HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 T I M E L I N E
•Richer in design and color
1.Medieval Architecture
2.Romanesque Architecture
3.Gothic Architecture
4.Renaissance Architecture
5.Mesoamerican Architecture
6.Revivalism and Industrial Revolution (19th)
7.20thCentury Architecture
8.Modern and International Style
9.Contemporary Architecture
ROMANESQUE
ROMAN LIKE/ ROMAN DESCENDANTS
•800 years after Roman
•First distinctive style since Roman
•Art and Civilization was restored
•Pilgrimage –to save church from Islamic
Control
•Spread of Christianity/ Rose of Papacy
•Rise of Religious Orders focuses of art and
architecture
•Adapted the Medieval Concept (Castles)
•Moved away from woods
•Stone and Masonry Construction
•Focus on Churches –3 to 4 levels in height
•Charlemagne “Charles the Great” -father of
Europe
INFLUENCES
Countries that have been influenced by
Romanesque Architecture
1.Northern Italy
2.Southern Italy
3.Central Italy
4.France
5.Germany
6.Spain
7.England
8.Central Europe
Northern Italy
•Ornamental arcades all over façade
•Wheel window
•Central projecting porch, with columns on
roughly-carved grotesque figures of men
and beasts (shows Northern European
influence)
Southern Italy
•Elaborate wheel windows–made of sheets
of pierced marble
•Greater variety in columns and capitals
•Elaborate bronze doors and bronze pilasters
•Byzantine influence : mosaic decorations,
no vaults, used domes
•Muslim influence: use of striped marbles,
stilted pointed arches, colorful, geometric
designs as predominant interior decoration.
Central Italy
•Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa–cities rich in
pagan influence
•Pisa had commercial links with the Holy
Land; fought with Muslims
•Great stone and mineral wealth, brilliant
atmosphere.
France
•Remains of old buildings were less
abundant–they had greater freedom of
developing new style
•Rib-vaults and semi-circular or pointed
arches over the nave and aisles
•Timber-framed roofs of slate finish and
steep slope to throw off snow.
Central Europe
Worms Cathedral
•Eastern and western apses and octagons
•2circulartowersflankeach
•Octagon at crossing ,with pointed roof
Spain
•Use of both Basilican and Greek-cross forms
•Use of horse shoe arch
England
3foundations:
•Old foundation- served by secular clergy
•Monastic foundation-served by regular
clergy or monks
•New foundation-to which bishops had
been appointed.
PROMINENT BUILDINGS Campo Santo
1. Cathedrals –Basilica in Plan. It symbolized •Holy Field
God’s kingdom. The holiest part was the •also known as Campo santo Monumentale
apse. Symbolism was important: ("monumental cemetery") or Camposanto
Vecchio ("old cemetery"), is a historical edifice
a. Circular parts reflect perfection so they
at the northern edge of the Cathedral Square
were linked to God
in Pisa, Italy.
b. Squared parts are related to the
human. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
2. Campaniles –are straight tower shaft Based from Roman Architectural Elements
Straight towers shafts, generally standing 1.Round/ semicircular arches/ Arcades
alone 2.Blind Arches
3. Baptisteries -Large, separate buildings 3.Massive Thick Walls
usually octagonal in plan and connected to 4.Small Windows
the cathedral by the atrium 5.Dark Solemn Interiors
6.Vaults –high ceiling from flat of Romans
Used 3 times a year: Easter, Pentecost
7.Buttress
,Epiphany
8.Wheel/ Rose Window
4. Monasteries -Sometimes also functioned 9.Piers –supporting vaults
as cathedrals, and the cathedrals that had 10.Towers –Double towers
bodies of secular clergy often living in 11.Multiple Units
community, were a major source of power in 12.Capitals
Europe.

PIAZZA DEI MIRACOLI 1.ROUND ARCHES/ 2. BLIND ARCHES

ARCADES

3. MASSIVE THICK WALLS 4. SMALL WINDOWS

PIAZZA DEI MIRACOLI

Pisa, Tuscany, Central Italy (Square of Miracle)
Cathedral
•Forms one of most famous building groups in
the world- Cathedral, Baptistery, Campanile,
and Campo Santo
•Resembles other early Basilican churches in
plan
•Exterior of red and white marble bands
Baptistery 5. DARK SOLEMN INTERIORS
•39.3mcircularplanbyDiotiSalvi 6. VAULTS 7. BUTRESS
Campanile
•aka The “Leaning Tower of Pisa”
•8 storeys,16 min diameter
•Due to failure of foundations, overhangs 4.2m
•Took 199 years to build since 1173
8. WHEEL/ ROSE WINDOW 9. PIERS Capital of simplified
concave
- Corinthian form with
billeted abacus,
simple dosseret and
pronounced annulet.

Simple capital of a
10. TOWERS/ DOUBLE TOWER 11. MULTIPLE
Doric form supporting
UNITS
a Mozarabic arch.

CHURCH DETAILS
1.Church Plan
2.Church Interior
3.Church Portal
12. CAPITALS 4.Cloister
•The Corinthian 5.Porches
capital is 6.Crypts
essentially round 7.Chapter Houses
at the bottom
where it sits on a
circular column
and square at the top, where it supports
the wall or arch.
•This form of capital was maintained in the
general proportions and outline of the
Romanesque capital.

Capital of amorphous
-form surmounting a
cluster of shafts.
- shows a winged CHURCH INTERIOR
devil directing Herod Interior elevation: it consists of three levels:
to slaughter the •First floor with columns or cross-shaped
Innocents. pillars
•Second floor with the tribune (corridor
overlooking the nave, over the aisles)
•Clerestory: area of windows opening to
Capital of the outside.
Corinthian
-form with Byzantine
decoration and
carved dosseret.
CHURCH PORTAL
Tympanum
last
judgment/
mission of the
apostles
VEZELAY,
FRANCE –
tympanum

TRUMEAU –CHRIST/ MARY/ SAINTS

 CHAPTER HOUSES
•Often occur
adjacent to
monastic or
cathedral
churches.
•Early chapter
houses were
rectangular in
shape, with the larger ones sometimes
having groin or ribbed vaults supported on
columns.
•Abuilding or room that is part of a
cathedral, monastery or collegiate church
in which larger meetings are held.

CRYPTS
•Are often
present as an
underlying
structure to a
substantial
Other Images church
•SIN  Are
•VICES generally a completely discrete space, but
CLOISTERS occasionally, as in some Italian churches,
may be a sunken space under a raised
chancel and open, via steps, to the body
of the nave.
•Typically contains coffins, sarcophagi, or
religious relics.

-END OF ROMANESQUE ARCH

PORCHES
• original design of a façade
 usually only one bay deep and are
supported on two columns, often resting
on couchant lions, as at St Zeno, Verona.
•Porches of various dates have been
added to the facade or side entrance of
existent churches and may be quite a
substantial structure
 with several bays of vaulting supported on
an open or partially open arcade, and
forming a sort of narthex.