EAR

LY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE AD 4TH -12TH CENTURY (300 YEARS) -plaster, brick, stone
•EMPEROR CONSTANTINE & CHRISTIANITY- Spread and acceptance PARTS OF BASILICA:
of Christianity.
PORCH-entrance gate
•ROMAN EMPIRE-“All roads lead to Rome.”
ATRIUM-forecourt, open space with a
•CENTERS OF DEVELOPMENT:-Rome and Constantinople (led to
Byzantine),It was when the Roman Empire splits into two. fountain at the center

GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS: CLOISTER-arcaded covered area

•ROME- Center of a world-wide empire. NARTHEX -covered space for penitents

•ROMAN ART NAVE-central-aisle lighted by clerestories

GEOLOGICAL FACTORS: AISLE -2 or 4

-materials were taken from ruined Roman buildings. TRANSEPT -bema, presbytery

-columns, sculpture, and mosaics APSE-Bishop’s chair

RELIGIOUS FACTORS: CHOIR -fronts the high altar

•CHRISTIANITY-inspired the erection of architectural elements. MOSAICS- internally and externally

•CHRISTIAN CHURCH -to shelter worshippers. DOORS&WINDOWS

-spanned by semi-circular arch
CATACOMB- Early Christian’s network of underground burial sites -lintel beam
CLERESTORY- evident
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AISLES-vaulted
•IMPRESSIVE AND DIGNIFIED / ARCUATED AND TRABEATED CENTRAL NAVE -timber roof
APSE -dome
•REFLECTIVE OF ROMAN DESIGN CARVED CAPITALS -acanthus leaves
MATERIALS: BRICKS, STUCCO, WOOD, STONE, MOSAIC, FRAGMENTS ROMAN-Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian,
and Composite
ROMAN BASILICA -followed the method and plan OLD ROMAN TYPE
-low craftmanship
•CIRCULAR BAPTISTERY-attached to chief basilican church -acanthus leaves
•CAMPANILE(belltower)-originated in this period COLORS -feature
GLASS MOSAICS
ROMAN METHODS APSE -Jesus Christ, apostles, angels
-rabble and concrete
 ICONOCLASM -no painted figures except sculptures.
-Churches merged to domical type.
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
•BYZANTIUM (Constantinople) SIMPLE EXTERIOR, RICH INTERIOR
Constantine changed the capital from Rome. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: DOME AND COLUMN
“New Rome”
Justinian Rule VAULTED DOME ON PENDENTIVE
•SPLIT OF ROMAN EMPIRE GREEK CROSS -typical plan from first and second Golden Ages
Western: Rome Eastern: Byzantium CENTRAL SQUARE -covered with a dome
•CENTERS OF DEVELOPMENT: NARTHEX -make the plan square
Constantinople (Istanbul) PARTS OF A GREEK CROSS CHURCH:
Western Empire (Rome) collapsed in 476 AD.
GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS: NARTHEX
NAVE
•COMMERCIAL SITE AISLES
-between Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea. TRANCEPT
-Asia and Europe meet APSE
GEOLOGICAL FACTORS: WALL
-bricks
-no good building stones -with marble and glass mosaics
-materials were imported -absence of mouldings
CLIMATIC FACTORS:
OPENINGS
•Hotter than Rome •ARCHES
•Eastern: hot -semi-circular
Due to climatic requirements: -horseshoe
-Small windows •WINDOWS
-Sheltering arcade -small placed on domes
-Open court -translucent marble and alabaster
RELIGIOUS FACTORS:
ROOFS
•DIVISION OF ROME AND CHRISTIANITY •PENDENTIVES
West: Latin Church -where domes are rested

East: Greek Orthodox Church •TYPESOFDOME

-SIMPLE
 -COMPOUND -with pendentive ordrum •PUMICE and TUFA -vaulting
-MELON GERMANY
e. columns •STONE -principal material
•CHURCHES -fireproof by vaulting \
•CARVED CAPITALS-designed by Ionic and Corinthian
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
-cubiform
•SOBER AND DIGNIFIED / PICTURESQUENESS
-Roman to monolithic
•STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: ROMANESQUE VAULTING
MOULDINGS
•FLYING BUTTRESSES
•UNIMPORTANT- -wall surfaces PLAN
•LATIN CROSS PLAN
•EXAMPLE -transept wide as the nave
-Billet mould–to frame marble panels -chancel was prolonged east
-Flat splayed mould -choir was raised
•TOWERS
ORNAMENTS -special and great feature
-square, octagonal, circular
•GLASS AND COSTLY MARBLES -walls -east, west, crossings
•SYMBOLIC FIGURES •CRYPT
-Chi Rho -relics burials below
-Peacock –immortal life WALL
-Endless Knot •TEXTURE -rough and coarse
•ARCHED CORBELS -topped the wall
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE •BUTTRESSES-pilaster strips
OPENINGS
•ROMANESQUE semi-circular arches
-multiple jambs
“esque” means like or resemble Resemblance of Roman Architecture
•ROSE/WHEELWINDOW
Also called NORMAN ARCHITECTURE (British) -west principal door
-common in southern Italy
•CENTERS OF DEVELOPMENT: MAINLY IN EUROPE: ROMANESQUE VAULTING -side aisle
ITALY 2 TYPES OF VAULTING:
FRANCE -QUADPARTITE
GERMANY -SEXPARTITE
GEOLOGICAL factors COLUMNS
ITALY •CAPITALS
•NORTHERN -stone, brick, volcanic tufa (peperino), -patterned from Corinthian and Ionic
travertine, carrara marble -later became CUBIFORM
•SOUTHERN -brick and marble •SHAFTS
FRANCE -vertical flutting, spiral, trellis, ornaments
•CAEN STONE -light creamy yellow limestone MOULDINGS
 -vegetable of animal motifs
-vertical string courses
ORNAMENTS -vegetable and animal kingdom
•FRESCO PAINTINGS -often used than mosaics
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE
•MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE
“French Style” -can be identified by pointed arches, ribbed vaulting,
flying buttresses, and stained-glass window.
•3 GREAT KINGDOMS: France, England, and Castile in Spain
•CENTERS OF DEVELOPMENT: Western Europe 1130 -1500
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
VERTICAL AND INSPIRING
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: GOTHIC RIB VAULTING
DEPARTURE FROM CLASSIC LINES
OPENINGS
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE
OPENINGS -POINTED, LARGE, SEMI CIRCULAR, TRACERY (GENERAL)
ROOFS -RIBBED VAULTING, FAN TRACERY VAULTING (ITALIAN),
AND OPEN TIMBER
MOULDINGS -BATTLEMENTED AND TRACERY PARAPETS, BUTTRESS,
PINNACLES, TURRETS, SPIRES
POINTED ARCHES-strength and stability
•RIBBED VAULTS-sense of unity-skeleton
•FLYING BUTTRESSES-prevents outward collapse
•STAINED GLASS WINDOWS-effects of lightness and space
•GARGOYLES-protect the foundation from rain
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE
•REBIRTH / REVIVAL
Age of revival (Greek & Roman Architecture)
Age of Humanism
After Medieval Age
1400 EARLY RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
1500 HIGH RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
1520 LATE RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
•CENTERS OF DEVELOPMENT: FLORENCE (epicenter)
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
•CLASICISM AND HORIZONTALITY
•STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: GOTHIC DOME
•FLYING BUTTRESSES

f. ARCHES
-mannerist style
-arcades
-section of entablature between capital
g. vaults
-Do not have ribs
-semi-circular or segmental on square plan
h. domes- used frequently
i. details
-great precision
-around doors and windows
-sculptures in niches or plint

SYMMETRY & PROPORTION

-Harmonious, economical through simples hapes and designs.
⚬Semicircular arches
⚬Hemispherical domes
⚬Evenlys paced-out windows
⚬Central entrances
d. FACADE
-Symmetrical around vertical axis ⚬Columns that progress toward the center
-pediments ⚬Precise ratios of height and width
-columns and windows towards center
e. Columns & PILASTERS
Georgian & Regency
The classic – and nearly always Classical – Georgian
building is the country house, standing alone in its own
landscaped park. But this is also the period that saw the
first steps towards a coherent approach to town planning.
Victorian
In the 18th century it was common for architects to act
as developers and surveyors too, but by the 1820s such
roles were being devolved, leaving architects free to
experiment with a profusion of styles.
Modern
The 20th century saw towns and suburbs grow rapidly,
aided by new building types and techniques. Some recent
buildings are listed but as modern architecture stirs up
strong emotions, this remains controversial.
Factors that affect the development of the 19th and 20th
Century Architecture in Great Britain
Industrial Revolution (Late 18th to 19th Century):
The Industrial Revolution brought about significant
3. stone, with stucco rendering later in the period
4. Can include additional stories and ½ stories, with the top floors
featuring smaller and/or dormer windows and lower ceilings in
spaces that were originally reserved for staff
5. Simple façades for early examples with more decoration in later
periods such as the Regency period
6. Symmetrical chimneys
7. Often two rooms deep and two stories high
DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
urbanization and industrialization, leading to the
growth of cities and the need for new types of
buildings, such as factories and warehouses.
Advances in technology, particularly iron and later
steel construction, influenced architectural styles,
enabling the construction of larger and more
innovative structures.
Victorian Era (1837-1901):
The Victorian era was characterized by a revival of
historical architectural styles, including Gothic
Revival, Italianate, and Queen Anne styles. This
reflected a sense of nostalgia and often
emphasized ornate detailing.
The era also saw the rise of industrialists and a
growing middle class, leading to the construction of
grand residences and public buildings.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Of GEORGIAN AND REGENCY STYLE
1. Gracious classical proportions and symmetry as a general rule
2. Originally constructed from brick or
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VICTORIAN ARCHITECTURE
1. Steeply pitched roofs
2. Ornate gables
3. Octagonal or round towers and turrets to draw the eye upward
4. Generous wraparound porches
5. Plain or colorfully painted brick
6. Two to three stories
DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
19th and 20th Century in Great Britain 19th and 20th Century in Continental Europe
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEOCLASSICISM ARCHITECTURE
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE EUROPE
1. Simplicity and minimalism 1. Columns
2. Use of new materials 2. Pediments
3. Flat roofs and cubic form
3. Entablature
4. Integration of technology
5. Emphasis on functionality
4. Symmetry
6. Exploration of space and light 5. Motifs and Ornamentation
6. Balustrades
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRICAN ARCHITECTURE
1. Geometric Patterns GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ART NOUVEAU ARCHITECTURE IN
2. Mud-Brick Carvings EUROPE
3. Thatched Roofs 1. Whiplash or S-Curve Motifs
4. Wooden Carvings 2. Floral and Plant Motifs
5. Murals and Wall Paintings 3. Stylized and Whimsical Ornaments
6. Ritualistic Masks and Sculptures
4. Stained Glass
5. Asymmetry
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AUSTRALIAN ARCHITECTURE
6. Innovative Use of Materials
1. Indigenous Art and Motifs
2. Timber and Wooden Elements
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTS AND CRAFTS
3. Colonial and Heritage Details
ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE
4. Outdoor Living Spaces
1. Exposed Craftsmanship
5. Contemporary Art Installations
2. Handcrafted Details
6. Sustainable Design Elements
3. Textured Surfaces
4. Stylized Nature Motifs
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHITECTURE OF NEW ZEALAND
5. Built-in Furniture and Features
1. Maori Carvings and Motifs
6. Earth Tones and Natural Materials
2. Kowhaiwhai Patterns
3. Tukutuku Panels
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ART DECO ARCHITECTURE IN
4. Heritage-Style Verandas
EUROPE
5. Stained Glass Windows
1. Geometric Patterns
6. Contemporary Art Installations
2. Symmetry and Asymmetry
3. Streamlined Forms
4. Luxurious Materials
5. Decorative Motifs
6. Stepped Forms and Ziggurats
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RECONSTRUCTION MOVEMENT IN
EUROPE
1. Functionalism and Utility
2. Modernist Influences
3. Efficiency in Construction
4. Emphasis on Infrastructure
5. Adaptive Reuse and Incorporation of Ruins
6. Post-War Symbolism
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
BRUTALISM ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE
1. Raw Concrete Construction
2. Geometric Forms and Massing
3. Functionality and Purpose
4. Expressive Structural Elements
5. Limited Use of Glass
6. Monolithic and Monumental Presence
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DECONSTRUCTIVISM
ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE
1. Fragmentation and Distortion
2. Nonlinear Geometry
3. Unconventional Use of Materials
4. Open and Dynamic Spaces
5. Spatial Ambiguity
6. Emphasis on Process and Construction
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHITECTURE OF THE
AMERICAS
1. Indigenous Motifs
2. Mosaics and Murals
3. Wood Carvings
4. Ironwork
5. Stained Glass
6. Ceramic and Tilework
7. Adobe Detailing
8. Brickwork and Masonry
9. Wrought Iron Balconies
10.Frescoes
11.Mayan Glyphs and Hieroglyphics
12.Modernist and Contemporary Art