place of worship
- Light and semi permanent
- Rural areas MARANAO
- These mosques are the oldest form of
mosques in the Philippines Maranao Houses
- Still being built and used in Islamic areas
in the Philippines, especially in rural area. - “People of the lake”
- Largest indigenous group in Mindanao
Chinese Pagoda and Japanese Temple Inspired
3 types of Maranao House:
Pagoda- style Mosque
1. Lawing
- used by Muslims, Prior to the importation - small house
of Arabian- Style mosque Architecture. - Raised above the grounds with stilts
- Have 8, 5 or 3 tiers - Outdoor cooking area
- Pathways to heaven - Mainly used for sleeping
- Endangered art form, as most mosques are now built in - Usually single-family unit dwelling
the Domed/Arabian- style
2. Mala-a-walai
Evolution of the Mosque typology in the Philippines - large house
1. Much of the earliest types of Mosques constructed by - single room and partition less structure
early missionaries were made of temporary materials like - house of a well to do family
wood, bamboo, and cogon which do not last for years. - okir decorations are generally to be
2. The remaining earlier types were either demolished, found on the baseboards, window sills
destroyed during earthquakes, or were reconstructed/ and doorjambs
remodeled to conform to modern architectural types - Without panolong
sourced from middle- Easter designs.
3. The yearly pilgrimage to Mecca radically changed all
earliest types. 3. Torogan
- Residence of Datu and his
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE FEATURES: extended family
A. Crescent and Star Ornament – these ancient celestial - House for Sultans & Datus
symbols were in use by the peoples of central Asia and - Arranged in a line along river
Siberia in their worship of the sun, moon and sky gods. - Multi family dwelling
Torogan continuation… Tausug Houses – BAY SINUG

Panalong - Traditional Tausug house

- TAJUK PASUNG
- Noticeable feature of torogan
- Richly carved and colorful end beam design that flares
upward into sculpted wings
a. Naga – sea serpent/ dragon

- Made of 9 post symbolized the human body

- They believe should built it as if a person were being
formed.
b. Pako Rabong – growing fern
- If you don’t follow the proper order in assembling the
posts, it is believed that the house will not last.
- Wall slits as windows to conceal their unmarried woman
inside

YAKAN

- Naga and Pako Rabong are alternately placed on the
section of the house to symbolically capture the sun’s
energy
Yakan Houses:
- Yakan lives in the mountainous interior of Basilan island
- Houses individually owned and occupied by one family.
- Clustered around Langgal

Lumah

- Traditional yakan house

- Rectangular, ridged roof,
single room pile structure of
varying size and elevated from
the ground
- 50-100 SQM
- No ceiling and few or no windows because
of belief that the bad spirits could easily in
through those openings
TINDAWAN – often only one beside the
long bench for bench for guest
- Walls are made in horizontally positioned
wooden planks or sawali
- Lumah can last up to 15 years

Lumah Three Parts:

1. Kokan/Tindakan – main house w/ rituals

and entertainment
2. Kosina -kitchen

Gibon /Paga – room for datu’s daughter 3. Pantan/simpey – porch – for clothes
Lamin or tower built atop the house hiding the sultan’s
daughter
SAMAL

Samal Houses:

- Samal mix on various islands with the Tausug who are

MAGUINDANAO dominant group in Jolo island but more in Borneo
- Pile – driven support
Maguindanao Houses : - Connected to the shore and linked to one another by a
- Close resemblance to Maranao dwellings catwalk
- One room House without partition - Silong is Boat Storage area for bathing
and ceiling - Single level for sleeping, cooking and eating
- Nine posts - No partitions of ornamentations
- Okir decorations, steep and graceful roofs - Pantan – open porch or terrace receiving area, working
- Handcrafted ornaments area, hold rituals and playground
- Samal community in coastline

TAUSUG
BADJAO
Tausug Houses:
Badjao Houses:
- Tausug means “People of the current/taong dagat or alon”
- 2nd largest group of Muslim Filipinos and foremost - Sea gypsies from Zamboanga, Basilan, Jolo provinces,
indigenous people of Sulu archipelago Tawi- tawi and Palawan
- Samal Luwaan (outcast)
Tau gimba – Inland community - Sama Dilaut (people of the ocean)
- Boat house use their shelters as a means of Travel
Tau Higad – shoreline community - Whether Nomadic or settled
- Badjao boats vary in length and depending on the
Mangingita or Imam – will choose the luckiest site
economic status of the owner
- When all children have left, the old man of the house is
Expected to marry again or attempt to join another boat
 - The death of the family head transform the boat into a
coffin, making a symbolic mortuary piece to transport to
dimension of afterlife

Bajao two types of Boat:

1. Dapang/ Vinta- used for short fishing trips

2. Palaw – permanent dwelling place or temporary lodging

during fishing trips.
a. Lepa – lighter and faster houseboat (NO KATIG)
b. Jengning – bigger and heavier houseboat (WITH
KATIG)

LUMA

- “Harun”(ladder) serves as wash area

- Mirror are belieed to drive away evil spirits

T’BOLI HOUSES

GUNU BONG

- South Cotabato
- Home for the
extended family
ranganing 8- 16
persons
- Contrusted with Bamboo Stilts 2 meters in heightfrom the
ground
- Addition post on side

3 Interior Spaces:

1. Area of Honor
2. Sleeping Area
3. Vestibule