PRELIM Basilica of the National Shrine of the

Assumption in Baltimore, Maryland

CHURCH A RCHITECTURE

Architecture of ABBEY
Cathedral, Basilica and Abbey Churches An abbey church is one that is, or was in the
 characterized by the buildings' large past, the church of a monastic order. Likewise a
scale and friary church is the church of an order of friars.
 ultimately derive from the Early -Benedictines - Cistercians
Christian architectural traditions
 established in the Constantinian period -Augustinians -Franciscans,

CATHEDRAL -Dominicans -Jesuits

 from the word cathedra, or "bishop's

throne"
 Ecclesia Cathedralis (in Latin)

A cathedral has a specific ecclesiastical role and

administrative purpose as the seat of a bishop.

Notre Dame de Paris in Paris, France

Cathedral of Saint Paul in St. Paul,
Minnesota
Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, Italy Function
Chartres Cathedral in Chartres, France
The cathedral/ church activities
Cathedral of Cajamarca, Peru
a. Eucharist is celebrated,

BASILICA b. the Bible is read,

-In the ecclesiastical sense, a basilica is a church c. the Order of Service is said or sung,
that has been designated as such by the pope, d. prayers are offered and
and has accordingly received certain privileges.
e. sermons are preached
-church that is a pilgrimage site and contains
Features
the relics of a saint, or an object of religious
veneration. The church building grew out of a number of
features of the Ancient Roman period:
Sagrada Família, Barcelona, Spain
St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, Italy · The house church
St. Mark’s Basilica in Venice, Italy
Las Lajas Cathedral in Ipiales, Colombia · The atrium
· The basilica  GEOLOGICAL
Used of stone, bricks,marble or terra
· The bema cotta
· The mausoleum (centrally planned building)  CLIMATIC
Northern portion – large windows, high
· The cruciform ground plan (Latin or Greek pitch roof
cross) Southern portion – small windows, flat
roof
STYLES
 RELIGION
1. Early Christian Christianity resulted to
2. Byzantine erection of churches Papacy has great
3. Romanesque power and influence
4. Gothic  HISTORICAL
5. Renaissance Based from the Roman and Byzantine
6. Baroque elements until the advent of the Gothic.
7. Rococo  ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
8. Revival Sober and Dignified
9. Modern  SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
10. Postmodern Feudal System Landlord built castle

Romanesque Architecture

Period dominated by churches ecclesiastical

structures around 8th to 12th century.

developed in

-Italy (Central, Northern, Southern)

-France

-Germany and

-England PHASES:

The term Romanesque was coined noted that a. EARLY ROMANESQUE

its formal elements were borrowed from
Roman. 1. Basic structure of sacred architecture
2. Monasteries and Churches of
 GEOGRAPHICAL
prestigious stone constructions
Combination of Roman and 3. Rhythmic composition of wall
surfaces
Byzantine Architecture basically Roman in style
b. HIGH ROMANESQUE STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH CHURCH
BUILDING:
1. Continuously vaulted interiors
a. Crypt
2. Heavily sculpted building b. Chapter House
c. Porches
3. Interior and exterior walls
d. Cloister
were divided into e. Baptistery

a. clerestory

b. triforium Example of Buildings

c. arcades CHURCHES WITH MONASTERY AT SIDE

2. Military architecture (in a form of

castle)
3. Manor House,Townhouse,
Farmhouse

 church became the important promoter

of culture

(Ex. Benedictine Order found in 529)

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
Use of rib and panel vaulting
- Quadripartite - Sexpartite
Use of massive, architecture wall
structure , round arches and powerful
vaults
Use of Latin Cross plan
Use of corbelled arches found
underneath the eaves of the church
Use of Rose window or Wheel
Window
 monasteries played particular
important role acted as cultural
outpost
 monasteries owned land to ensure
economic survival and power
 monasteries serve as refuge from
external threats
 ancient books were copied and
translated
 research and teachings were carried
out
 monks were advisors to princes
TRADITIONAL EASTERN - located not in the center of urban area but on
the isolated location of the periphery
ORIENTATION OF THE CHURCH
 PISTOIA CATHEDRAL
-SECULAR MATTER = Western part of church

-SACRED FUNCTION = Eastern part of the

church

- addition of choir in western end of

church
- “double ended” plan (second transept
& second crossing)

ITALY
 ST. MARTIN LUCCA . ST. MICHELE
1. Concentrate on beauty and delicacy LUCCA

of details while retaining classical tradition on

architecture.

2. Ornamental wall passages which rise one

above the other.

3. Used of marble faced walls (unique to Italy)

 DE. ST. MINIATO ALMONTE, FLORENCE
4 Used of timber roof, bright color ornaments,
antique columns at naves from aisles among
churches.

5. Small doors and windows

6. Development of Ribbed vaulting

 ST. ZENO MAGGIORE,VERONA

Examples NORTHERN ITALY
A. CAMPO DEI MIRACOLI

(The Field of Miracles)

-cathedral, bell tower, baptistry, cemetery

- begun in 1063, consecrated in 1118

- use of white and coloured marble

- repetition of architectural features

- arches of Moorish- Norman forms

 TORRE ASINELLI &  ST. AMBROGIO, MILAN
GARISENDA,Bologna

 M. PALAZZO FARSETTI

 ST. MICHELE, PAVIA NORTHERN ITALY

 BAPTISTERY, CREMONA

 PALACE FONDACO DEL TURCHI,

VENICE

 ST. NICOLA, BARI

 ST. PIETRO, AGLIATE  CEFALU CATHEDRAL

  MONTE REALE CATHEDRAL 5. Nave has wooden ceilings until the
introduction of rib vault

SECULAR STRUCTURES

1. Fortified towns – Carcassone

2. Bridges – Pont D’ Avignon

3. Castles – Chateau de Chateaudon

 CAPELA PALATINA, PALERMA

 CHATEAU DE CHATEAUDUN – (CASTLE)

 CARCASSONNE – (FORTIFIED TOWNS)

 ST. GIOVANNI DEGLI, EREMITI,

PALERMO

 PONT D’ AVIGNON – (BRIDGE)

FRANCE
 ST. PHILIBERT, TOURNUS
1. Cruciform church plan with naves of barrel
vault

2. Semicircular east end as ambulatory of the

church

3. Richly decorated church facades and

graceful cloisters at the south.

2. Narrow windows with semicircular heads to

admit light.
 ST. SERNIN, TOULOUSE  ST. TROPHIME, ARLES

 ANGOULEME CATHEDRAL  ST. GILLES DU-GARD

 FONTEVRAUD ABBEY
 NOTRE DAME DU PORT

 CLUNY ABBEY

 NOTRE DAME, AVIGNON

 AUTUN CATHEDRAL

 NOTRE DAME DE LA GRANDE

  ST. MADELEINE, VEZELAY  AIX LA CHAPELLE

Aachen (aeken) in German was a favoured

residence of Charlemagne, and later the place

of coronation of the German emperors.

 The Plan of Saint Gall is a famous

medieval architectural drawing of a
 ABBEY OF BERNAY monastic compound ating from the
early 9th century.
 ST. MICHAEL, HILDESHEIM

 ABBAYE AUX HOMMES, CAEN

 GERNRODE ABBEY

 ABBAYE AUX DAMES, CAEN

 SPEYER CATHEDRAL
-The cathedral was the burial
place of the German emperors for
almost 300 years.

GERMANY

- Significant structural developments

of high Romanesque of  CHURCH OF THE APOSTLE, COLOGNE

Burgundy (France)
Normandy (England)
Lombardy (Italy)

- In monastic churches, principal features of

Carolingian planning survived strongly.
 St. RIQUIER ABBEY
-Romanesque in Spain is influenced by
Iberian Peninsula via Italy and France
 WORMS CATHEDRAL
-one of the finest examples of
High Romanesque architecture
in Germany
 MAINZ CATHEDRAL
 MARIA LAACH ABBEY
The Maria Laach Abbey has been at the
center of a controversy over its
relations with the Nazi regime
between 1933 and 1945.
 TRIER CATHEDRAL
The oldest cathedral in the country.
Since 1986 it has been on the UNESCO
list of World Heritage Sites.
SPAIN
 CATALAN REGION where Romanesque
in Spain arrived first and then
developed

CAMINO DE SANTIAGO AND
BENEDICTINE MONASTERIES -helped in
the development of Romanesque
 RECONQUISTA AND REPOBLACION
movements which greatly favoured
the Romanesque development
 RECONQUISTA
the series of military campaigns by
which Christian armies reclaimed
control of the Iberian Peninsula
from the Moors, starting in the eighth
century and culminating in the fall of
Granada in 1492.
 REPOBLACION
was the ninth-century repopulating of a
large region between the River Duero
and the Cantabrian Mountains which
had been depopulated in the
early years of the Reconquista
ISABELLA THE CATHOLIC
-reigned as Queen of Castile from
1474. Her marriage to Ferdinand II in
1469 became the basis for the
unification of Spain and reorganized
the governmental system
CATHERINE OF ARAGON
first female ambassador in
European history,
Queen of England and
wife of King Henry VIII
 ST. JUAN DE BAŇOS DE CERRATO  LA LUGAREJA, AREVALO

 ST. MARTIN DE FROMISTA

 ST. JULIAN DE LOS PRADOS
SPAIN
- also known as Santullano in Asturias,
Spain.
- one of the greatest works of Asturian
art and was declared an Historical-
Artistic
-Monument by the Spanish Ministry of  MONASTERY OF ST. MARTIN DU
Culture in June 1917 and a World CANIGOU
Heritage Site by UNESCO on The original Romanesque style
December 2 1998. monastery was built from 1005 to 1009
- dedicated to the martyred Egyptian by Guifred, Count of Cerdanya ,
saints in atonement for the murder of his son
and was populated by Benedictine
 ST. MARIA DE NARANCO monks.

 Santiago de Compostela
- the last station of St. James pilgrim
trek
- an excellent example of Romanesque
architecture and sculpture
- PUERTA de la PLATERIA (silversmiths'
gate) the only strictly
 ST. CRISTINA DE LENA Romanesque part of façade

MORE EX.
 CATHEDRAL OF SANTIAGO DE
COMPOSTELA
 ST. MARIA, RIPOLL
 ST. ISIDORO, LEON
 LOARRE
 AVILA, CASTILE
 ST. MIGUEL DE ESCALADA
ALMONACID CASTILE

derived from a Spanish word meaning "The

battlements of El Cid".

El Cid (a very famous Spanish knight who played

a great role duringthe Reconquest.
derived from a Latin word; "almonaster", c. twin openings with triangular head
meaning monastery as thecastle was called
"ribat" (Moorish for monastery) by the supported by mid-wall shaft
Moors.the castle was inhabited by Moorish
d. bold moldings of simple or
knight monks.
rectangular section or bulbous

complex form

EXAMPLES

 BRADWELL NEXT THE SEA, ESSEX

ENGLAND
1. ROMAN PERIOD
Same characteristics asother part of Europe
So virile that inevitably influence subsequent
Anglo-Saxon and Romanesque architecture in
Britain
2. ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD
The use of western and central tower
Double splayed windows and megalithic
construction
 RECULVER, KENT
 ESCOMB, COUNTY DURHAM
 MONKWEARMOUTH, COUNTY
DURHAM
 JARROW, COUNTY DURHAM
 WING, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE
 DEERHURST, GLOUCESTERSHIRE
 BRADFORD, AVON, WILTSHIRE
 EARLS BARTON, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
 WORTH, SUSSEX
 SOMPTING, SUSSEX
BRIXWORTH, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
An outstanding example of early Anglo-Saxon
architecture located in central England, and has

Two Principal School of Church Building in been called perhaps the most imposing
Anglo-Saxon
architectural memorial of the 7th century yet
1. Kentish
surviving north of the Alps
2. Northumbrian

ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD

The use of distinctive decorative and

constructional techniques such as:

a. long and short quoining

b. stripwork

(narrow plaster forming decorative

pattern)
3. NORMAN PERIOD
- Major innovations on compound pier
bay (first used in Winchester) - Tripartite
clerestory
- Introduction of cushion capital
- Introduction of architectural sculpture
- Ornamental motif such as chevron and beak-
head
- Introduction of rib vault
-Helm roof
Types of vault
 Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of
Christ at Canterbury
one of the oldest and most famous Christian
structures in England and forms part of a World
Heritage Site.
the cathedral of the Archbishop of Canterbury,
leader of the Church of England
and symbolic leader of the worldwide Anglican
Communion.
 DURHAM CATHEDRAL
-the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Durham
- regarded as one of the finest examples of
Norman architecture

- designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

- the central tower of 217 feet (66 m) giving

views of Durham and the surrounding area

 EXETER CATHEDRAL
(Cathedral Church of Saint Peter at
Exeter, South West England)
RIB VAULTING PARTS
- present building was complete by about
I. SPRINGER OR IMPOST
1400
The place where the post divides,creating
- has several notable features, including an
various ribs that soar to the ceiling.
early set of misericords, an astronomical
II. BOSS clock

The rounded floral clusters which often - has the longest uninterrupted vaulted
ceiling in England.
are connected by a lierne rib are called bosses.
 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL
III. MAJOR RIBS The church famous treasure is MAPPA
MUNDI, a mediaeval map of the
Transverse ribs, Longitudinal ribs, Diagonal ribs world dating from the 13th century.
IV. TIERCERON
 OXFORD CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL
The secondary ribs - the cathedral of the diocese of Oxford,
- consists of the counties of
V. LIERNE Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire
and Berkshire.
The tertiary ribs
 - the chapel of Christ Church, a college - the biggest and the oldest permanently
of the University of Oxford. inhabited castle, anywhere in the world.
Christ Church Cathedral

 WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL
- is a Church of England cathedral in
Winchester, Hampshire, England.
- it is one of the largest cathedrals in
England, with the longest nave and
greatest overall length of any Gothic
cathedral in Europe

 HEDDAL,STAVE CHURCH
-has highly complex timber structural
system
- richly diverse elevation with static and
sculptural qualities of timber
were exploited
- the STAVE (corner post columns)
Richard I (King of England, 1189)
extended from floor to ceiling
make up the structural frame a.k.a. Richard the Lionheart Is remembered for

 BORGUND, STAVE CHURCH - being a chivalrous medieval king;

the towering steep roof crowned by
roof ridges with protruding - battling Saladin during the Crusades; and
dragon heads
- rebelling against his father, Henry II (1133–89)
- around 1000 stave churches were built
between 1000 -1300 in
NORWAY (the Land of Timber)
CHATEAU GAILLARD,
More CHURCH example
“cocky castle” of Richard the Lionheart
 CARLISLE
 CHICHESTER Les Andelys, France
 ELY
 FOUNTAINS ABBEY, YORKSHIRE
 GLOUCESTER
 NORWICH
 PETERBOROUGH
 ROCHESTER
 ST. ALBANS
 SOUTHWELL
 WORCESTER

CASTLE ARCHITECTURE

Windsor Castle - an official residence of the

reigning British monarch
More Castle examples GOTHIC IN FRANCE

CARDIFF CASTLE,South Wales 1.EARLY FRENCH STYLE

(NORMAN KEEP)
WHITE TOWER, London 1ST phase of French Gothic Architecture used
- built by William the Conqueror of pointed arch and geometric tracery

2. RAYONNANT STYLE

middle phase of French Gothic Architecture

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
used of circular windows with radiating lines of
The style of architecture originating in tracery
France in 12th century
3. FLAMBOYANT STYLE
Existing in the western half of Europe
through the middle of the 16th century final phase of French Gothic Architecture
flame-like tracery, intricacy of detailing.
Characterized by: Complication of interior space
a. Building of great cathedrals
b. Progressive lightening and
heightening of structure
c. Used of pointed arch, ribbed vaults CATHEDRAL BASILICA OF SAINT DENIS
d. System of richly decorated
-used for the coronations of French Queens
fenestrations
-in 12th century the ABBOT SUGER rebuilt
FEATURES portions of the abbey church using innovative
CIMBORIO / CROCKETS structural and decorative features and said to
DONJON / GARGOYLE have created
MACHICOLATION / PORTCULLIS
RETABLO / TRACERY - “ the first truly Gothic building ”
FINIAL / EMBRASURE
MERLON / CRENEL -the building is of unique importance
BARTIZAN / BATTLEMENT historically and architecturally,
MOAT / LOOPHOLE
- its choir is considered to be the first medieval
BAILEY / MOTTE
Gothic architecture ever built
SPIRE / STEEPLE
-a place of pilgrimage and the burial place of
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
the French Kings
1. Pointed arch

2. Rib and panel vaulting

NOTRE-DAME DE PARIS
3. Tracery windows
known as Notre-Dame Cathedral historic
4. Flying buttress Catholic cathedral in Paris,

5. Stained glass -France considered to be one of the finest

examples of French Gothic architecture and
6. Spires and Pinnacles among the largest and most well-known church
buildings in the world the naturalism of its
sculptures and stained glass are in contrast
with earlier Romanesque architecture.
CHARTRES CATHEDRAL
( Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres ,Chartres,
France. )
-one of the finest examples of French Gothic
architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage
Site.
-building's exterior is dominated by heavy
flying buttresses, has two contrasting spires
(105 meters and 113 meters) early 16th-century
Flamboyant spire on top of an older tower.
-There are three great façades, each adorned
with hundreds of sculpted figures illustrating
key theological themes and narratives
NOTRE-DAME DE REIMS
(Our Lady of Reims)
the seat of the Archdiocese of Reims, where
the kings of France were crowned
the original structure had itself been erected
on the site of some Roman baths.
-the interior of the cathedral is 138.75 m long,
30 m wide in the nave, and 38 m high in the
centre.
- It has interesting stained glass ranging from
the 13th to the 20th century. has rose window
over the main portal and has the tower of 81 m
tall
Other Examples
REIMS CATHEDRAL
AMIENS CATHEDRAL
BEAUVAIS CATHEDRAL
CHATEAU GAILLARD
CHATEAU D’ AMBOISE
CHATEAU D’MORTREE
PALAIS DES PAPES AT AVIGNON
HOTEL DE CLUNY
HOTEL DE SENS
CATHEDRAL OF BOURGES
SOISSONS CATHEDRAL
ABBEY CHURCH OF ST. REMI
LAON CATHEDRAL
CATHEDRAL OF SENS
ABBEY OF ST. DENIS
GOTHIC IN ENGLAND
1. EARLY ENGLISH STYLE
known as LANCET 1ST phase of English Gothic
Architecture
characterized by the lancet window
and plate tracery
 The lancet arch is a variety of pointed
arch in which each of the arcs, or
curves, of the arch have a radius longer
than the width
 The lancet window is one of the typical
features of the Early English (13th
century ) period in Gothic architecture.
2. DECORATED STYLE
-second phase of English Gothic Architecture
rich tracery, ornamental vaulting, refinement of
stone cutting
a. GEOMETRIC STYLE early development of
decorated style using geometric tracery
b. CURVILINEAR STYLE later development of
decorated style using curvilinear tracery
3. PERPENDICULAR STYLE or RECTILINEAR
STYLE
Final phase of English Gothic Architecture
characterized by perpendicular tracery, fine
intricate stonework elaborate fan vaults.
Perpendicular tracery characterized by mullions
that rise vertically as far as the soffit of the
window, with horizontal frequently decorated
with miniature crenellations.

Blind panels covering the walls continued the  LITTLE WENHAM

strong straight lines of verticals and horizontals
established by the tracery. - the village is home to Wenham Castle, a
castellated manor house and one of the oldest
houses in England
 WESTMINSTER ABBEY - built by John de Villabus in the 13th century
using some of the first English-made bricks
- one of the most famous religious buildings in
the world PENHURST PLACE
- it has served an important role in British - the ancestral home of the Sidney family, and
political, social and cultural affairs for more was the birthplace of the great Elizabethan
than 1,000 years poet, courtier and soldier, Sir Philip Sidney.
- the site of royal coronations since 1066 - the original medieval house is one of the most
complete surviving examples of 14th-century
domestic architecture in England.
TRACERY
OTHER EXAMPLES
An architectural device by which windows (or
 CHICHESTER CATHEDRAL
screens, panels, and vaults) are divided into
sections of various proportions by stone bars or  SALISBURY CATHEDRAL
ribs of moulding. Commonly, it refers to the  BEVERLY CATHEDRAL
stonework elements that support the glass in a  ST. ALBANS CATHEDRAL
window.  EXETER CATHEDRAL
 YORK CATHEDRAL
The term probably derives from the tracing  BRISTOL CATHEDRAL
floors on which the complex patterns of  WORCESTER CATHEDRAL
windows were laid out in late Gothic  CARLISLE CATHEDRAL
architecture.  DURHAM CATHEDRAL
 LIECHFIELD CATHEDRAL
Tracery Types:
 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL
 Plate Tracery the earliest form of  CANTERBURY CATHED
tracery began as openings that were  CHESTER CATHEDRAL
pierced from a stone slab.  SOUTHWELL CATHEDRAL
 CHARNEY BASSET MANOR

 Bar Tracery derived from the plate
tracery the windows were defined by
moulded stone mullions, which were BELGIAN AND DUTCH GOTHIC
lighter and allowed for more openings
and intricate designs
  COLOGNE CATHEDRAL
- Roman Catholic cathedral church, located in
the city of Cologne, Germany.
- the largest Gothic church in northern Europe
and features immense twin towers that stand
515 feet (157 metres) tall.
- a palace built in Venetian Gothic - one of the
main landmarks of the city of Venice in
northern Italy.
- the residence of the Doge of Venice, the
supreme authority of the former Venetian
Republic, founded in 1340

- the cathedral was designated a UNESCO World

Heritage Site COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GOTHIC STYLE

FRENCH

ANTWERP CATHEDRAL 1. Short, wide, lofty

In Gothic style, its architects were Jan and 2. Length, 4x width

Pieter Appelmans and contains a number of
significant works by the Baroque painter Peter 3. Rare cloister
Paul Rubens.
4. Numerous lateral chapel
The belfry of the cathedral is included in the
5. Double aisles
Belfries of Belgium and France entry in the list
of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. 6. Piers of nave arcade widely spaced

7. Two western towers

Duomo di Milano
- is the seat of the Archbishop of Milan - the
cathedral took nearly six centuries to complete
- the largest church in Italy, the third largest in
Europe and the fifth largest in the world.
8. Towers in group
9. Buttresses often vertical w/o offset
1 0 . Parapets have open tracery
11. Interiors owe their effects to great height

12. Circular windows occur in west front and

much developed stained glass
CERTOSA, PAVIA
13 Characteristics of west front is that of Notre
- is a monastery and complex in, northern Italy, Dame Cathedral
- built in 1396-1495, it is one of the largest
monasteries in Italy 14. Roof always steep

- Certosa is the Italian name for a house of the 15. Used of slate roof
cloistered monastic order of Carthusians
ENGLISH

1. Long, narrow, low

DOGE’S PALACE,
2. Length, 6x the width

3. Usual cloister
4. Rare chapel

5. Single aisle (some)

6. Piers of nave arcade closely spaced

7. Central towers

8 . Towers never exceeded three

9 . Buttresses usually in stages w/ offset

1 0 . Parapets are battlemented

11. Interiors owe much elaboration of complex

piers

12. Circular windows not used for west front

but form special feature in transept

13. Characteristics of west front is that of Wells

Cathed

14. Roof moderate in pitch

15. Used of lead roof covering