CHURCH ARCHITECTURE 4 CHURCH LAYOUT

- 4thCentury 1. One Room

- Ekklesia 2. Two Room
- Legalizing of Christianity by Constantine - For God
- For people
MAIN PARTS OF CHURCH
3. Basilica Style
1. AISLE – passage b/w seats - From unused gov. bldgs
2. ALTAR- ceremonial table - Preserved thru century
3. APSE- semi-circular recess 4. Cruciform
4. CHANCEL- section for choir - Express feeling of transcedance
5. CLERESTORY- windows located higher
6. FONT- basin for baptism
7. NAVE- congregation seats
8. PEWS- benches
9. PULPIT- or bema, preaching platform
10. TRANSCEPT- ground cross shape plan

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE
-Simplicity in design - Continuation of Greek Arch - Sober and dignified -Lofty design -Revival of Roman
-Impresive & Dignified - Clay, rubble & richness in marble -Italy, England, Germany, France - rough and barbarous (GOTICO) -Dignity and Formality
-Stepping stone from Pre-Christian - Large penditives -Ribbed & panel vault -Vertical structure - Reintroduction of 5 classical order
 due to increase in size of -round arch - Massive Walls - Economy use material -Rusticated Masonry
Basilica -mosaic decorations -Painting arches -Parapet & Balusters
- development of vaulting & timber -elaborated columns -Flying buttresses
trussed -no campanile & atrium

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ROMANESQUE NORTHEN ITALY SOUTHERN ITALY CENTRAL ITALY FRANCE CENTRAL EUROPE SPAIN ENGLAND

-roman-like • Milan, Venice, • Underwent • Rome, • Remains of old Worms Cathedral • Use of both 3 foundations:
-from Western Europe Ravenna, Pavia, Greek, Roman, Florence, Naples, buildings were Basilican and
• Eastern and • Old foundation
Verona, Genoa - Byzantine, Pisa – cities rich less abundant – Greek-cross
“GLORIFICATIONOF CHRISTIANITY” western apses and - served by
cities construct Muslim and in pagan they had greater forms
octagons secular clergy
glorious buildings Norman rule influence freedom of
• Use of
developing new • 2 circular towers • Monastic
PROMINENT BUILDINGS • Links to • Richer in design • Pisa had horseshoe arch
style flank each foundation -
1. CATHEDRAL - Basilica in plan. Northern Europe and color commercial links
served by regular
(through alpine with the Holy • Rib-vaults and • Octagon at
-symbolized God's kingdom. • Elaborate clergy or monks
passes) and Land; fought with semi-circular or crossing, with
wheel windows –
CAMPANILES- straight tower shaft generally standing Constantinople Muslims pointed arches pointed roof • New foundation
made of sheets
(through Venice over the nave - to which bishops
alone. of pierced marble • Great stone
and Ravenna) and aisles had been
2. BAPTISTERIES- Large, separate buildings usually and mineral
• Greater variety appointed
octagonal in plan • Ornamental wealth, brilliant • Timber-framed
in columns and
arcades all over atmosphere roofs of slate
-connected to the cathedral by the atrium. capitals
façade finish and steep
3. MONASTERIES- also functioned as cathedrals • Elaborate slope to throw
• Wheel window
bronze doors and off snow
• Central bronze pilasters
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER EXAMPLE
projecting porch,
• Byzantine
1. Round/ semi circular arches/ Arcades with columns on Pisa Cathedral Abbey of St. Denis, Peterborough
influence: mosaic
roughly-carved • one of most near Paris Cathedral
2. Blind Arches decorations, no famous in the world
grotesque figures • first instances of • Fine Norman
vaults, used • Resembles other
3. Massive thick walls of men and using the pointed interior
domes early Basilican
4. Small windows beasts (shows churches plan
arch
• Original timber
Northern • Muslim • Exterior of red • Ribbed vault, ceiling over nave
5. Dark Solemn Interiors European influence: use of and white marble pointed arch &
6. Vaults- High ceiling from flat of Romans influence) striped marbles, bands flying buttresses
stilted pointed  Baptistery combined
7. Buttress • 39.3m circular
arches, colorful,
8. Wheel/ Rose window geometric plan by Dioti Salvi
Campanile
9. Piers designs as • The “Leaning
predominant Tower of Pisa”
10. Towers- Double towers
interior • 8 storeys, 16 m in
11. Multiple units decoration diameter
12. Capitals
EXAMPLE

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION

• Religious fervor expressed in:
~Art, cathedrals and monastic buildings
• Architecture spread throughout Europe but governed by
classical traditions – “Romanesque”
• Ruins of classical buildings - classical precedent was used only to
suit the fragments of old ornaments used in new buildings

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GOTHIC FRANCE
• 12th – 13th centuries: Holy Roman Empire was reduced to the
• In French, "L'architecture
area of Germany Ogivale“ Primaire
• 3 great kingdoms were left: France, England and Castile in Spain called "a lancettes"
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER - DESCRIPTION • Distinguished by pointed arches
and geometric traceried windows
• "Gothic" is a term used in reproach to this style
• a departure from classic lines Secondaire (13th Century AD)
• Can be identified by the general use of pointed arch • "Rayonnant"
• Also called “Medieval Architecture” • Characterized by circular
windows with wheel tracery
CATHEDRALS Tertiare (14th to 16th Century
• Mostly Basilican in plan AD)
•Rib and Panel vaulting - framework of ribs support thin stone • "Flamboyant"
• Flame-like window tracery or
panels
BAPTISTERIES free-flowing tracery
• Large, separate buildings usually octagonal in plan and
Features:
connected to the cathedral by the atrium
• Use of pointed arch to cover
• Used 3 times a year: Easter, Pentecost, Epiphany CAMPANILES
rectangular bays
• Straight towers shafts, generally standing alone • flying buttresses
• Served as civic monuments, symbols of power, watch towers • Tall, thin columns
• Walls released
• Invention of colored, stained
glass windows to adorn window-
walls
• Cathedrals as a library for
illiterate townspeople –
Biblical stories were told with
stained-glass and statuary
CASTLES
• Built on mounds above rivers
• Thick walls and small windows
to resist attack
• Many were adapted to make
convenient residences in later
periods
EXAMPLES
Notre Dame, Paris (CHURCH)
• One of the oldest French
cathedrals
CARCCASSONE (CASTLE)13th
Century AD
• double wall, inner one made in
600AD
• 50 towers and moat
ENGLAND SPAIN GERMANY, BELGIUM ITALY
AND NETHERLANDS
•NORMAN (1066 to 1154 AD) • Strong Moorish • In Belgium and The • Begin art, learning and
- Includes the raising of most of influences: Netherlands, it was commerce
major Romanesque churches and -use of horseshoe based on French • Cultural revival was
castles arches Gothic, developing the advance of northern
•TRANSITIONAL (1154 -1189AD) -rich geometrical and Brabantine style Europe
- Pointed arches in Romanesque flowing patterns surface • Roman tradition
structures decoration HALL CHURCHES remained strong
• EARLY ENGLISH (1189 -1307AD) • flat exterior • Had a different look: • arrested the
-Equivalent to High Gothic in France appearance, due to - Nave and aisle of development of Gothic
- "Lancet" or "First Pointed" style, a chapels inserted same height architecture in Italy
long narrow pointed windows between buttresses -One or two immense • Verticality of Gothic is
• DECORATED (1307 - 1377 AD) • Excessive ornament and ornate western generally neutralized by
-Geometrical Window tracery towers or apse, in horizontal cornices and
-flowing tracery patterns place of sculptured string courses
doorway • Absence of pinnacles
-curvilinear surface pattern
-"Second Pointed", same to French -Brick-work and and flying buttresses
simplified • Small windows without
"Flamboyant" style
ornamentation tracery
• PERPENDI’CULAR (1377 -1485)
• Projecting entrance
-"Rectilinear or "Third Pointed"
porches with columns on
•TUDOR (1495 to 1558 AD)
lion-like beasts
-Increasing application of
Renaissance detail
•ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD) EXAMPLES
-Renaissance ideas take strong hold Burgos Cathedral (1221 Florence Cathedral or S.
- 1457 AD) Maria del Fiore
CATHEDRALS • Irregular in plan • Designed by Arnolfo di
• May have been attached to • Most beautiful and Cambio
monasteries or to collegiate poetic of all Spanish • Essentially Italian in
institutions cathedrals character, without the
• Found in precincts with vertical features of Gothic
dormitories, infirmary, guest houses, Seville Cathedral (1402 • Peculiar latin cross plan
cloisters, refractory, other buildings to 1520 AD) with campanile and
• Largest Medieval baptistery
MANOR HOUSES church in Europe
• Erected by new and wealthy • Second largest church Siena Cathedral
trading families in the world, next to St. • One of most
Peter's, Rome stupendous undertakings
•Parts: • Outcome of civic pride -
-great hall all artists in Siena
- room with solar room contributed their works
-chapel, latrine chamber to its building and
-service rooms adornment
-kitchens • Cruciform plan
-central hearth • Zebra marble striping
on wall and pier
Westminster Abbey
• Complex of church, royal palace Milan Cathedral
and burial grounds • Largest Medieval
cathedral in Italy
• Most important medieval building
• 3rd largest cathedral in
in Britain
Europe
• widest (32 m) and highest vault in
England (102 ft)
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RENAISSANCE

• “Renaissance” was derived from the French word ‘la rinascita’

which means rebirth or revival. ITALY FRANCE GERMANY & CENTRAL BELGUIM & BRITAIN
•a revival of the classical culture, art and intellect of Ancient EUROPE NETHERLANDS
Greece and Rome -employment of the Early Period (16th cent) -More reliefs or stained Early Renaissance Early Renaissance
“Classic Roman Orders” -Combination of Gothic glass had carried the -Rich externally and Elizabeth (1558-1603)
HUMANISM (Tuscan, Composite, and Renaissance features religious message internally -mansions looked
•existence of the Christian God Doric, Ionic and to form a picturesque -Intensely visual appeal -Rarely grand in scale and outwards rather than
Corinthian) ensemble Church and Palace due to the northern inwards towards
•the effort of man to think, to feel and to act for themselves.
Interiors – Over-ornate, climate courtyards
*Early and High Classical Period (17th cent) that resulted a direct - details assume a more -style is notably
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS response to social,
Renaissance -Dignity, sobriety and authentic Italian important because it is
•PLAN -Styles had developed masculine quality religious and political Character. the first time & where
- Use of symmetry and proportion from the studious -Windows grew circumstances. detail was present in a
- Less towers, more domes observation of Nature increasingly large. -Ornamentations – 17th Century site other than a church
- Interiors are planned on principles of roman architecture and the formulation of a -orders become much deliberate and purposeful - essential to speak
•WALLS pictorial science more strictly classical in separately of Belgium and Jacobean (1603-25)
-Rusticated Masonry proportions Holland (Netherlands) -Buildings continued to
•OPENINGS be for domestic rather
Late Period (18th than religious use.
-Doors and window openings are semicircular or square headed
century) PLAN
-Constructed according to the climate
-Architecture became -Plans remained symmetrical
-Classical system moulded architrave was revived
more simple but at the
•ORNAMENTATION same time less classically 1. Courtyard plan
-Less stained glass; more opaque decoration (Frescoes & Mosaics) pure A rectangular ring with a
large courtyard in the middle
- great deal of efforts was done in arts and crafts
2. The E or H shaped plan
•MOULDINGS Had a façade with
-bold and impressive perpendicular branches
-Contours of moulding follow roman lines coming off of it
3. Square or Rectangular plan
• CORNICES
Had projections and gables
-Mark each storey or towers
-Cornices, balconies, string bands and horizontal features produce
an effect of “horizontality” Late Renaissance
-Stuart (1625-1702)
-Georgian (1702-1830)
Mannerism – using architectural elements in a free, decorative way -- simple symmetrical
- One of the major trends of the late Renaissance square or rectangular
- The word means excessive or affected adherence to a block with or without
wings
distinctive manner
- Strives for imbalance and instability

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BAROQUE
- Meaning in Spain oddly shaped pearls (pèrola barroca );
in Italy it meant a pedantic, contorted argument of little
dialectic value. ITALY FRENCH SPAIN Philippines
- COUNTER REINFORMATION -cradle of Baroque -French architects considered - Mid 17th-18th century -16th to 18th century
o Western Europe, beginning of Baroque -produced in addition to a themselves professional men, - end of Golden Age of Spain -churches were designed to
Architecture proportionate number of good dedicated to the service and -brick was the most used bldg. adapt the physical condition of
o Catholic church emphasize their power & professional architects: Bernini, the glorification of their king. material since stones are the country
monarchy to protestants Borromini, Pietro da Cortona, -ground-plans were less reserved for ornaments of -to withstand the constant
- Structures have many curves which gives a feeling of and Guarino Guarini. complex, and facades more window framing. attacks & invasions of
movement and emotions -style possessed, at their most severe, with greater respect for - no dynamics/complex layout foreigners (muslims)
- Use of unfinished elements because it’s beautiful typical, all the features of the details and proportions of but complicated
- also characterized by what is now known as town Baroque described above, and the traditional architectural ornamentation. >San Agustin Church
planning: the arrangement of cities according to conveyed an air of grandeur orders, and violent effects and >Miagao Church (Iloilo)
and dignity that rendered it a flagrant caprices were CHURRIGUERESQUE STYLE -also known as Church of Santo
predetermined schemes, and the creation of great parks
classic of its kind. eschewed. -famous for their works of Tomas de Villanueva
and gardens around residences of importance.
- but in the art of landscape altars & retablos >Santa Maria Church (ilocos
Bernini and St Peter's Basilica gardening -Guarini’s blend of Solomonic sur)
Characteristics - Palace became the main Column -found in a hill
• Display shapes of nature- leaves, shells, scrolls (floral structure -served as look out
elements)
• More complex geometric forms •FRENCH FORMAL GARDEN EARTHQUAKE BAROQUE
• Compiled with painting to create an illusion of depth - The bigger the garden the >Paoay Church (Ilocos N.)
• Predominately used in religious buildings more it reflect the owner’s -14 buttresses
• Italy, France, Spain, Germany and Austria, 17th and 18th richness & power -made of coral stone blocks
Century >Daraga Church
• Broad naves -4 round medallions or
• solomonic columns

ROCOCO
A style of architecture and decoration evolved from Baroque types
and distinguished by its elegant refinement in using different
materials for a delicate overall effect and by its ornament of shell
work and foliage.

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 GROWTH IN EUROPEAN STATES
“The Age of Enlightenment”
“The Age of Reason”
Enlightenment is man’s emergence from his nonage.
“The Age of Revivals”
NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
 England is the birthplace, the forefront of building and
sculpture.
 It is a style principally derived from the architectural
antiquity, following the Vitruvian principles
Utilitas, Firmitas, Venustas
Commodity, firmness, delight
o Aimed to regain for art and design, a purity of form
o Rejected the spirited and rich ornament of Baroque Style
o Believed that the golden age of progress and knowledge as from
the age of the Romans which ad peace, progression and
harmony
o Back to basics with purity and simplicity
NEOCLASSICAL BUILDING TYPES
1.Temple Style
- features a design based on an ancient
temple. Many temple style buildings feature a peristyle
(a continuous line of columns around a building).
 Panthéon (Paris, by Jacques-Germain
Soufflot)
 British Museum (London, by Robert Smirke).
2. Palladian Architecture
- is derived from the villas of Andrea Palladio, the greatest
architect of the Late Renaissance.
> Palladian buildings are the White House & US Capitol
3. Classical Block or Beaux
-Arts - features a vast rectangular (or square) plan, with a
flat (or low-lying) roof
-exterior rich in classical detail
- exterior is divided into multiple levels, each of which
features a repeated classical pattern, often a series of
arches and/or columns.
-enormous, classically-decorated rectangular block.
- also known as "Beaux-Arts style", developed
by the French École des Beaux-Arts.)
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
•Revival of the classical orders; Greek and Roman or
Greco-Roman hybrid. (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian)
• Capital is the crowning member (top) of a column
- are based on the Orders of Architecture.
•Columns are vertical architectural support.
- round or square shaft
- the top (capital) and the bottom (base).
- plinth is the square or round slab that the column
base rests upon.
• Pediments - developed in ancient Greece
- embellishments over doors and windows that were both
structural (supported by columns) and decorative
(with sculpture reliefs).
-Pointed -Curved -Broken
•Symmetrical- predominant characteristic of neoclassicism
•Building’s facade is flat and long, often having a screen of free-
standing columns.
•Exterior was built in such ways as to represent classical
perfection. Decorations
•Wide variety of different window configurations
including basic,
*well known Palladian detail is a large window
consisting of a central arched section flanked by two
narrow rectangular sections.
Features: Colonnade, Rotundas, Porticoes
•Colonnade: series of columns placed at regular intervals
•Rotundas: circular building, hall or room, with or without a dome
•Porticoes: porch or walkway with a roof supported by columns
often leading to the entrance of a building
THE PALLADIAN REVIVAL
•Colen Campbell
- pioneering Scottish architect and architectural writer
- founder of the Georgian style.
> Stourhead House (1720)
- based on Palladio’s
> Burlington House, London (1717)
- Remodeled the front & provided an entrance gateway
• Richard Boyle
- 3rd Earl of Burlington
- 'the Apollo of the Arts' & 'the architect Earl',
•William Kent
- English architect, landscape architect & furniture
designer
- introduced the Palladian style in England with Chiswick
House, originating the 'natural' style of gardening known
as the English landscape garden at Chiswick
•Chiswick House (1725)
- Adapted from Palladio’s Villa Rotunda.
- Compact, simple, geometric, and segmented look
- surfaces are flat and unbroken
- lack of ornamentation
THE ENGLISH LANDSCAPE GARDEN
“Carefully planned to look unplanned.”
- Winding paths -Irregularly placed clump of trees
- Little lakes and rivers instead of symmetrical
- basins and canals - Must seem unbounded
- Must be picturesque
Standard Features: Little temples half concealed by the shrubbery
- Artificial ruins
- To draw sorrowful reflections from the soul.
INTERIOR DESIGN
• Adam Style by Robert Adam
- a British neoclassical architect, intr. & furniture Designer
-Included lucrative work for the Board of Ordnance
• Louis XVI Style or Directoire Style
- feature a return to the straight line over the curve, a
heavy reliance on classical Roman design motifs and
characteristics
- decrease in the quality of workmanship and materials.
- Blue and white as important color schemes.
- Furniture tend to be more effeminate but sometimes
mixed with the masculine and use more delicate color
schemes.
• Empire Style
- grandeur of Egypt and Rome
- pompous, formal, and more masculine furniture
selections, assert France’s dominance
NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
•Monumental Architecture
- temples and palaces as the leading forms
- Neoclassical era, these building types were replaced by
government buildings ( courts, public service blgs.,
schools) and commercial buildings (e.g. office and
apartment buildings, performing arts centers,
transportation terminals).
- government and commercial buildings dominate
cityscapes all over the world
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 ENGLAND FRANCE GERMANY SPAIN
• Sir John Nash •Jacques-Germain Soufflot • Karl Friedrich Schinkel • Juan de Villanueva
- British architect. - French architect -was a Prussian architect, city planner, and painter - Spanish architect
>The Royal Pavilion, Brighton. - architect of great ability - known for Spanish Neoclassicism
- "stately pleasure dome" > Pantheon, Paris (1755-1792) > The Altes Museum (1824-1828)
- a cream-puff version of the Taj Mahal. - imposed a - built as the church of Ste.-Genevieve - example of the Greek revival >Prado Museum, Madrid
facade of cast-iron domes, minarets, and lacy - main entrance looks like a Doric temple - constructed as a Museum of Natural History
screens, with Chinese and even Gothic motifs thrown • Etienne-Louis Boullee with Ionic columns strung across a Corinthian order. - School of Natural History
in for good measure; hence, it was known as Indian -was a visionary French neoclassical architect , - building is notable for its bold design and refined - auditorium for conferences and lectures
Gothic. painter proportions. - today it is also known as Edificio Villanueva.
- architecture of "majestic nobility," to achieve by
>The Buckingham Palace combining huge, simple masses.
- London residence & administrative
headquarters of ruler of UK
- centre of state occasions and royal
hospitality.

• Sir Robert Smirke

- English architect
- one of leaders of Greek Revival architecture, though
he also used other architectural
Styles
- designed several major public bldgs
- pioneer of the use of concrete
foundations.

>The British Museum

- a quadrangle with four wings: the north, east, south
and west wings.
- building was completed in 1852
- designed in the Greek Revival style

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 COLONIAL & POST-COLONIAL 4.Corner Post Construction
CHARACTER
- remained strong throughout the period - pièce sur pièce
- materials, local skills, social customs and especially climatic conditions played their part, and buildings - it blurs the line between timber framing and log building
continued to possess strong regional characteristics. - type of carpentry has a frame with horizontal beams or logs
5. PLANK FRAMING
Post Colonial (1790-1820) - construction has a timber frame with the walls made of vertical planks attached to the frame.
- Neo-classic elements were introduced. - may simply be called plank houses.
 First Eclectic Phase - carpentry consists of a timber frame with vertical planks extending from sill to plate.
-revived Greek style was predominant
- developing American characteristics. 6. Palisade Construction
- Gothic and Egyptian styles found some popularity but compared with the Greek revival, these were minor - series of vertical pales (stakes) driven or set into the ground to form a fence or barrier.
streams. - construction is a palisade or the similar use of timbers set on a sill.
 Second Eclectic Phase - method of poteaux en terre was different than palisade construction, timbers were cut two sides & spaced
-American architecture achieved international significance during this period and followed two main streams slightly apart with the gaps filled with a material called bousillage.
7. Stacked Plank and Stacked Board Construction
WALL TYPES - carpentry method which is sometimes called plank wall, board wall, plank-on-plank, horizontal plank frame is
the stacking of horizontal planks or boards to form a wall of solid lumber
1. Timber Framing 8. BOX HOUSES
- a method of creating structures using heavy squared-off - have minimal framing in the corners
- simple timber frame is made of straight vertical and horizontal pieces with a common rafter roof - widely spaced in the exterior walls, but like the vertical plank wall houses, the vertical boards are structural
2. Balloon Framing - term box-frame was used in a reconstruction
- method of wood construction - nickname for Classic Box or American
- also known as "Chicago construction" Foursquare architectural styles in North America
- a style of wood-house building that uses long, vertical 2" x 4"s for the exterior walls. 9. A-Frame Building
3. Log Building - has framing with little or no walls, the rafters join at the ridge forming an A shape.
- second most common type of carpentry - simplest type of framing but has historically been used for inexpensive cottages and farm shelters
- 1950s as a style of vacation home in the United States.
o Blockhouse- logs are made into squared beams and fitted tightly.
o Round logs - left spaced apart, often with the gaps filled with a material called chinking 10. INSIDE-OUT FRAMING
o Planked log- have the wall timbers shaped into rectangular thus called planks and plank houses. - has the sheathing boards or planks on the inside of the framing. This type of structure was used for structures
intended to contain bulk materials like ore, grain or coal.

FRENCH SPANISH GREGORIAN GARRISON

Characteristics include:
▪ Instead of interior hallways, the porches
were used to access rooms
▪ Made with a timber frame and brick or
bousillage (a mixture of mud, moss, and
animal hair)
▪ Wide porches called “galleries” that
surround the house & use as passageway
▪ Hipped roof that extends over the
porches
▪ French Doors – doors with glass panes
▪ thin wooden columns
▪ no interior hallways
▪ ▪
Also known as "Creole" architecture, this style of
building combines French, Caribbean, West Indies,
and other influences and is designed for hot, wet
climates
Characteristics include:
▪ One story, originally
▪ Flat or low pitch roof covered with thatch,
Earth, or clay tile
▪ Thick walls made of rocks, coquina, or
adobe brick and covered in stucco in
order to keep out the heat
▪ Several exterior doors and small windows
with interior shutters
▪ Wooden or wrought iron bars across the
windows
▪ Later, Second story with recessed porches
and balconies
Interior courtyards
▪ Carved wooden brackets and balustrades
▪ Double hung sash windows
Characteristics include:
▪ Spacious and comfortable floor plan with
distinguished living, dining, and family
rooms
▪ Square and symmetrical façade
▪ Decorative crown over the front door and
flattened columns on each side
▪ Matching chimneys on either side of the
house
▪ Stone walls two feet wide
▪ Medium pitched roof with minimal
overhang and square cuts along the eaves
▪ Double-hung sash windows with small
lights (nine or twelve panes) separated by
thick wooden muntins
▪ Wood-frame with shingle or clapboard
walls (upper windows touch cornice in
most two-story examples
▪ Often symmetrical
▪ Jetted second story over the first (the
overhang is fairly narrow and not usually
more than a couple feet)
▪ Pendant ornaments may be seen at the
corners
▪ Rectangular, side-gabled mass
▪ Narrow eaves
▪ Medium pitched roof (usually
composition) may be gabled or hipped
▪ Colonial-style paneled entry door.
Decorative elements are generally
restrained but may include a columned
porch, pilasters, or pediment; fanlight or
transom, or sidelights
▪ Lapped wood siding is most common, but
brick or shingle siding are also common
cladding for the first story

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COLONIAL & POST COLONIAL
NEW ENGLAND
Characteristics include:
▪ Symmetrical front and
rectangular shape
▪ A lean-to addition with a
saltbox roof Side gabled,
steep roof with narrow eaves
▪ Little exterior ornamentation
▪ Small casement windows,
some with diamond-shaped
panes
▪ Massive central chimney
▪ Made of wood and covered
with clapboard or shingles
CAPE COD
- Large, central chimney.
- Steep roof to quickly shed
rain and snow, and a shallow
roof overhang.
- Windows and dormers.
- Captain's stairway, was
accessed by a narrow stair,
or 'captain's stairway,' which
has incredibly steep risers
and shallow treads to
minimize the use of the first-
floor space
- Shingle siding, most
recognizable elements.
- newer homes are built of
brick, stucco and stone.
- Rectangular shape
- Front door placed at the
center or, in some cases, at
the side
- Center-hall floor plan
- Multi-paned, double-hung
windows
- Shutters
- Hardwood floors
- Little exterior
ornamentation
- Interior trim painted white
DUTCH
Characteristics include:
▪ Made with stone or brick
▪ Matching chimneys on both ends of
the house
▪ Symmetrical façade
▪ Gambrel roof with wide, flared
eaves
▪ Saltbox lean-to added
▪ Dutch doors (where the door is split
horizontally in the middle and each
half can be opened independently)
COLONIAL REVIVAL
Characteristics include:
 Symmetrical facade, gable roof,
and rectangular shape (like
originals)
 Two to three stories
 Brick or wood siding with
simple and classical detailing
(Not as plain as before)
 Elaborate entrances, pillars,
columns, dormers, and
decorative shutters
 Accentuated front door with
decorative pediment
 Fanlights and sidelights
common;
 Double-hung sash windows
 One-story wings, usually with a
flat roof and commonly
embellished with a balustrade
 Broken pediments, rare on
original colonial structures
popular in Colonial Revival
examples
GERMAN
Characteristics Include
 symmetrical façade
 thick stone walls
 steeply pitched end-gabled
roof
 an attic story with windows
at the gable ends
 shed dormers on the roof,
 a porch at the gable end of
the house or at the front of
the house;
 small casement windows
with battened shutters, later
replaced by double-hung
windows.
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

from hand industry and

production machine
manufacture

- It is the TRANSITION to new manufacturing processes.

- It started in the mechanization of textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques
and the increased use of refined coal.
- Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways.
- introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilization of water wheels and
powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) .
- Growth of heavy industry brought a flood of new building materials– iron, steel and glass.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
- Once iron and steel were used in the profitable rail stations, it began to be used in more
fashionable buildings - churches, clubs, private buildings and large houses with roofed courtyards
- Cast-iron roofs started replacing traditional wood roofs for safety as well as durability.
CAST IRONS
- very brittle metal and to be structural solid required large quantities.
- only practical application was in pots, pans, and fireplaces.
- This is referred to as the "Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution" because of the first iron bridge
ever constructed in the world.

WROUGHT IRON
- developed in 1850
- mostly used in the construction of ironclad ships, and railways

STEEL
- was the strongest, most versatile form of iron
- Through a conversion process, all of the impurities were burned out of the iron ore, then
precise amounts of carbon were added for hardness.
- Steel had tensile and compressive strength greater than any material previously available, and
its capabilities would revolutionize architecture.

GLASS
- made by blowing cylinders as large as possible, cutting off the ends, then splitting them
longitudinally

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