HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4

ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

ASST. PROF. ELMER M. SOLIMAN JR

COURSE OUTLINE
1. Pre-Hispanic Era
2. Spanish Colonial Era
3. American and Japanese Era
4. Post-World War II Era
5. Late Twentieth Century
6. The New Millennium
5. Late Twentieth Century
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• In the late 20th century, modern architecture

with straight lines and functional aspects was
introduced, particularly in the Brutalist
architecture that characterized government-
built structures done in the Marcos period.

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1950s and 1960s

• Brutalism also appeared during this period
• Brutalism is derived from the French word
‘beton brut’, meaning rough concrete
• Brutalist structures are massive and unrefined
with coarsely formed surfaces, usually of raw
and exposed concrete
• Pre-cast construction and pre-fabrication
was introduced to industrialize building
methods

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• In the 1960s, Filipino architects incorporated

some modernist formal principles by
employing local materials and referencing
vernacular traditions

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MODERNITY
As a historical stage

MODERNISM
As a cultural process that takes place at
several points along the development of
capitalism.

MODERNIZATION
As a social process that attempts to
construct modernity
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Modernism
• Leading movement of 20th century
• Movement grounded in the rejection of
classical precedent and style

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Modernism
• Said to coincide with “modern history” (a
period including the present but excluding
the Greek and Roman epochs)
• Characterized by the deliberate divergence
from tradition and the use of innovative forms
of expressions

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Modernism
Positivistic
knowledge and truth systems could be verified
by way of scientific inquiry

Technocentric
progress in knowledge is achieved through
advances in technology

Rationalistic
knowledge is achieved by the application of
reason
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Modernism
• Marked by strongly held beliefs in universal
progress, the possibility of absolute truth,
rational planning of ideal social orders
• Use of reinforced concrete, steel, and
glass
• Primacy of cubic forms, geometric shapes,
and cartesian grids
• Absence of decoration, stylistic motifs,
traditional roofs, and ornamental details

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Manosa Brothers’ Sulo Hotel

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Manosa Brothers’ Sulo Hotel

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Francisco Fajardo’s Max’s Restaurant

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Francisco Fajardo’s Max’s Restaurant

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Francisco Fajardo’s Max’s Restaurant

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An International Philippines: The Golden

Age of Philippine Architecture

While drive for self-identity is on its way, the

Philippines is also attempting to project itself
in the World stage. In the architectural
scene, the Philippines joins International
Fairs and Expositions to showcase its
architecture including its culture and
economic standing.

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In the 1953 Philippine International Fair,

which the Philippines hosted, the Philippines
called on the design of Otilio Arellano for a
symbolic gateway as the centerpiece of
the fair. It was made up of a series of huge
pointed arches, the summit of which was
crowned by a conical salakot

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Otilio Arellano: Gateway to the East, 1953

Philippine International

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Otilio Arellano: Gateway to the East, 1953

Philippine International

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In the1962 Seattle World Exposition, the

Philippines rode on the appeal of Filipino-
exotica utilizing the design of Luis Ma.
Araneta for its pavilion. This pavilion was a
two-storey pavilion whose centerpiece was
the Pavilion of Handicrafts and Industries
characterized by its exaggerated surface
ornaments in the form of wooden tribal
artifacts and its entrance that simulated a
fearful precolonial tribal deity whose mouth
was exaggeratedly open. It, however, was
more Polynesian than Filipino.
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Luis Ma. Araneta’s Pavillion, 1962 Seattle

World Exposition

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In the 1960s, the world was audience to the

space race between the USA and the
USSR. This Space Race stimulated the
imaginations of people around the world
conjuring images of a high-tech future for
human civilization – the so called Space
Age.

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The 1964 New York World’s Fair reflected

this “future,” influencing the Philippine
pavilion designed by Otilio Arellano. The
pavilion follows a circular plan that seemed
to float over a body of water. It was an
attempt to combine native and space-age
aesthetics. It, however, was literally a
salakot posing as a flying saucer on what
looked like a launching pad.

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Otillo Arellano’s Philippine pavilion for the

1964 New York World’s Fair

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Otillo Arellano’s Philippine pavilion for the

1964 New York World’s Fair

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Otillo Arellano’s Philippine pavilion for the

1964 New York World’s Fair

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In the1970 Osaka World Exposition, the

Philippine pavilion was designed by
Leandro Locsin. It was made of steel,
concrete, and Philippine hardwood. It is
remembered for its sweeping curved roofs
that can be described as an allusion to a
bird in flight or the prow of a Muslim vinta. It
symbolizes the nation’s noble aspiration of
reaching noble heights.

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Leandro Locsin: 1970 Osaka World

Exposition Philippine pavilion

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Leandro Locsin: 1970 Osaka World

Exposition Philippine pavilion

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• The presidency of Ferdinand

Marcos was a period of political
and maelstrom, human rights,
transgression, and great economic
instability. Yet in the outset of his
governance, it was a time national
rebirth and resurrection of old
Filipino traditions.
• The First Lady Imelda Marcos
packaged herself as “The
Patroness of Art” and tended the
cultural renaissance under
aesthetics maxim “the true, the
good, and the beautiful”.
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• A mandatory that a national

culture be fostered and preserved.
• The official art and architecture of
the martial law regime
reverberated with this
regeneration of a national myth
through the creation of a new
socio-political and ethical order
portrayed as a radical alternative
to existing ideology.

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• As the state became the new

patron of arts, the First Lady
involved herself in all matters
relating to arts and culture.
• The Marcos regime took the nexus
of architecture and society more
seriously than any other
administration in promoting the
aesthetics of power in built form.

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This New Society includes a systematic

cultural revivification program. It would,
despite its excesses, would usher in a
Golden Age of Philippine Architecture that
would try to create a one and unified
Philippine Architecture through “the
reinvention of a precolonial, barangay-
based vernacular heritage.

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Tropical Modernism

• Brise-soleil
• Glass walls
• Pierced screens
• Thin concrete shells
• “Form follows function”

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Tropical Modernism

• Simple
• Clean lines
• Smooth finished
• Cylinders and unusually shaped buildings
• Slanted or curved roofs
• Unadorned façade
• Minimal surface modeling

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The Trope of Tropicality
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Veterans Memorial Medical Center

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People’s Homesite and Housing

Corporation

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Ruperto Gaite: Quezon City Assembly Hall

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Development Academy of the Philippines

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Metropolitan Theater

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Bautista Nakpil Pylon

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GSIS BUILDING

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The Trope of Native Civilization

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Folk Architecture

Government Service Insurance System (GSIS)

Jorge Ramos and the Architects Collaborative

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Folk Architecture

Lung Center of the Philippines Philippine Heart Center for Asia

National
Kidney and
Transplant
Institute

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Folk Architecture

PHILTRADE Planning Resources Operations System (PROS)

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Folk Architecture

Passively Cooled Urban House Geronimo V. Manahan

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Geronimo Manahan

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The Trope of State Spectacle
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1975 Imelda initiated unification of the three (3)

architectural organizations
1. Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA)
2. League of Philippine Architects (LPA)
3. Association of Philippine Government Architects (APGA)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
United Architects of the Philippines (UAP)

November 1975
Metropolitan Manila
Commission created
with Imelda Marcos
as governor

1979
Imelda Marcos as
First Honorary
Member of the UAP
Manila Film Center 1982
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PHILCITE, 1976

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Manila Film Center – FROILAN HONG

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Manila Film Center – FROILAN HONG

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COURSE OUTLINE
1. Pre-Hispanic Era
2. Spanish Colonial Era
3. American and Japanese Era
4. Post-World War II Era
5. Late Twentieth Century
6. THE NEW MILLENNIUM
5. The New Millennium
DEMOCRACY PERIOD

THE NEW MILLENNIUM

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Democracy Period
• Post EDSA euphoria gave rise to a myriad of
artistic
• Philippine Architecture underwent change
(mid 1980s)

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Post-modernism
Aesthetic Language

• heavily influenced by classical architecture

• “decorative packaging” to façades by juxtaposing
symbolic elements and enveloping them with irony
and metaphor
• garish application of color
• return to ornament and traditional design elements

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Skidmore, Owings & Merill

Asian Development Bank Building in Ortigas

THE NEW MILLENNIUM

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Rogelio Villarosa

King’s Court Building II

THE NEW MILLENNIUM

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Rogelio Villarosa

AIC Gold Tower

Tektite Towers Renaissance Tower

THE NEW MILLENNIUM

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Felino Palafox Jr.

Nueva Ecija Capitol Building

THE NEW MILLENNIUM

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Palafox Associates

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Dewey Santos & Felix Ngo

Metrobank Branches

THE NEW MILLENNIUM

 DEMOCRACY PERIOD

Jose Siao Ling &

Associates

THE NEW MILLENNIUM

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Antonio Sindiong

THE NEW MILLENNIUM

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William Coscolluela

THE NEW MILLENNIUM

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Sanctuarium

Classmate Digital KTV

West Burnham Place in Baguio

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Post-modern Skyscrapers
• “Tower-on-the-podium”
formula of corporate and
commercial towers

3 Vertical Segments:
– Podium
– Shaft
– Crown

Rufino Pacific Tower

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Post-modern Skyscrapers

Enterprise Center
William Tung Sunview Palace BSA Twin Towers

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Post-modern Skyscrapers

Shang Grand Tower

Palmer & Turner and
Recio+Casas

Orient Square
William V. Cosculluella

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⦁ Rise of master planned micro-cities

⦁ Bay City

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⦁ Rise of master planned micro-cities

⦁ Eastwood City

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⦁ Rise of master planned micro-cities

⦁ Eastwood City

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⦁ Rise of master planned micro-cities

⦁ Fort Bonifacio Global City

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⦁ Rise of master planned micro-cities

⦁ Fort Bonifacio Global City

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⦁ Rise of master planned micro-cities

⦁ Rockwell Center

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⦁ Rise of master planned micro-cities

⦁ Rockwell Center

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⦁ Rise of master planned retail environments

⦁ SM Mall of Asia

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⦁ Rise of master planned retail environments

⦁ SM Mall of Asia

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⦁ Rise of master planned retail environments

⦁ Araneta Gateway Center

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⦁ Rise of master planned retail environments

⦁ Vertiz North

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⦁ Rise of master planned retail environments

⦁ Greenbelt Mall

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Gated Communities Tagaytay Highlands

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Gated Communities Victorianne

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Disney-fication
• Invention of fantasy environments
• Urban fiction originating from the marketing
strategy of Disney World

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Folly

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Globalism
Architecture of Global Multinationalism
• typified in buildings that serve as Corporate HQ

Essensa Towers World Trade Exchange Pacific Plaza Towers

By I.M. Pei By Michael Graves By Arquitectonica

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Globalism

Yuchengco Tower SOM LKG Tower Kohn Pedersen Fox

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Globalism

SM Mall of Asia Arquitectonica

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Globalism

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High-Tech
– light and strong
– heavily insulated wall panels
– use of steel and aluminum and mirror glass

NAIA Terminal 3 by SOM

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High-Tech

Ayala One GT Tower One San Miguel One Roxas Triangle

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Deconstructivism

CSB School of
Design and Arts
Eduardo Calma

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Deconstructivism

Residence of
Alexius Medalla

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Deconstructivism

Ampoanan sa Kalinaw Ug Kinaadman

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Retro-modernism
• Sometimes called Minimalism
• Lucid lines, transparent volumes, clean-cut massing,
uncluttered presence.

Ciudad de Calamba

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Retro-modernism

Alabang Town Center

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Retro-modernism

McDonald’s in Vigan

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Neo-vernacularism

New Medical City Aquino Center

Ateneo Science Education Complex

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Neo-modern

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Neo-modern

City of Dreams Albert S. Yu ASYA

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Neo-modern

SOLAIRE RESORT Carmelo Casas

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GREEN ARCHITECTURE

Implementation of “green architecture” to

reverse the negative impact of buildings on
human health and on the environment by
enhancing the efficiency and moderating the
use of materials, energy and space.

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Green Architecture
• Green Architecture
– Economical, energy-saving, environment-
friendly, and sustainable development

F-shelters
-designed by Dr.
Florence Soriano
-fast-to-build and
foldaway
emergency shelter
--uses wood-wool
cement board
(WWCB)

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Green Architecture

Earthbag shelter in Escalante, Negros Occidental

• Rio Dome
- use of “earthbag construction systems” developed by
Nader Kahlili
- made of rice sacks packed with waterproof earth mixture
and cement

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Green Architecture

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Green Architecture

®
2013 LEED EBOM GOLD Batangas

®
2006 LEED NC SILVER
Baguio

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2011 LEED CI SILVER 2011 LEED NC GOLD
Makati Parañaque City

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2011 LEED CS SILVER
Laguna

Pre Certified

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2010 LEED NC GOLD
Pampanga
® ®
LEED CI PLATINUM+LEED CS GOLD
Taguig ®
2011 LEED EBOM GOLD Mandaluyong

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Green Architecture

4-STOREY OFFICE BLDG , LIBIS, QC (2012)

RESORT RESIDENTIAL CONDOMINIUM
BORACAY (2012)
LHK SQUARE
SAN JUAN CITY (2012)

GREEN HOME
HYUNDAI LOGISTICS CENTER, LAGUNA (2013) NATIONAL MUSEUM, OF NATURAL HISTORY, MANILA, (2013) ANGELES CITY (2014)

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